Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in Poland: a multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In Poland, the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) remain unknown. This study aimed to answer these unknowns by analyzing data collected from high-volume ECMO centers willing to participate in this project. METHODS: This retrospective, multicenter cohort study was completed between March 1, 2020, and May 31, 2021 (15 months). Data from all patients treated with ECMO for COVID-19 were analyzed. Pre-ECMO laboratory and treatment data were compared between non-survivors and survivors. Independent predictors for death in the intensive care unit (ICU) were identified. RESULTS: There were 171 patients admitted to participating centers requiring ECMO for refractory hypoxemia due to COVID-19 during the defined time period. A total of 158 patients (mean age: 46.3 ± 9.8 years) were analyzed, and 13 patients were still requiring ECMO at the end of the observation period. Most patients (88%) were treated after October 1, 2020, 77.8% were transferred to ECMO centers from another facility, and 31% were transferred on extracorporeal life support. The mean duration of ECMO therapy was 18.0 ± 13.5 days. The crude ICU mortality rate was 74.1%. In the group of 41 survivors, 37 patients were successfully weaned from ECMO support and four patients underwent a successful lung transplant. In-hospital death was independently associated with pre-ECMO lactate level (OR 2.10 per 1 mmol/L, p = 0.017) and BMI (OR 1.47 per 5 kg/m2, p = 0.050). CONCLUSIONS: The ICU mortality rate among patients requiring ECMO for COVID-19 in Poland was high. In-hospital death was independently associated with increased pre-ECMO lactate levels and BMI.

Value, time and outcomes of elevated lactate levels in adult patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

INTRODUCTION: Lactate levels have been recognized as a reliable tool for monitoring critically ill patients requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) or venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) but the reasons behind the overproduction of lactate are different and the influance for survival remains controversial. We analyzed the lactate values and lactate clearance in adult patients in these two forms of extracorporeal support. METHODS: Patient demographics, ECMO duration, 30-day mortality, lactate values and lactate clearance at 24, 48 and 72 h from ECMO initiation of patients supported with VV and VA ECMO at Silesian Centre for Heart Deasese, between January 2011 and April 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The changes in lactate levels were analyzed using the non-parametric U Mann-Whitney tests and Chi-square test. The ROC curves were draw and the area under the curve was calculated. RESULTS: The study comprised 91 adult patients, Mortality in the first 30 days from initiation of VV and VA ECMO was 39% and 66%, respectively. Lactate levels were significantly higher in non-survivors that received VV and VA ECMO (p < .001), while lactate clearance was similar (p = .256 and p = 1.000, respectively). Survival curves for patients with elevated (>2.0 mmol/L) vs normal (≤2.0 mmol/L) lactate levels at 72 h were significantly different for VV ECMO (p = .007) and VA ECMO (p = .037) but in both groups of ECMO, lactate levels above 2.0 mmol/L at 72 h from ECMO initiation predicted 30 day-mortality. CONCLUSION: This results emphasized the importance of lactate levels below 2.0 mmol/L at 72 h from both VV and VA ECMO initiation.

Intensive Care Unit Admissions During the First 3 Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland: A Single-Center, Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND Data on the outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requiring Intensive Care Unit (ICU) care in Poland are limited. There are no data on critically ill patients with COVID-19 who did not meet criteria for ICU admission. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed patients admitted to the ICU and those ineligible for ICU admission in a large COVID-19-dedicated hospital, during the first 3 months of the pandemic in Poland. Data from 67 patients considered for ICU admissions due to COVID-19 infection, treated between 10 March and 10 June 2020, were reviewed. Following exclusions, data on 32 patients admitted to the ICU and 21 patients ineligible for ICU admission were analyzed. RESULTS In 38% of analyzed patients, symptoms of COVID-19 infection occurred during a hospital stay for an unrelated medical issue. The mean age of ICU patients was 62.4 (10.4) years, and the majority of patients were male (69%), with at least one comorbidity (88%). The mean admission APACHE II and SAPS II scores were 20.1 (8.1) points and 51.2 (15.3) points, respectively. The Charlson Comorbidity Index and Clinical Frailty Scale were lower in ICU patients compared with those disqualified: 5.9 (4.3) vs. 9.1 (3.5) points, P=0.01, and 4.7 (1.7) vs. 6.9 (1.2) points, P<0.01, respectively. All ICU patients required intubation and mechanical ventilation. ICU mortality was 67%. Hospital mortality among patients admitted to the ICU and those who were disqualified was 70% and 79%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Patients with COVID-19 requiring ICU admission in our studied population were frail and had significant comorbidities. The outcomes in this group were poor and did not seem to be influenced by ICU admission.

