Trends in past-month cannabis use among US adults across a range of disabilities and health conditions, 2015-2019.

INTRODUCTION: While there is increasing interest in the use of cannabis to manage a range of health-related symptoms, little is known about trends in recent cannabis use with respect to various health conditions. METHODS: We examined data from a US representative sample of noninstitutionalized adults age ≥ 18 from the 2015-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 214,505). We estimated the pooled prevalences followed by linear time trends, overall, and by disability (i.e., difficulty hearing, seeing, thinking, walking, dressing, doing errands) and lifetime (i.e., bronchitis, cancer, diabetes, hepatitis, kidney disease) and current (i.e., asthma, depression, heart disease, hypertension) health condition status using logistic regression. Models with year-by-condition status interaction terms were used to assess differential time trends, adjusting for demographic characteristics. RESULTS: From 2015 to 2019, cannabis use increased significantly among adults with and without each disability and health condition examined. However, the increase was more rapid among those with (versus without) difficulty hearing (89.8% increase [4.9% to 9.3%] vs. 37.9% increase [8.7% to 12.0%], p = 0.015), difficulty walking (84.1% increase [6.3% to 11.6%] vs. 36.8% increase [8.7% to 11.9%], p < 0.001), 2-3 impairments (75.3% increase [9.3% to 16.3%] vs. 36.6% increase [8.2% to 11.2%], p = 0.041), and kidney disease (135.3% increase [3.4% to 8.0%] vs. 38.4% increase [8.6% to 11.9%], p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Given the potential adverse effects of cannabis, prevention and harm reduction efforts should focus on groups at increasingly higher risk for use, including those with disabilities and kidney disease.

What Brings You in Today? Sex, Race, Substance Type, and Other Sociodemographic and Health-Related Characteristics Predict if Substance Use is the Main Reason for a Clinical Encounter.

Background: Substance-related diagnoses (SRDs) are a common healthcare presentation. This study identified sociodemographic and health-related characteristics associated with having an SRD as the primary reason for a clinical encounter compared to those with an SRD who are treated for other reasons. Methods: Electronic health record (EHR) data on patients with an SRD (n=12,358, ages 18-90) were used to assess if an SRD was the primary reason for a clinical encounter from January 1, 2012-January 1, 2018. Patients were matched on key demographic characteristics at a 1:1 ratio. Adjusting for covariates, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: In the matched cohort of 8,630, most reported male sex (65.8%), White race (70.0%), and single marital status (62.7%) with a mean age of 47.2 (SD=14.6). Patient reported female sex, Black race, age 70+, married status, and low-income (<$50,000) were associated with a lower likelihood of presenting to care for an SRD as the primary reason for a clinical encounter. A nicotine-, alcohol-, opioid-, or stimulant-related diagnosis was associated with a higher likelihood of presenting to care for an SRD as the primary reason for the clinical visit. Conclusion: This is the first study to investigate whether sociodemographic and health-related characteristics were associated with having an SRD as the primary reason for a clinical encounter. Using rigorous methods, we investigated a unique clinical question adding new knowledge to predictors of patients seeking clinical care. Understanding these predictors can help us better align service provision with population needs and inform new approaches to tailoring care.

Types and Sources of Stigma on Opioid Use Treatment and Recovery Communities on Reddit.

Background: Digitally-mediated peer support may improve opioid use disorder (OUD) recovery. Our objective was to examine the types and sources of stigma that people seek support for in online OUD recovery communities (subreddits) on Reddit. Methods: We extracted all posts containing stigma keywords from three subreddits as well as a random sample that do not contain stigma keywords. We conducted deductive content analysis to confirm that the post self-described an experience of stigma and identify the type (condition, intervention) and source (provider-based, public, self, structural) of stigma. Results: Two-hundred and fifty-nine posts self-reported a stigmatizing experience. The majority of posts described an intervention stigma associated with medications for OUD. Posts discussing intervention stigma acknowledged the role of stigma in their treatment decision-making and quality of their treatment program. The most frequent sources of stigma were the public (including family members), provider-based (healthcare and pharmacy workers), structural (workplace, law enforcement, child protective services, and abstinence-based self-help groups), and self. No posts mentioned courtesy stigma. Posts sought assistance in navigating their experiences and participating in advocacy to counter stigmatized narratives. Conclusions: Our study indicates that people in online communities seek support to disclose and manage experiences of stigma on Reddit in similar ways to people in offline communities with the noted exception of an absence of discussions of courtesy stigma. Since each subreddit is a microcosm of varying needs, we suggest areas of future work for collaborative resources developed between stakeholders of these subreddits and public health that work within the preexisting Reddit social norms.

