Outcomes of gasless laparoendoscopic single-port partial nephrectomy in 356 consecutive patients: Feasibility of a clampless and sutureless technique.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the outcomes and feasibilities of gasless laparoendoscopic single-port clampless sutureless partial nephrectomy. METHODS: We reviewed 356 consecutive patients with primary unilateral non-metastatic renal masses who underwent gasless laparoendoscopic single-port partial nephrectomy (2011-2018), which was performed retroperitoneally using a three-dimensional flexible endoscope, without vascular clamping or renorrhaphy in principle. RESULTS: The median tumor size was 2.5 cm, and 213 (60%), 105 (29%), and 38 (11%) patients had peripheral, central, and hilar tumors, respectively. Clampless and sutureless partial nephrectomy was accomplished in 337 patients (95%), while eight (2%) and 16 (4%) patients required vascular clamping and renorrhaphy, respectively. The median operative time and blood loss were 220 min and 266 mL, respectively; eight patients (2%) received blood transfusion. Clavien-Dindo grade 3a complications occurred in 27 patients (8%); all these patients had urinary leakage treated with ureteral stent placement, one of whom also developed a postoperative pseudoaneurysm. Among 324 patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma, six (2%) had positive surgical margins, and one (0.3%) and seven (2%) developed metastatic and local recurrences, respectively. During a median follow-up of 54 months, no patient died from kidney cancer. The median percent decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate at 3 months after surgery was 5.7%. No patient experienced postoperative acute renal failure, while one patient with preexisting renal impairment started dialysis at 70 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Clampless and sutureless partial nephrectomy can be safely accomplished in most patients undergoing gasless laparoendoscopic single-port surgery, yielding favorable oncological and functional outcomes.

Nonuse of antimicrobial prophylaxis in clean surgeries for adrenal and renal tumors: Results of the risk-based strategy in 1362 consecutive patients.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence of perioperative infections without antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients undergoing clean surgeries for adrenal and renal tumors. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 1362 consecutive patients who underwent minimally invasive adrenalectomy (n = 303), radical nephrectomy (n = 499), and partial nephrectomy (n = 560) using the gasless laparoendoscopic single-port surgery technique between 2005 and 2019. In 1059 patients, antimicrobial prophylaxis was not administered. The remaining 303 patients were considered at high risk for infection and received single-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis. The endpoint was the incidence of perioperative infections within 1 month from the surgery date. Perioperative infections were classified into surgical site infections, urinary tract infections, and remote infections. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients whose collecting systems were opened during partial nephrectomy were excluded, and the remaining 1013 patients with nonuse of antimicrobial prophylaxis and 275 patients with single-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis were retrospectively analyzed. The incidence of superficial surgical site infections, deep/organ-space surgical site infections, urinary tract infections, and remote infections was 1.6%, 0.7%, 2.8%, and 1.3%, respectively, in patients with nonuse of antimicrobial prophylaxis and 0.4%, 1.8%, 1.5%, and 1.5%, respectively, in patients with single-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis. All patients who developed perioperative infections were successfully treated. No clinical or surgical variables were significantly associated with the incidence of surgical site infections. One limitation of the present study was its nonrandomized and noncontrolled design. CONCLUSIONS: In minimally invasive clean surgeries for adrenal and renal tumors, antimicrobial prophylaxis is not necessary when individual risk of infection is considered low.