Young Adults Among Patients Admitted to Polish Intensive Care Units in the Silesian ICU Registry.

BACKGROUND Patients under 30 years of age constitute a unique population in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The aim of this study was to obtain information on young adults admitted to Polish ICUs and to identify independent predictors of favorable outcome in this population. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data from 20 651 adult patients from the Silesian Registry of Intensive Care Units conducted in the Silesian Region of Poland since October 2010 were analyzed. Patients aged 18-29 years were identified and their data were compared to the remaining population. Preadmission and admission variables that independently influence the favorable outcome (defined as survival of ICU stay and discharge in a condition other than vegetative state or minimally conscious state) were identified. RESULTS Among 20 609 analyzed adult patients, 850 (4.1%) were under the age of 30 years. Young adults had a lower mean APACHE II and SAPS III score at admission and were more frequently admitted to the ICU due to trauma, poisonings, acute neurological disorders, and obstetric complications. ICU mortality was over 2 times lower (20.1% vs. 45.3%, p<0.001). Independent variables affecting favorable outcome in this population were: admission to ICU from the operating theatre and multiple trauma as a primary cause of admission. CONCLUSIONS The greater chance of favorable outcome in adults under the age of 30 years admitted to the ICU is due to their unique characteristics. Favorable outcome in young adults is most likely among patients admitted to the ICU following multiple trauma or admitted from the operating theatre.

Outcome Prediction After Coronary Surgery and Redo Surgery for Bleeding (From the KROK Registry).

OBJECTIVES: To assess the reliability of EuroSCORE II in an entire population after isolated coronary artery surgery and separately among patients who underwent redo surgery due to bleeding, and to create a model predicting hospital death among patients who underwent redo surgery owing to bleeding. DESIGN: Retrospective study based on data from the Polish National Registry of Cardiac Surgical Procedures. SETTING: Multi-institutional study. PARTICIPANTS: The study comprised 41,353 patients who underwent isolated coronary artery surgery in Poland between January 2012 and December 2014. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: EuroSCORE II reliability was estimated using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC), the observed-to-expected surgical mortality ratio (O/E), and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Parameters of the function correcting the original EuroSCORE II were determined using the least squares method. The original score was adjusted using a created formula. Among the 41,353 patients, 1,406 (3.4%) underwent reexploration. Even though EuroSCORE II was reliable in predicting hospital mortality in the entire population (AUC 0.76, O/E ratio 1.08), it greatly underestimated mortality for patients who required reexploration (AUC 0.74, O/E ratio 4.33). In this subpopulation, the worst performance of the EuroSCORE II was noted among patients with the lowest predicted mortality (0.50%-0.82%) Accurate calibration was obtained by adding a coefficient and creating a nomogram. CONCLUSIONS: EuroSCORE II was reliable in a Polish population undergoing isolated coronary surgery. After redo surgery for bleeding, the observed mortality was much higher than in the overall coronary population, but the rate was made more accurate by adding a coefficient to the initially calculated EuroSCORE II.

[Readmission to the intensive care unit - epidemiology, prediction and clinical consequences].

Readmission to the ICU is considered a serious adverse event. The medical and economic impact of this complication is so significant, that a percentage of ICU readmissions is today considered an indicator of ICU quality. This review paper analyzes the available literature on epidemiology, prediction and the clinical effects of ICU readmissions. It turns out that there are no publications on this subject in the Polish literature. Data from other countries indicate, that a percentage of ICU readmissions depends on a variety of factors and is ranging from 2% to 15%. Hospitalization time after ICU readmission is longer and hospital mortality is higher. We do not have reliable tools for the prediction of this complication. In the Polish healthcare system, multidisciplinary ICUs are run by specialists in anaesthesiology and intensive therapy. Patients discharged from these departments constitute a high-risk population and are further referred to doctors representing various medical specialities. Few available data indicate that long-term outcomes of patients discharged from Polish ICU are very bad, especially in the elderly. The problem of maintaining proper continuity of treatment after discharge from a high level ofmedical supervision is therefore very important to ensure coordinated medical care.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) - in the treatment of severe, life-threatening respiratory failure.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a technique involving oxygenation of blood and elimination of carbon dioxide in patients with life-threatening, but potentially reversible conditions. Thanks to the modification of extracorporeal circulation used during cardiac surgeries, this technique can be used in intensive care units. Venovenous ECMO is used as a respiratory support, while venoarterial ECMO as a cardiac and/or respiratory support. ECMO does not cure the heart and/or lungs, but it gives the patient a chance to survive a period when these organs are inefficient. In addition, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation reduces or eliminates the risk of lung damage associated with invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with severe ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome). ECMO is a very invasive therapy, therefore it should only be used in patients with extremely severe respiratory failure, who failed to respond to conventional therapies. According to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Guidelines, inclusion criteria are: PaO2 / FiO2 < 80 for at least 3 hours or pH < 7.25 for at least 3 hours. Proper ECMO management requires advanced medical care. This article discusses the history of ECMO development, clinical indications, contraindications, clinical complications and treatment outcomes.

