Long-Term Cover Cropping Suppresses Foliar and Fruit Disease in Processing Tomatoes.

While links between soil and plant health are implied, there are few opportunities to empirically evaluate this due to inherent differences among sites. An exception is a long-term experiment established in 2007 (repeated in 2008) in Ridgetown, ON, where improved soil health scores and changes in soil microbial communities were observed in the medium-term with annual cover crops (CC). This led us to hypothesize that CC-induced changes in soil health might affect bacterial spot (Xanthomonas hordorum pv. gardneri) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum coccodes) development in processing tomato. Five CC treatments (no CC control, winter cereal rye, oat, radish, and mix of radish + rye) planted after winter wheat harvest were evaluated in 2019 and 2020 (CC grown nine times over 12 years). Fruit yields and net revenue were similar or greater with CC than without. In 2019, there was greater defoliation (area under the disease progress stairs = 4,370 ± 204), percent red fruit (71.0% ± 5.38), and rots (1.91% ± 0.5) in no CC than with radish (3,410, 39.1%, and 0.62%, respectively, P ≤ 0.0366), indicating earlier fruit maturity in no CC plots. Similarly, no CC had a greater incidence of red fruits with anthracnose (25.8% ± 2.89) compared with all CCs but rye (7.4 to 12.1% ± 2.89; P = 0.0029). Environmental conditions in 2020 were less favourable for disease development. Defoliation was not affected by CC treatment (P = 0.1254), and anthracnose incidence was low (≥90.3 ± 1.22% healthy fruit), which may have limited the ability to detect treatment effects (P = 0.2922). Long-term cover crops have the potential to produce greater or equivalent tomato yield with decreased defoliation and anthracnose fruit rot.

The role of cytotoxic therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia in adults: an evidence-based review.

Clinical research examining the role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in adults is presented and critically evaluated in this systematic evidence-based review. Specific criteria were used for searching the published literature and for grading the quality and strength of the evidence and the strength of the treatment recommendations. Treatment recommendations based on the evidence are presented in Table 3, entitled Summary of Treatment Recommendations Made by the Expert Panel for Adult Acute Myelogenous Leukemia, and were reached unanimously by a panel of AML experts. The identified priority areas of needed future research in adult AML include: (1) What is the role of HSCT in treating patients with specific molecular markers (eg, FLT3, NPM1, CEBPA, BAALC, MLL, NRAS, etc.) especially in patients with normal cytogenetics? (2) What is the benefit of using HSCT to treat different cytogenetic subgroups? (3) What is the impact on survival outcomes of reduced intensity or nonmyeloablative versus conventional conditioning in older (>60 years) and intermediate (40-60 years) aged adults? (4) What is the impact on survival outcomes of unrelated donor HSCT vesus chemotherapy in younger (<40 years) adults with high risk disease?

Different N-H⋯π inter-actions in two indole derivatives.

We describe the syntheses and crystal structures of two indole derivatives, namely 6-isopropyl-3-(2-nitro-1-phenyl-eth-yl)-1H-indole, C19H20N2O2, (I), and 2-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-3-(2-nitro-1-phenyl-eth-yl)-1H-indole, C23H20N2O3, (II); the latter crystallizes with two mol-ecules (A and B) with similar conformations (r.m.s. overlay fit = 0.139 Å) in the asymmetric unit. Despite the presence of O atoms as potential acceptors for classical hydrogen bonds, the dominant inter-molecular inter-action in each crystal is an N-H⋯π bond, which generates chains in (I) and A+A and B+B inversion dimers in (II). A different aromatic ring acts as the acceptor in each case. The packing is consolidated by C-H⋯π inter-actions in each case but aromatic π-π stacking inter-actions are absent.

Crystal structures of four indole derivatives with a phenyl substituent at the 2-position and a carbonyl group at the 3-position: the C(6) N-H⋯O chain remains the same, but the weak reinforcing inter-actions are different.