Adverse Childhood Experiences Are Associated With History of Overdose Among Patients Presenting for Outpatient Addiction Care.

OBJECTIVES: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with mental health issues and substance use. Having a substance use disorder increases the risk of overdose (OD). Research on ACEs and risk of OD is limited. This study examined the relationship between ACE scores and a self-reported history of OD among patients in an addiction and mental health outpatient setting. METHODS: This single-center, cross-sectional design included adults in a dual-diagnosis addiction and mental health outpatient recovery and treatment program from November 2017 to August 2020. Patients (N = 115) were assessed with self-report questionnaires, which included ACEs and history of OD. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with self-reported OD history. We assessed the reliability and validity of the ACEs scale. RESULTS: Of the 115 participants, 26 (22.6%) reported a past OD at intake. The mean ACE score for participants with an OD history, as compared with those with no history of OD, was 4.0 (standard deviation, 2.7) vs 2.3 (standard deviation, 2.2). In the multivariable regression, a higher ACE score was associated with history of OD (adjusted odds ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.50; P = 0.0456). CONCLUSIONS: Given the observed association between OD and higher ACE scores, patients presenting for treatment in outpatient dual-diagnosis clinics should be screened for ACEs and OD history, providing the opportunity for treatment with trauma-informed care and/or referral to appropriate services.

Prevalence and Correlates of Past Year Ecstasy/MDMA Use in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (also known as "ecstasy" or "Molly") has regained attention in recent years for its efficacy in treating posttraumatic stress disorder, and the drug was granted breakthrough therapy designation for such use by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2017. However, little is known about the current epidemiology of recreational ecstasy/MDMA use. METHODS: We estimated past-year prevalence and correlates of ecstasy/MDMA use based on a representative sample of noninstitutionalized US individuals 12 years or older from the 2015-2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 315,661). RESULTS: An estimated 0.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.9-1.0) of individuals used ecstasy/MDMA in the past year. Compared with those ages 35-49 years, all younger age groups were at increased odds for use, while those older than 50 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.08-0.23) were at low odds for use. Compared with heterosexual men, those identifying as bisexual women (aOR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.02-1.72) were at increased odds for use, and compared with White individuals, those identifying as Asian (aOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.42-2.59), Black (aOR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.41-2.06), or multiracial (aOR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.19-2.16) were at increased odds for use. Past-year use of other drugs (e.g., cannabis, ketamine), prescription drug misuse (e.g., pain relievers, stimulants), nicotine dependence (aOR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.00-1.45), and alcohol use disorder (aOR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.25-1.58) were also associated with increased odds for use. CONCLUSIONS: While use of ecstasy/MDMA continues to be relatively rare, findings from this study can help inform prevention and harm reduction strategies, especially among certain subpopulations that are at high risk for use.

Past-month binge drinking and cannabis use among middle-aged and older adults in the United States, 2015-2019.

The aging United States population, which includes the large Baby Boomer generation, is leading to an increasing number of middle-aged and older adults who engage in psychoactive substance use. Due to the size of this cohort, and their changing attitudes around psychoactive substance use, there has been a sharp increase in prevalence of past-month cannabis use among adults aged ≥50; however, little is understood about recent trends in the use of both cannabis and excess alcohol use, such as binge drinking, in this population. The current use of both alcohol and cannabis has important health implications for older adults, given their higher prevalence of chronic diseases and prescribed medications. This study aimed to 1) estimate national trends among older adults who report both past-month binge drinking and cannabis use, and 2) examine correlates of reporting both. We examined aggregated data from a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized adults aged ≥50 from the 2015 to 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. During the study period, there was an estimated 2.5% increase (a 64.1% relative increase) in past-month cannabis use (linear trend p < 0.001), a non-significant decrease in past-month binge drinking, and a 0.5% estimated increase in both past-month cannabis use and binge drinking (a 26.3% relative increase) (p = 0.03). The sharpest increase in both past-month cannabis use and binge drinking was among adults aged ≥65, with the estimated prevalence increasing from 0.2% in 2015 to 1.1% in 2019 (a 450% relative increase, p < 0.001). Those engaging in past-month binge drinking and cannabis use were more likely to be younger, male, non-Hispanic Black, use tobacco, and report past-year mental health treatment. Results suggest that the prevalence of both past-month cannabis use and binge drinking among middle-aged and older adults increased between 2015 and 2019, especially among adults aged ≥65, which indicates an increased need to screen for both excess alcohol and cannabis use to minimize potential harm.