Selective tetramodal bladder-preservation therapy, incorporating induction chemoradiotherapy and consolidative partial cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: oncological and functional outcomes of 107 patients.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the oncological and functional outcomes associated with selective tetramodal bladder-sparing therapy, comprising maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT), induction chemoradiotherapy (CRT), and consolidative partial cystectomy (PC) with pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, 154 patients with non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), prospectively enrolled in the tetramodal bladder-preservation protocol, were analysed. After TURBT and induction CRT, patients showing complete remission were offered consolidative PC with PLND for the achievement of bladder preservation. Pathological response to induction CRT was evaluated using PC specimens. Oncological and functional outcomes after bladder preservation were evaluated using the following endpoints: MIBC-recurrence-free survival (RFS); cancer-specific survival (CSS); overall survival (OS), and cross-sectional assessments of preserved bladder function and quality of life (QoL) including uroflowmetry, bladder diary, International Prostate Symptom Score, Overactive Bladder Symptom Score and the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) score. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 48 months. Complete MIBC remission was achieved in 121 patients (79%) after CRT, and 107 patients (69%) completed the tetramodal bladder-preservation protocol comprising consolidative PC with PLND. Pathological examination in these 107 patients revealed residual invasive cancer (≥pT1) that was surgically removed in 11 patients (10%) and lymph node metastases in two patients (2%). The 5-year MIBC-RFS, CSS and OS rates in the 107 patients who completed the protocol were 97%, 93% and 91%, respectively. As for preserved bladder function, the median maximum voided volume, post-void residual urine volume, and nighttime frequency were 350 mL, 25 mL, and two voids, respectively. In the SF-36, patients had favourable scores, equivalent to the age-matched references in all the QoL scales. CONCLUSION: Selective tetramodal bladder-preservation therapy, incorporating consolidative PC with PLND, yielded favourable oncological and functional outcomes in patients with MIBC. Consolidative PC may have contributed to the low rate of MIBC recurrence in patients treated according to this protocol.

Usefulness of the inchworm sign on DWI for predicting pT1 bladder cancer progression.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the significance of the presence or absence of an "inchworm sign" on DWI for the recurrence and progression of T1 bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 91 patients with pT1 urothelial carcinoma who underwent DWI prior to transurethral resection between 2007 and 2016. DWI of the dominant tumors was scrutinized for inchworm signs at b = 1000 s/mm2. The association of the presence of the inchworm sign with progression and recurrence was analyzed; progression was defined as recurrence to stage T2 or higher and/or N+, and/or M1. RESULTS: An inchworm sign was seen in 65 cases (71%), while it was absent in 26 cases. Among the 65, 25 (38%) had confirmed tumor recurrence, while in the remaining 26, 14 (54%) had confirmed recurrence (median time post TURB = 7.9 and 10.1 months for each). At the time of recurrence, the tumor had progressed in one (2%) inchworm-sign-positive and seven (27%) inchworm-sign-negative cases. The progression rate of inchworm-sign-negative cases was significantly higher than that of inchworm-sign-positive cases (hazard ratio = 17.2, p = 0.0017), whereas there was no significant difference in the recurrence rate between two groups. The absence of an inchworm sign and histological grade 3 were independent risk factors for progression (p < 0.001 and 0.010, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The absence of an inchworm sign on DWI was a significant prognostic factor for progression of T1 bladder cancer. Morphological evaluation of DWI signals may therefore be a useful adjunct to preoperative assessment of biological aggressiveness. KEY POINTS: • An inchworm sign is a simple diagnostic criterion that characterizes only the shape of the tumor signal on DWI, and potentially serves as an imaging biomarker to predict clinical aggressiveness. • The absence of an inchworm sign on DWI is a significant indicator of progression of T1 bladder cancer.

Predictive ability of renal cortex enhancement in dynamic computed tomography for residual renal function after nephroureterectomy: Comparison with 99m Tc-diethylenetriaminopentacetic acid renography and validation study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate postoperative residual renal function after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma using the preoperative dynamic computed tomography renal cortex enhancement ratio in comparison with the split kidney glomerular filtration rate measured by 99m Tc-diethylenetriaminopentacetic acid renography. METHODS: A total of 47 patients who received radical nephroureterectomy and underwent both preoperative dynamic computed tomography and renography were the model-development cohort; and 109 patients who underwent dynamic computed tomography alone were the validation cohort. Postoperative renal function of the unremoved kidney was estimated using the following formulas: preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate × the percentage of total renal cortex radiodensity for the intact kidney in Hounsfield units obtained from corticomedullary phase images in the computed tomography-based model, or the percentage of the total glomerular filtration rate measured by renography in the nuclear model. The correlation between observed and estimated postoperative renal function was determined. The computed tomography-based prediction model derived from linear regression analysis was validated externally. RESULTS: The correlation of computed tomography-based split renal function with the observed postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (r = 0.80) was equivalent to that of nuclear split renal function (r = 0.78). In the validation cohort, the computed tomography-based prediction model showed an equivalently strong correlation (r = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that the percentage of total renal cortex radiodensity for the intact kidney is a useful tool for predicting unremoved kidney function in upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients, thereby allowing appropriate patient selection for perioperative cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy.