Surveillance of Antibiotic Prescribing in Intensive Care Units in Poland.

Antibiotic use and microbial resistance in health care-associated infections are increasing globally and causing health care problems. Intensive Care Units (ICUs) represent the heaviest antibiotic burden within hospitals, and sepsis is the second noncardiac cause of mortality in ICUs. Optimizing appropriate antibiotic treatment in the management of the critically ill in ICUs became a major challenge for intensivists. We performed a surveillance study on the antibiotic consumption in 108 Polish ICUs. We determined which classes of antibiotics were most commonly consumed and whether they affected the length of ICU stay and the size and category of the hospital. A total of 292.389 defined daily doses (DDD) and 192.167 patient-days (pd) were identified. Antibiotic consumption ranged from 620 to 3960 DDD/1000 pd. The main antibiotic classes accounted for 59.6% of the total antibiotic consumption and included carbapenems (17.8%), quinolones (14%), cephalosporins (13.7%), penicillins (11.9%), and macrolides (2.2%), respectively, whereas the other antibiotic classes accounted for the remainder (40.4%) and included antifungals (34%), imidazoles (20%), aminoglycosides (18%), glycopeptides (15%), and polymyxins (6%). The most consumed antibiotic classes in Polish ICUs were carbapenems, quinolones, and cephalosporins, respectively. There was no correlation between antibiotic consumption in DDD/1000 patient-days, mean length of ICU stay, size of the hospital, size of the ICU, or the total amount of patient-days. It is crucial that surveillance systems are in place to guide empiric antibiotic treatment and to estimate the burden of resistance. Appropriate use of antibiotics in the ICU should be an important public health care issue.

Predictors of renal replacement therapy following isolated coronary artery surgery - a retrospective case controlled study.

OBJECTIVES: Severe acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring postoperative renal replacement therapy (RRT) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rate following cardiac surgery. Our study was aimed to analyze patients requiring postoperative RRT in a population undergoing isolated coronary artery surgery. METHODS: Following exclusions, we analyzed 124,944 consecutive patients in the Polish National Registry of Cardiac Surgical Procedures (KROK Registry), scheduled for isolated coronary artery surgery between January 2010 and December 2019. Patients who underwent preoperative chronic dialysis were excluded from the study. Data of patients requiring postoperative RRT and patients without postoperative RRT were compared. RESULTS: In the analyzed population, 1,668 patients (1.3%) developed AKI requiring RRT. In-hospital mortality among patients with and without postoperative RRT were 40.1% and 1.6%, respectively (P<0.001). Patients requiring postoperative RRT had significantly more preoperative co-morbidities and more frequent postoperative complications. Preoperative chronic renal failure and cardiogenic shock were the two most prominent independent risk factors for postoperative RRT in these patients (OR: 5.0, 95%CI: 3.9-6.4, P<0.001 and OR: 3.9, 95%CI: 2.8-5.6, P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Severe acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring postoperative RRT dramatically increases in-hospital mortality and is associated with the development of serious postoperative complications. The need for postoperative RRT is clearly associated with the presence of preoperative co-morbidities. Preoperative chronic renal failure and cardiogenic shock were particularly related with the development of this complication.