Differences in outpatient, emergency, and inpatient use among pregnant women with a substance-related diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: As a vulnerable population, pregnant women with a substance-related diagnosis (ie, substance use, misuse, or dependence) may use healthcare disproportionately. OBJECTIVE: The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the differences in the use of outpatient clinical visits, emergency department visits, and inpatient days in the hospital among women with and without a substance-related diagnosis during the antepartum period. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective study retrieved electronic health record data on women (age, 18-44 years) who delivered a single live birth or stillbirth at ≥20 weeks of gestation from April 1, 2012, to September 30, 2019. Imbalance in measured maternal sociodemographic and obstetrical characteristics between women with and without a substance-related diagnosis was attenuated using propensity score matching on key demographic characteristics (eg, age), yielding a matched 1:1 sample. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions models were used to determine the association between a substance-related diagnosis and outpatient visits, emergency visits, and inpatient days. RESULTS: From the total sample (n=16,770), the matched cohort consisted of 1986 deliveries. Of these, most were White (51.0%), or mixed or of some other race (31.1%). The mean age was 29.8 (standard deviation, 5.6). A substance-related diagnosis was identified in 993 women (50%) because of matching. Women with a substance-related diagnosis were more likely to have ≤10 outpatient visits than women without a substance-related diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.81 [95% confidence interval, 1.44-2.28]; P<.0001). Alcohol-, opioid-, and stimulant-related diagnoses were independently associated with ≤10 outpatient visits (adjusted odds ratio, 3.16 [95% confidence interval, 1.67-6.04]; P=.0005; adjusted odds ratio, 3.02 [95% confidence interval, 1.79-5.09]; P<.0001; adjusted odds ratio, 2.18 [95% confidence interval, 1.39-3.41]; P=.0007, respectively). Women with a substance-related diagnosis were more likely to have ≥1 emergency visit than women without a substance-related diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.36 [95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.85]; P<.0001). Opioid-, stimulant-, and nicotine-related diagnoses were independently associated with ≥1 emergency visit (adjusted odds ratio, 2.28 [95% confidence interval, 1.09-4.77]; P=.0287; adjusted odds ratio, 2.01 [95% confidence interval, 1.07-3.78]; P=.0301; adjusted odds ratio, 3.38 [95% confidence interval, 1.90-6.02]; P<.0001, respectively). Women with a substance-related diagnosis were more likely to have ≥3 inpatient days than women without a substance-related diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.69 [95% confidence interval, 1.07-2.67]; P=.0256). Opioid-, stimulant-, and nicotine-related diagnosis were independently associated with ≥3 inpatient days (adjusted odds ratio, 3.52 [95% confidence interval, 1.42-8.75]; P=.0067; adjusted odds ratio, 3.51 [95% confidence interval, 1.31-9.34]; P=.0123; adjusted odds ratio, 2.74 [95% confidence interval, 1.11-6.73]; P=.0285, respectively). CONCLUSION: Women with a substance-related diagnosis during the antepartum period who delivered a single live birth or stillbirth at ≥20 weeks of gestation were experiencing fewer outpatient visits, more emergency department visits, and more inpatient days than women without a substance-related diagnosis. The type of substance-related diagnosis (eg, alcohol, opioids, stimulants, or nicotine) was associated with different patterns of healthcare use. The results from this study have reinforced the need to identify substance-related diagnoses in pregnant women early to minimize disproportionate healthcare service utilization through intervention and treatment.