Acute kidney injury and intermediate-term renal function after clampless partial nephrectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence and predictors of acute kidney injury after clampless partial nephrectomy, and its impact on intermediate-term renal function. METHODS: The incidence and severity of acute kidney injury were assessed for 262 patients undergoing clampless partial nephrectomy between 2010 and 2015. The association between perioperative covariates and acute kidney injury was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. An annual change in estimated glomerular filtration rate from 1 year after surgery was calculated according to the presence or absence of acute kidney injury. An impact of acute kidney injury on postoperative renal impairment, defined as a ≥25% estimated glomerular filtration rate decrease, was evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, 21 (8.0%) patients experienced grade 1 acute kidney injury after clampless partial nephrectomy, and grade ≥2 acute kidney injury was not observed. High tumor complexity was the only independent predictor of acute kidney injury. Estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with acute kidney injury improved within 1 year, and annual estimated glomerular filtration rate changes were similar among patients with or without acute kidney injury. Ultimately, 13 (5.0%) patients showed postoperative renal impairment during the median follow-up period of 37 months. Advanced age and diabetes mellitus were independent risk factors for renal impairment, but acute kidney injury was not. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and severity of acute kidney injury after clampless partial nephrectomy are low. Low-grade acute kidney injury after clampless partial nephrectomy does not seem to affect intermediate-term renal function.

Incidence and predictive factors of hypoglycemia after pheochromocytoma resection.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and preoperative risk factors of post-excisional hypoglycemia in patients undergoing pheochromocytoma resection. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgical resection of pheochromocytoma at a single institution were retrospectively enrolled in the present study. The primary end-point was the development of post-excisional hypoglycemia; that is, a serum glucose level <70 mg/dL. The serum levels of immunoreactive insulin and glucose levels during the preoperative oral glucose-tolerance test and surgery were analyzed to elucidate the mechanism of hypoglycemia. RESULTS: A total of 49 patients underwent surgical resection of pheochromocytoma, of which 21 patients (43%) developed post-excisional hypoglycemia. The incidence of hypoglycemia was not statistically different between patients with adrenal tumors and those with extra-adrenal tumors (18/41 [44%] vs 3/8 [38%], respectively, P = 0.73). There was no difference in the immunoreactive insulin/glucose ratio during the preoperative oral glucose-tolerance test between patients with and those without post-excisional hypoglycemia. The intraoperative immunoreactive insulin/glucose ratio was significantly higher in patients with hypoglycemia than in those without hypoglycemia. A higher 24-h urinary epinephrine level, but not norepinephrine level, was a predictive factor for post-excisional hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS: Post-excisional hypoglycemia is a frequent complication of pheochromocytoma resection, irrespective of the tumor location, and might be common in patients with epinephrine-predominant tumors. All patients undergoing resection of adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma require intensive monitoring of serum glucose levels during and after surgery.

Impact of fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography/computed tomography on chemosensitivity and survival in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography/computed tomography on chemosensitivity and survival in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma. METHODS: The present study assessed 51 metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients undergoing fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography before first-line systemic chemotherapy. Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in metastases was evaluated using the maximum standardized uptake value, which was measured for all eligible lesions, and the highest value among the maximum standardized uptake value measurements in each case was defined as the highest maximum standardized uptake value. The associations between the highest maximum standardized uptake value and objective response rate to chemotherapy, progression-free survival or cancer-specific survival were analyzed. For cancer-specific survival, the C-index was compared between multivariate models that incorporated predictors in the Bajorin model including the Karnofsky performance status and the presence of visceral metastasis, and the Apolo model additionally including hemoglobin and albumin levels, with/without the highest maximum standardized uptake value. RESULTS: The median age was 69 years. The Karnofsky performance status was ≥80% for all patients. Visceral metastasis was observed in 12 patients (24%). The objective response rate, median progression-free survival and median cancer-specific survival were 61%, 9 and 26 months in the entire cohort, respectively. The higher highest maximum standardized uptake value was significantly associated with a lower objective response rate, shorter progression-free survival and shorter cancer-specific survival (P = 0.01, <0.001 and 0.004, respectively). On multivariate analyses, the highest maximum standardized uptake value was an independent predictor for all end-points. In the multivariate models for cancer-specific survival, the C-index improved from 0.559 to 0.601 and from 0.604 to 0.652 by adding the highest maximum standardized uptake value to the parameter set of the Bajorin model and Apolo model, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Higher fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in metastases was significantly and independently associated with poor chemosensitivity and worse survival outcomes. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography might aid in patient counseling and treatment decisions for metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients.

Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer on magnetic resonance imaging using a convolutional neural network algorithm.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) algorithm with a deep learning architecture for detecting prostate cancer on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to promote global standardisation and diminish variation in the interpretation of prostate MRI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data from 335 patients with a prostate-specific antigen level of <20 ng/mL who underwent MRI and extended systematic prostate biopsy with or without MRI-targeted biopsy. The data were divided into a training data set (n = 301), which was used to develop the CAD algorithm, and two evaluation data sets (n = 34). A deep convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained using MR images labelled as 'cancer' or 'no cancer' confirmed by the above-mentioned biopsy. Using the CAD algorithm that showed the best diagnostic accuracy with the two evaluation data sets, the data set not used for evaluation was analysed, and receiver operating curve analysis was performed. RESULTS: Graphics processing unit computing required 5.5 h to learn to analyse 2 million images. The time required for the CAD algorithm to evaluate a new image was 30 ms/image. The two algorithms showed area under the curve values of 0.645 and 0.636, respectively, in the validation data sets. The number of patients mistakenly diagnosed as having cancer was 16/17 patients and seven of 17 patients in the two validation data sets, respectively. Zero and two oversights were found in the two validation data sets, respectively. CONCLUSION: We developed a CAD system using a CNN algorithm for the fully automated detection of prostate cancer using MRI, which has the potential to provide reproducible interpretation and a greater level of standardisation and consistency.

Adherent Perinephric Fat in Asian Patients: Predictors and Impact on Perioperative Outcomes of Partial Nephrectomy.

INTRODUCTION: This study is aimed at evaluating the incidence and predictors of adherent perinephric fat (APF) in Asians during partial nephrectomy (PN), and determining the impact of APF on perioperative outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 231 Asian patients with renal tumors underwent PN, and their Mayo adhesive probability (MAP) score was calculated. APF was intraoperatively determined, and the perioperative data were compared according to the presence of APF. The predictors of APF were examined using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: APF was observed in 40 (17%) patients. In multivariate analysis, male gender and higher MAP score were the independent predictors of APF. The estimated blood loss was higher in patients with APF, however, the complication rates did not differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The MAP score can predict APF in an Asian population. The presence of APF was associated with greater blood loss; however it did not increase the postoperative complications in PN.

Intensity ratio curve analysis of small renal masses on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: Differentiation of fat-poor angiomyolipoma from renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic ability of a pixel intensity-based analysis in evaluating the magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of small renal masses, especially in differentiating fat-poor angiomyolipoma from renal cell carcinoma. METHODS: T2-weighted images from 121 solid small renal masses (<4 cm) without visible fat (14 fat-poor angiomyolipomas, 92 clear cell renal cell carcinomas, six chromophobe renal cell carcinomas and nine papillary renal cell carcinomas) were retrospectively evaluated. An intensity ratio curve was plotted using intensity ratios, which were ratios of signal intensities of tumor pixels (each pixel along a linear region of interest drawn across the renal tumor on T2-weighted image) to the signal intensity of a normal renal cortex. The diagnostic ability of the intensity ratio curve analysis was evaluated. RESULTS: The tumors were classified into three types: intensity ratio fat-poor angiomyolipoma (n = 19) with no pseudocapsule, iso-low intensity and no heterogeneity; intensity ratio clear cell renal cell carcinoma (n = 76) with a pseudocapsule, iso-high intensity and heterogeneity; and other type of intensity ratio (n = 26), including tumors that did not fall into the above two categories. The sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of the intensity ratio curve analysis in diagnosing fat-poor angiomyolipoma was 93%/94%/94%, respectively. When the intensity ratio curve analysis was applied only to the tumor with undetermined radiological diagnosis, the sensitivity for diagnosing fat-poor angiomyolipoma compared with subjective reading alone significantly improved (93% vs 50%; P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Our novel semiquantitative model for combined assessment of key features of fat-poor angiomyolipoma, including low intensity, homogeneity and absence of a pseudocapsule on T2-weighted image, might make diagnosis of fat-poor angiomyolipoma more accurate.

