Evaluation of essential and trace metals/metalloids distribution and probable human health risk implications from branded liquid and powder milks available in Dhaka City, Bangladesh.

The processed forms of milk, branded liquid, and power milk available in Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh, were investigated for essential and trace metal/metalloids regarding nutritional and human health risk aspects. For this, the potential nutritional contribution, estimated daily intake (EDI) and non-carcinogenic risk for six different life stages with male and female categories, as well as the carcinogenic risk for children and adults of both genders, were addressed. In total, 46 branded liquid and powder milk samples were considered for this analysis employing atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentration of essential elements showed the trends of K > Ca > Na > Mg > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu and K > Ca > Na > Mg > Fe > Cu > Mn > Zn for liquid and powder milk samples, respectively, but the potentially hazardous one showed the same trends (Cr > Pb > Hg > As > Cd) for both items. Except for Cr, Hg, and Fe, the elemental compositions of both milk categories differed considerably (< 0.05). Compared to the threshold values for milk samples (liquid and powder), Fe (19% and 27%), Mn (100% and 63%), Cu (0% and 23%), Zn (94% and 0%), Pb (25% and 13%), and Cr (0% and 3%) showed above the permissible limits. The nutrient input was the highest for Ca (27.2% and 18.7%), followed by Mg, K, and Na. The EDI of studied elements was within the daily permissible limit in both the milk category (except age group (≤ 3) and the female category). The non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed that the age groups ≤ 3 for liquid milk and ≤ 3 and 3 < X ≤ 14 with female categories for powder milk exceeded the threshold level (> 1) in the case of Cr, Cd, As, Zn, and Mn. The probable carcinogenic risks indicated an unacceptable risk level (< 1.00E-04) for the ingestion of Cr through powder milk samples for children in male and female categories. Finally, it believes that green cow farming practices and green milk processing technology, as well as continuous monitoring of toxic metals, can limit the ultimate risk worldwide.

Does obesity affect the surgical outcome and complication rates of spinal surgery? A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: As obesity becomes more prevalent, it becomes more common among patients considering orthopaedic surgery, including spinal surgery. However, there is some controversy regarding whether obesity is associated with complications, failed reconstructions, or reoperations after spinal surgery. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We wished to determine, in patients undergoing spine surgery, whether obesity is associated with (1) surgical site infection, (2) mortality and the need for revision surgery after spinal surgery, and (3) increased surgical time and blood loss. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed to collect comparative or controlled studies that evaluated the influence of obesity on the surgical and postoperative outcomes of spinal surgery. Two reviewers independently selected trials, extracted data, and assessed the methodologic quality and quality of evidence. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs were calculated using the fixed-effects model or random-effects model. Data were analyzed using RevMan 5.1. MOOSE criteria were used to ensure this project's validity. Thirty-two studies involving 97,326 patients eventually were included. RESULTS: Surgical site infection (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.94-2.79), venous thromboembolism (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.92-5.17), mortality (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.50-4.49), revision rate (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.05-1.93) operating time (OR, 14.55; 95% CI, 10.03-19.07), and blood loss (MD, 28.89; 95% CI, 14.20-43.58), were all significantly increased in the obese group. CONCLUSION: Obesity seemed to be associated with higher risk of surgical site infection and venous thromboembolism, more blood loss, and longer surgical time. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm the relationship between obesity and the outcome of spinal surgery.

Virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars recovered from poultry processing environments at wet markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

The rapid emergence of virulent and multidrug-resistant (MDR) non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) enterica serovars is a growing public health concern globally. The present study focused on the assessment of the pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling of NTS enterica serovars isolated from the chicken processing environments at wet markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 870 samples consisting of carcass dressing water (CDW), chopping board swabs (CBS), and knife swabs (KS) were collected from 29 wet markets. The prevalence of Salmonella was found to be 20% in CDW, 19.31% in CBS, and 17.58% in KS, respectively. Meanwhile, the MDR Salmonella was found to be 72.41%, 73.21%, and 68.62% in CDW, CBS, and KS, respectively. All isolates were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for eight virulence genes, namely invA, agfA, IpfA, hilA, sivH, sefA, sopE, and spvC. The S. Enteritidis and untyped Salmonella isolates harbored all virulence genes while S. Typhimurium isolates carried six virulence genes, except sefA and spvC. Phenotypic resistance revealed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and azithromycin. Genotypic resistance showed a higher prevalence of plasmid-mediated blaTEM followed by tetA, sul1, sul2, sul3, and strA/B genes. The phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles of the isolates showed a harmonic and symmetrical trend. According to the findings, MDR and virulent NTS enterica serovars predominate in wet market conditions and can easily enter the human food chain. The chi-square analysis showed significantly higher associations among the phenotypic resistance, genotypic resistance and virulence genes in CDW, CBS, and KS respectively (p < 0.05).