We describe the crystal structures of four indole derivatives with a phenyl ring at the 2-position and different carbonyl-linked substituents at the 3-position, namely 1-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanone, C16H13NO, (I), 2-cyclo-hexyl-1-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanone, C22H23NO, (II), 3,3-dimethyl-1-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)butan-1-one, C20H21NO, (III), and 3-benzoyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole, C21H15NO, (IV). In each case, the carbonyl-group O atom lies close to the indole-ring plane and points towards the benzene ring. The dihedral angles between the indole ring system and 2-phenyl ring for these structures are clustered in a narrow range around 65°. The dominant inter-molecular inter-action in each case is an N-H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates a C(6) chain, although each structure possesses a different crystal symmetry. The C(6) chains are consolidated by different (C-H⋯O, C-H⋯π and π-π stacking) weak inter-actions, with little consistency between the structures.

Weak inter-actions in the crystal structures of two indole derivatives.

We describe the syntheses and crystal structures of two indole derivatives, namely a second monoclinic polymorph of ethyl 5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxyl-ate C11H10ClNO2, (I), and ethyl 5-chloro-3-iodo-1H-indole-2-carboxyl-ate, C11H9ClINO2, (II). In their crystal structures, both compounds form inversion dimers linked by pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which generate R 2 (2)(10) loops. The dimers are linked into double chains in (I) and sheets in (II) by a variety of weak inter-actions, including π-π stacking, C-I⋯π, C-Cl-π inter-actions and I⋯Cl halogen bonds.

Crystal structures of four indole derivatives as possible cannabinoid allosteric antagonists.

The crystal structures of four indole derivatives with various substituents at the 2-, 3- and 5-positions of the ring system are described, namely, ethyl 3-(5-chloro-2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-3-phenyl-propano-ate, C25H22ClNO2, (I), 2-bromo-3-(2-nitro-1-phenyl-eth-yl)-1H-indole, C16H13BrN2O2, (II), 5-meth-oxy-3-(2-nitro-1-phenyl-eth-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-indole, C23H20N2O3, (III), and 5-chloro-3-(2-nitro-1-phenyl-eth-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-indole, C22H17ClN2O2, (IV). The dominant inter-molecular inter-action in each case is an N-H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates either chains or inversion dimers. Weak C-H⋯O, C-H⋯π and π-π inter-actions occur in these structures but there is no consistent pattern amongst them. Two of these compounds act as modest enhancers of CB1 cannabanoid signalling and two are inactive.

Increasing adherence to a community-based guideline for acute sinusitis through education, physician profiling, and financial incentives.

OBJECTIVES: To implement a large-scale multifaceted intervention consisting of physician education, profiling, and a financial incentive, to improve treatment quality for acute sinusitis. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort trial using a historical control of treatment patterns among approximately 500 internists, 200 family practitioners, and 200 pediatricians in a northeastern community-wide individual practice association. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Episode treatment group methods were adapted to identify cases (episodes) and to assess care patterns for acute sinusitis among 420,000 health maintenance organization patients seen between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2001. The intervention consisted of care pathway development, physician and patient education, physician profiling, and a financial incentive. RESULTS: A statistical process control chart showed a shift toward recommended treatment patterns after our intervention. The rate of exceptions per episode of acute sinusitis decreased 20%, from 326 exceptions per 1000 episodes between January 1, 1999, and October 31, 2000, to 261 between November 1, 2000, and December 31, 2001. Decreased use of less effective or inappropriate antibiotics accounted for most of the change (199 to 136 exceptions per 1000 episodes [32% change]). Azithromycin use decreased 30%, from 97 to 68 prescriptions per 1000 episodes. Firstline antibiotic (amoxicillin and doxycycline) use increased 14%, from 451 to 514 prescriptions per 1000 episodes. Inappropriate radiology use decreased 20%, from 15 to 12 per 1000 episodes. These changes were significant at P < .005. CONCLUSION: A multifaceted program, including education, physician profiling with actionable recommendations, and a financial incentive, significantly increased physicians' adherence to a community-developed care pathway and was successful at improving adherence to recommended patterns of antibiotic use in acute sinusitis.