[Availability of Early Balloon Kyphoplasty for the Treatment of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures].

INTRODUCTION: Japan has many patients with osteoporosis; however, only about one-fifth of these patients receive treatment. Although some treatment guidelines exist for osteoporosis, the number of newly diagnosed patients with osteoporotic compression fractures is increasing and protocols for treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures vary from one hospital to another. This study aims to investigate the availability of early balloon kyphoplasty(BKP)in relation to our treatment strategy for osteoporotic compression fractures. METHODS: In our hospital, patients diagnosed with osteoporotic compression fractures were treated conservatively with a corset and rehabilitation. In cases where pain was prolonged and computed tomography(CT)imaging revealed formation of a cavity, we performed BKP. We divided the patients admitted between April 2016 and December 2016 with osteoporotic compression fractures into 2 groups, based on whether they received conservative treatment or BKP. We assessed the patients' age, fracture site, CT and MRI findings, bone density, Numerical Rating Scale(NRS), duration of hospital stay, and outcomes. RESULTS: In the BKP group, the number of Th12 and L1 compression fractures was higher than fractures to other vertebral bodies. No difference was observed in bone density, improvement of NRS, and outcomes between groups. CT cavity signs were more frequently observed in the BKP group than in the conservative group. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes a correlation between the appearance of CT cavity sign and prolonged pain, which increases the likelihood of a patient undergoing BKP. The CT cavity sign and prolonged pain could be indicators of pre-stage pseudoarthrosis. BKP performed in the early stages of a fracture is safe and does not result in complications. However, BKP should be performed according to appropriate indications, including delayed neurological deficit, pain, and reduced bone adhesion.

Utility of computed diffusion-weighted MRI for predicting aggressiveness of prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: To investigate the value of computed (c) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in assessing prostate cancer aggressiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-five patients with peripheral zone prostate cancer who underwent prebiopsy 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (including native DWI at b-values of 0 and 1000 s/mm2 ) were included. cDWI signal intensities of peripheral zone prostate cancer and nonmalignant prostate tissue were measured. Association between changes in monoexponentially calculated cDWI signals according to different b-values and primary Gleason grades were assessed. RESULTS: The cDWI signal intensity of prostate cancer was lower at b = 0 s/mm2 and higher at b = 1000 s/mm2 compared to nonmalignant prostate tissue. The b-value at which the signal intensities of prostate cancer and nonmalignant prostate tissue were equal was defined as the "iso-b-value." On multivariate analysis, only the iso-b-value was a significant predictor of primary Gleason grade 4/5 cancer (P = 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) of the iso-b-value for diagnosing primary Gleason grade 4/5 cancer was 0.94, and significantly higher than that of the tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value with an AUC of 0.68 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: cDWI with iso-b-value-based semiquantitative analysis was found to be useful for predicting the aggressiveness of prostate cancer and may potentially outperform tumor ADC measurements in this setting. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:490-496.

Impact of the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System, Version 2, on MRI Diagnosis for Extracapsular Extension of Prostate Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to validate the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System, version 2 (PI-RADSv2), in assessing extracapsular extension (ECE), compared with PI-RADS, version 1 (PI-RADSv1). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 210 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent MRI and radical prostatectomy. Two readers independently interpreted the MR images. In PI-RADSv1, 5-point ECE risk scoring was used. In PI-RADSv2, ECE criteria included morphologic features and a tumor-capsule contact length (CL) greater than 10 mm. The diagnostic performance of each PI-RADS version and the cutoff CL were evaluated. RESULTS: ECE was found in 56 patients (26.7%). In PI-RADSv1, maximal accuracy was achieved with a risk score of 3 or greater. At this threshold, positive findings on PI-RADSv1 and PI-RADSv2 were identified in 21.0-34.3% and 49.0-51.4% of patients, respectively. Compared with PI-RADSv1, PI-RADSv2 had higher negative predictive values (84.9-89.1% vs 96.3-97.1%, respectively; p = 0.003 and 0.021, for each reader). PI-RADSv1 and PI-RADSv2 had positive predictive values of 56.9-70.5% and 49.1-50.5%, respectively (p = 0.025 and 0.300, respectively). Interobserver kappa values for PI-RADSv1 and PI-RADSv2 were 0.511 and 0.781, respectively. The best cutoff CL was greater than 10 mm among patients without morphologic features of ECE. For patients positive for ECE on the basis of PI-RADSv2 but not PI-RADSv1, 73.3-74.1% of prostate cancer cases with a biopsy Gleason score of 7 or less and 35.7-44.4% of cases with a biopsy Gleason score of 8 or higher were overstaged. CONCLUSION: PI-RADSv2 reduces understaging and improves interobserver agreement in ECE assessment. However, overstaging is a concern, and the biopsy Gleason score may have a complementary role in reducing overstaging.