Autopsy Histopathologic Lung Findings in Patients Treated With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

CONTEXT.­: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly used in the treatment of respiratory and cardiac failure, but data describing lung histopathology in ECMO recipients are limited. OBJECTIVE.­: To examine pulmonary histopathologic findings in patients who underwent venovenous (VV) ECMO for pulmonary reasons, or venoarterial (VA) ECMO for cardiac indications shortly before death, and to determine if the pulmonary changes provided insights into therapy that may prevent complications and improve outcome. DESIGN.­: We conducted a retrospective study of lung autopsies, from VV and VA ECMO recipients and patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and non-ECMO treatment, between 2008 and 2020 in Silesia Center for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, Poland. RESULTS.­: Among 83 ECMO patients (42-64 years; male, 57 [68.7%]), the most common histopathologic findings were bronchopneumonia (44 [53.0%]), interstitial edema (40 [48.2%]), diffuse alveolar damage (DAD; 32 [38.6%]), hemorrhagic infarct (28 [33.7%]), and pulmonary hemorrhage (25 [30.1%]). DAD was associated with longer ECMO treatment and longer hospital stay. The use of VV ECMO was a predictor of DAD in patients with ARDS and undergoing ECMO, but it also occurred in 21 of 65 patients (32.3%) in the VA ECMO group, even though VA ECMO was used for heart failure. CONCLUSIONS.­: Although DAD was significantly more common in lung autopsies of VV ECMO patients, one-third of VA ECMO patients had histopathologic changes characteristic of ARDS. The presence of DAD in lung autopsies of patients treated with VA ECMO indicates that in these patients, protective lung ventilation should be considered.

The influence of heparin resistance on postoperative complications in patients undergoing coronary surgery.

BACKGROUND: Heparin resistance is relatively frequent in patients undergoing coronary surgery. We aimed to assess the impact of heparin resistance on the outcome of patients undergoing coronary surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CABG). Three definitions of heparin resistance were adopted. MATERIAL/METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 756 consecutive patients undergoing isolated CABG. All anaesthesia records were reviewed manually. Heparin resistance was recognized if: ACT was less than 400 seconds after 300 U/kg heparin (local criteria), ACT was less than 480 seconds after 400 U/kg or more heparin (stringent criteria), or if heparin sensitivity index was lower than 1.3. Postoperative assessment included perioperative morbidity and mortality. A multiple logistic regression model was used to investigate the influence of all demographic, preoperative and surgical variables, as well as heparin resistance (variably defined) on hospital mortality and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Heparin sensitivity index, local criteria and stringent criteria identified 64.8%, 12.0% and 4.3% heparin resistant patients, respectively. Heparin-resistant patients more frequently had preoperative heparin administration, unstable course of coronary artery disease, and higher coronary symptoms scoring. Severe form of heparin resistance (expressed by the ACT less than 480 seconds after 400 U/kg heparin) was an independent predictor of death (OR 4.92; CI 1.11-21.89). CONCLUSIONS: Mild forms of heparin resistance are relatively frequent and are not associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The isolation of severe heparin resistance as an independent predictor of death in our large cohort of coronary patients suggests that this phenomenon should be given more attention in future studies.

Factors influencing death in COVID-19 patients treated in the ICU: a single-centre, cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: This single-centre study investigated factors influencing death in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients treated in an intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: Data of 113 consecutive patients with a severe form of COVID-19 infection, who completed their ICU stay in a large COVID-19-dedicated hospital in the Silesian Region of Poland during one year of the pandemic (between 10 March, 2020 and 10 March, 2021), were reviewed. Comprehensive comparison of all available ICU pre-admission, admission and treatment variables was performed. Variables that independently influenced ICU death were identified. RESULTS: ICU mortality in the whole group was 64.6%. Mean age was higher in non-survivors (64.6 ± 9.5 vs. 60.0 ± 12.8 years, P = 0.036), but the distribution of sex and body mass index was similar in both groups. Non-survivors had a marginally higher mean Charlson Comorbidity Index (5.9 ± 3.6 vs. 4.5 ± 4.1 points, P = 0.063), and significantly higher mean Clinical Frailty Score (4.8 ± 1.5 vs. 3.9 ± 1.4 points, P = 0.004), admission APACHE II score (22.9 ± 7.9 vs. 19.1 ± 7.8 points, P = 0.017) and SAPS II score (62.1 ± 18.1 vs. 54.0 ± 16.7 points, P = 0.023). Factors that independently influenced ICU death were limited to: admission total protein 2.0 ng mL-1 (OR = 11.3, P = 0.026) and lactate level > 2.0 mmol L-1 (OR = 4.2, P = 0.003) as well as Clinical Frailty Score ≥ 5 points (OR = 3.1, P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of low total protein, frailty and increased procalcitonin and lactate levels at ICU admission are associated with ICU death in patients with severe COVID-19 infection.

