Virus variant-specific clinical performance of SARS coronavirus two rapid antigen tests in point-of-care use, from November 2020 to January 2022.

OBJECTIVES: Antigen rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are quick, widely available, and inexpensive. Consequently, RDTs have been established as an alternative and additional diagnostic strategy to quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). However, reliable clinical and large-scale performance data specific to a SARS-CoV-2 virus variant of concern (VOC) are limited, especially for the Omicron VOC. The aim of this study was to compare RDT performance among different VOCs. METHODS: This single-centre prospective performance assessment compared RDTs from three manufacturers (NADAL, Panbio, MEDsan) with RT-qPCR including deduced standardized viral load from oropharyngeal swabs for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a clinical point-of-care setting from November 2020 to January 2022. RESULTS: Among 35 479 RDT/RT-qPCR tandems taken from 26 940 individuals, 164 of the 426 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples tested true positive with an RDT corresponding to an RDT sensitivity of 38.50% (95% CI, 34.00-43.20%), with an overall specificity of 99.67% (95% CI, 99.60-99.72%). RDT sensitivity depended on viral load, with decreasing sensitivity accompanied by descending viral load. VOC-dependent sensitivity assessment showed a sensitivity of 42.86% (95% CI, 32.82-53.52%) for the wild-type SARS-CoV-2, 43.42% (95% CI, 32.86-54.61%) for the Alpha VOC, 37.67% (95% CI, 30.22-45.75%) for the Delta VOC, and 33.67% (95% CI, 25.09-43.49%) for the Omicron VOC. Sensitivity in samples with high viral loads of ≥106 SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies per mL was significantly lower in the Omicron VOC (50.00%; 95% CI, 36.12-63.88%) than in the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (79.31%; 95% CI, 61.61-90.15%; p 0.015). DISCUSSION: RDT sensitivity for detection of the Omicron VOC is reduced in individuals infected with a high viral load, which curtails the effectiveness of RDTs. This aspect furthert: limits the use of RDTs, although RDTs are still an irreplaceable diagnostic tool for rapid, economic point-of-care and extensive SARS-CoV-2 screening.

Intraoperative Myelography in Cervical Multilevel Stenosis Using 3D Rotational Fluoroscopy: Assessment of Feasibility and Image Quality.

Background. Intraoperative myelography has been reported for decompression control in multilevel lumbar disease. Cervical myelography is technically more challenging. Modern 3D fluoroscopy may provide a new opportunity supplying multiplanar images. This study was performed to determine the feasibility and image quality of intraoperative cervical myelography using a 3D fluoroscope. Methods. The series included 9 patients with multilevel cervical stenosis. After decompression, 10 mL of water-soluble contrast agent was administered via a lumbar drainage and the operating table was tilted. Thereafter, a 3D fluoroscopy scan (O-Arm) was performed and visually evaluated. Findings. The quality of multiplanar images was sufficient to supply information about the presence of residual stenosis. After instrumentation, metal artifacts lowered image quality. In 3 cases, decompression was continued because myelography depicted residual stenosis. In one case, anterior corpectomy was not completed because myelography showed sufficient decompression after 2-level discectomy. Interpretation. Intraoperative myelography using 3D rotational fluoroscopy is useful for the control of surgical decompression in multilevel spinal stenosis providing images comparable to postmyelographic CT. The long duration of contrast delivery into the cervical spine may be solved by preoperative contrast administration. The method is susceptible to metal artifacts and, therefore, should be applied before metal implants are placed.

PTK787/ZK222584, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, decreases glioma growth and vascularization.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of PTK787/ZK222584, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinases, on VEGF-dependent glioma vascularization and growth. METHODS: C6 rat glioma cells were transfected with VEGF(164) in a sense (V(+)) or antisense (V(-)) direction. Spheroids generated from V(+) or V(-) cells were implanted orthotopically into 60 rat brains. Expression of VEGF and fetal liver kinase-1 (VEGF receptor 2) was assessed immunohistochemically. Animals with V(+) gliomas received orally administered PTK787/ZK222584 on postoperative Day (POD) 1 to 12 or POD 7 to 12. Untreated animals served as negative controls, and animals with V(-) gliomas served as positive controls. Growth and vascularization were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Flk-1 expression was positive within tumor vessels in V(+) gliomas, whereas all C6 clones were negative for fetal liver kinase-1 in vitro. Early (POD 1-12) and delayed (POD 7-12) application of PTK787/ZK222584 in V(+) glioma-bearing animals resulted in a significant reduction of tumor size (71% and 36%, P < 0.05) as measured by magnetic resonance imaging volumetry. Early treated V(+) gliomas reached similar volumes compared with V(-) gliomas. Vessel density was significantly reduced (42.3% and 25.7%, P < 0.05), and areas of intratumoral necrosis were enlarged (by 1.7-fold after early treatment). Additionally, proliferation was decreased by 89% and 72% (P < 0.05). There was no growth-inhibiting effect of PTK787/ZK222584 on V(-) cells observed. CONCLUSION: PTK787/ZK222584 significantly halted VEGF-mediated glioma growth by inhibition of neovascularization and proliferation, providing a promising new tool in malignant glioma therapy.