Early response of C-reactive protein as a predictor of survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Pretreatment C-reactive protein (CRP) has been shown to be an independent prognostic factor for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We further evaluated the early response of CRP after the initiation of TKIs. METHODS: A total of 103 patients (80 men and 23 women) were treated with TKIs for mRCC from 2008-2013. Patients were divided into three groups according to their early CRP kinetics-patients whose baseline CRP levels were <10 mg/L (non-elevated), patients whose baseline CRP levels were ≥10 mg/L and had decreased by >20% at 4 weeks after the initiation of TKIs (early CRP responder), and the remaining patients (non-early CRP responder). The endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 21 (interquartile range 10-34) months. The numbers of patients classified as non-elevated, early CRP responder, and non-early CRP responder were 62, 19, and 22, respectively. The 1-year PFS rates of patients in the non-elevated, early CRP responder, and non-early CRP responder groups were 50, 23, and 9.7%, respectively (p < 0.001). The 1-year OS rates of patients in these three groups were 79, 62, and 36%, respectively (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the early CRP kinetics assessment was a significant independent factor for PFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS: Early CRP response at 4 weeks is predictive of survival for patients with mRCC treated with TKI.

Multitask Imaging Monitor for Surgical Navigation: Combination of Touchless Interface and Head-Mounted Display.

As a result of the dramatic improvements in the resolution, wearability, and weight of head-mounted displays (HMDs), they have become increasingly applied in the medical field as personal imaging monitors. The combined use of a multiplexer with an HMD allows the wearer to simultaneously and seamlessly monitor multiple streams of imaging information through the HMD. We developed a multitask imaging monitor for surgical navigation by combining a touchless surgical imaging control system with an HMD. This system is composed of a standard color digital video camera mounted on the HMD and computer software that enables the identification of the number of pictured fingertips from the video camera image. The HMD wearer uses this information as a touchless interface for the operating multiplexer, which can control the arrays and types of imaging information displayed on the HMD. We used this system in an experimental demonstration during a single-port gasless partial nephrectomy. The use of this multitask imaging monitor using a touchless interface would refine the surgical workflow, especially during surgical navigation.

Potential Utility of Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnosis of Residual Bladder Cancer before Second Transurethral Resection.

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to investigate the diagnostic utility of diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) in differentiating residual bladder cancer from benign postoperative changes before a second transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 75 bladder cancer patients who underwent a second TURB from 2013 to 2015, 23 patients who underwent multi-sequence bladder MRI after their initial TURB were retrospectively evaluated. Thirty lesions were histologically examined at the second TURB and the results of them were compared with the findings obtained through T2-weighted MRI, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), and DW-MRI. RESULTS: Positive findings of 27, 28, and 15 lesions showed up on T2W-, DCE-, and DW-MRI, respectively. Thirteen lesions were confirmed histologically to constitute residual cancer. The sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of T2W-, DCE-, and DW-MRI were 100/18/53, 100/12/50, and 92/82/87%, respectively. DW-MRI was significantly superior in specificity and accuracy to T2W- (p < 0.01 for both) and DCE-MRI (p < 0.01 for both). CONCLUSIONS: This study first showed the superiority of DW-MRI to T2W- and DCE-MRI in differentiating residual cancer before a second TURB.