Antifungal Prophylaxis and Treatment Among Lung Transplant Recipients in Early Postoperative Stage: A Single-Center Study.

BACKGROUND: Lung transplantation remains the only feasible option for certain patients with end-stage lung disease. Lifelong immunosuppression increases the risk of infection, including fungal infections. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of antifungal prophylaxis and treatment among lung transplant recipients in the early postoperative stage. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included 127 patients who underwent lung transplantation between 2014 and 2021 in the lung transplant ward, 65.35% of whom were males. The most common indication for lung transplantation was cystic fibrosis (n = 59; 46.46%). All of the patients were receiving inhaled amphotericin B. Within this group there were patients who also were treated with intravenous caspofungin, intravenous/oral voriconazole, or both. RESULTS: The difference in the efficacy against Candida spp. between caspofungin and voriconazole in the early post-transplant period was not statistically significant (χ2 = 0.5, P = .477). Moreover, the difference in the efficacy against Candida spp. between itraconazole and voriconazole during the first post-transplant year was not statistically significant (χ2 = 0.46, P = .496). CONCLUSION: Caspofungin and voriconazole are proper and relatively efficient antifungal prophylaxis and treatment options after lung transplantation. There was no significant difference between voriconazole and caspofungin as antifungal agents used in the early post-transplant stage. There was no significant difference between voriconazole and itraconazole as antifungal agents used during the first post-transplant year. Further research on this issue is required.

Various Aspects of Bacterial Infections in the Early Postoperative Stage Among Lung Transplant Recipients on Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: A Single Center Study.

BACKGROUND: Life-long immunosuppression after lung transplantation increases the risk of bacterial infections, hence broad-spectrum antibiotics can be implemented after transplant. The aim of this study is to assess various aspects of bacterial infections in the early postoperative stage among lung transplant recipients on broad-spectrum antibiotics at a single center. METHODS: This retrospective study consists of 134 primary lung transplant recipients transplanted between 2014 and 2021 at a single center. Study analyzed the occurrence of de novo bacterium in bronchoalveolar lavage sampled 2 to3 weeks after lung transplantation, as well as survival and the occurrence of bacterial sepsis. Studied antibiotics include linezolid, meropenem, tobramycin, and cloxacillin. RESULTS: None of the patients from the broad-spectrum antibiotics developed bacterial sepsis within the first 30 postoperative days. In-hospital mortality due to bacterial sepsis among patients in the broad-spectrum group was 1.89%. The most common new pathogen in first couple of days after lung transplantation was Burkholderia multivorans (42%). After its occurrence, Ceftazidime was administered. It significantly reduced the occurrence of hospital-acquired B multivorans after 2 to 3 weeks post-transplant (χ2 = 8.01, P = .005). CONCLUSION: Broad-spectrum antibiotics seem to be an efficient approach against bacterial infections for lung transplant recipients in the early post-transplant period, as patients treated this way very rarely develop fatal bacterial infections in the studied period. Ceftazidime proved efficient for treatment for B multivorans among the studied group. Patients, who acquired new pathogen during post-transplant hospital stay presented comparable lung function at discharge in comparison to those who were not.

Guidelines of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy defining the rules of qualification and criteria for admitting patients to anaesthesiology and intensive care units.

Working Group: Prof. Lukasz Krzych, MD, PhD - Chairman of the Working Group, Chairman of the Intensive Care Section of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Assistant Prof. Alicja Bartkowska-Sniatkowska, MD, PhD - Deputy Chairwoman of the Paediatric Section of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Prof. Piotr Knapik, MD, PhD - Chairman of the Scientific and Educational Section of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Assistant Prof. Marzena Zielinska, MD, PhD - Chairwoman of the Paediatric Section of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Assistant Prof. Dariusz Maciejewski, MD, PhD - Intensive Therapy Section of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Maciej Cettler, MD - Paediatric Section of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Prof. Radoslaw Owczuk, MD, PhD - President-Elect of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Prof. Krzysztof Kusza, MD, PhD - Outgoing President of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Expert Group (in alphabetical order): Representatives of the Board of the Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy: Alicja Bartkowska-Sniatkowska, Piotr Knapik, Lukasz Krzych, Krzysztof Kusza, Romuald Lango, Agnieszka Misiewska-Kaczur, Mariusz Piechota Representatives of the sections and branches of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy: Pawel Andruszkiewicz, Maciej Cettler, Tomasz Czarnik, Miroslaw Czuczwar, Michal Domagala, Anna Dylczyk-Sommer, Krzysztof Kobylarz, Waldemar Machala, Dariusz Maciejewski, Irena Ozóg-Zabolska, Andrzej Piotrowski, Beata Rybojad, Katarzyna Sierlikakowska, Wojciech Szczek, Bulat Tuyakov, Marzena Zielinska, Maciej Zukowski Regional consultants in the field of anaesthesiology and intensive therapy: Stanislaw Lech Czaban, Wojciech Dabrowski, Tomasz Gaszynski, Beata Koscialkowska, Lukasz Krzych, Andrzej Malek, Dariusz Onichimowski, Wojciech Serednicki, Karina Stefanska-Wronka, Wieslaw Switala, Janusz Trzebicki.