Stepwise algorithm using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of fat-poor angiomyolipoma in small renal masses: Development and external validation.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a stepwise diagnostic algorithm for fat-poor angiomyolipoma in small renal masses. METHODS: Two cohorts of small renal masses <4 cm without an apparent fat component that was pathologically diagnosed were included: 153 cases (18 fat-poor angiomyolipomas/135 renal cell carcinomas) for model development and 71 cases (seven fat-poor angiomyolipomas/59 renal cell carcinomas/5 oncocytomas) for validation. Dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and clinical findings were analyzed. Based on multivariate analysis, we developed two prediction models for fat-poor angiomyolipoma, the computed tomography model and the computed tomography + magnetic resonance imaging model, and a stepwise algorithm that proposes the sequential use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: The computed tomography model, which was composed of female aged <50 years, high attenuation on unenhanced computed tomography, less enhancement than the normal renal cortex and homogeneity in the corticomedullary phase, differentiated tumors with none of the factors as the low angiomyolipoma-probability group, and the others were candidates for the computed tomography + magnetic resonance imaging model. The computed tomography + magnetic resonance imaging model, consisting of the first three factors of the computed tomography model, low signal intensity and absence of pseudocapsule on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, re-stratified the tumors into low, intermediate and high angiomyolipoma-probability groups. The incidence of fat-poor angiomyolipoma in each group was 0%, 26% and 93%, respectively (area under the curve 0.981). External validation by two readers showed a high area under the curve (0.912 and 0.924) for each. The interobserver agreement was good (kappa score 0.77). CONCLUSIONS: The present algorithm differentiates fat-poor angiomyolipoma in small renal masses with high accuracy by adding magnetic resonance imaging to computed tomography in selected patients.

Expression of inflammation-related genes in aldosterone-producing adenomas with KCNJ5 mutation.

BACKGROUND: The adrenocortical cells have been shown to produce various inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IL-6, which could modulate steroidogenesis. However, the role of inflammatory cytokines in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) is not fully understood. In the present study, we examined the relationships between mRNA expression levels of the inflammation-related genes and somatic mutations in APA tissues. METHODS: We evaluated mRNA expression levels of TNFA, IL6, and NFKB1 in APA tissues obtained from 44 Japanese APA patients. RESULTS: We revealed that mRNA expression patterns of the inflammation-related genes depended on a KCNJ5 somatic mutation. In addition, we showed that mRNA expression levels of the inflammation-related genes correlated with those of the steroidogenic enzyme CYP11B1 in the patients with APAs. CONCLUSION: The present study documented for the first time the expression of inflammation-related genes in APAs and the correlation of their expression levels with the KCNJ5 mutation status and mRNA expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes, indicating the pathophysiological relevance of inflammation-related genes in APAs.

Candidate selection for quadrant-based focal ablation through a combination of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and prostate biopsy.

OBJECTIVES: To identify prostatic quadrants that could be preserved without intervention, using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and extended core biopsy, as a step toward implementation of quadrant-based focal ablation with potential preservation of erectile and ejaculatory functions, based on comparisons with unilateral hemi-gland ablation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prebiopsy DWI study including 648 quadrants in 162 men who underwent 14-core biopsy including anterior sampling and radical prostatectomy (RP) for localised cancer. Imaging and pathology were analysed on a quadrant basis. Each quadrant was assessed through four-core sampling. Predictive performance of DWI and biopsy for quadrant status was analysed. RESULTS: On RP specimens, 170 anterior (52.5%) and 172 posterior quadrants (53.1%) harboured significant cancer. Negative predictive values of DWI, biopsy, and their combination for significant cancer were 79.7%, 70.6%, and 91.1%, respectively, in anterior quadrants, and 78.5%, 81.3%, and 91.7%, respectively, in posterior quadrants. DWI incrementally improved the negative predictive values of biopsy in anterior (P < 0.001) and posterior quadrants (P = 0.025), without untoward impacts on positive predictive values. Negative findings on both DWI and biopsy were identified in posterior quadrants of 109 sides (33.6%), but in entire hemi-glands of 54 sides (16.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of DWI and 14-core biopsy including anterior sampling efficiently identifies quadrants without significant cancer in men with localised prostate cancer; the remaining quadrants, therefore, could be potential candidate areas for focal ablation. Focal therapy designed based on quadrant-based assessment could be superior to unilateral hemi-gland ablation for preservation of posterior quadrants and retaining of sexual function in more sides.