Analysis of Patients with Alcohol Dependence Treated in Silesian Intensive Care Units.

Analysis of patients with alcohol dependence (AD) treated in intensive care units has never been performed in Poland. Data from 25,416 adult patients identified in a Silesian Registry of Intensive Care Units were analysed. Patients with AD were identified, and their data were compared with the remaining population. Preadmission and admission variables that independently influenced ICU death in these patients were identified. Among 25,416 analysed patients, 2285 subjects (9.0%) were indicated to have AD among their comorbidities. Patients with AD were significantly younger (mean age: 53.3 ± 11.9 vs. 62.2 ± 15.5 years, p < 0.001) but had a higher mean APACHE II score at admission and were more frequently admitted to the ICU due to trauma, poisonings, acute pancreatitis, and severe metabolic abnormalities. ICU death and unfavourable outcomes were more frequent in these patients (47.8% vs. 43.0%, p < 0.001 and 54.1% vs. 47.0%, p < 0.001, respectively). Multiorgan failure as the primary cause of ICU admission was among the most prominent independent risk factors for ICU death in these patients (OR: 3.30, p < 0.001). Despite the younger age, ICU treatment of patients with AD was associated with higher mortality and a higher percentage of unfavourable outcomes.

Epidural and opioid analgesia following the Nuss procedure.

BACKGROUND: Parents have the right to decide on behalf of their children and deny consent to regional anaesthesia. The investigators decided to investigate quality of postoperative analgesia in adolescents undergoing epidural and opioid analgesia following the Nuss procedure. material/methods: The study subjects were 61 adolescents aged 11-18 years who underwent pectus excavatum repair with the Nuss procedure. Patients were divided into epidural (n=41) and opioid (n=20) groups, depending on their parents' consent to epidural catheter insertion. Intraoperatively, 0.5% epidural ropivacaine with fentanyl or intermittent intravenous injections of fentanyl were used. Postoperative analgesia was achieved with either epidural infusion of 0.1% ropivacaine with fentanyl, or subcutaneous morphine via an intraoperatively inserted "butterfly" cannula. Additionally, both groups received metamizol and paracetamol. Primary outcome variables were postoperative pain scores (Numeric Rating Scale and Prince Henry Hospital Pain Score). Secondary outcome variables included hemodynamic parameters, additional analgesia and side effects. RESULTS: Heart rate and blood pressure values in the postoperative period were significantly higher in the opioid group. Pain scores requiring intervention were noted almost exclusively in the opioid group. CONCLUSIONS: Denial of parental consent to epidural analgesia following the Nuss procedure results in significantly worse control of postoperative pain. Our data may be useful when discussing with parents the available anaesthetic techniques for exceptionally painful procedures.

[Interhospital transport of patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO]. / Transport chorych z zastosowaniem utleniania pozaustrojowego (ECMO).

BACKGROUND: The recent outbreak of AH1N1 influenza was associated with an increased number of respiratory complications. There were some extremely severe cases of ARDS, in which conventional therapy could not secure adequate gas exchange. These patients fulfilled ECMO criteria, however, due to late referral, were not suitable for transportation. To solve this problem, a portable ECMO system, providing for safe management of these patients, has been introduced in our institution. CASE REPORT: We reviewed five adult ARDS patients, who were transported by an ambulance for a distance ranging from 2 to 95 km, over 35 to 120 min. In four cases, a veno-venous ECMO system was used, and one patient had an arterio-venous circuit. All circuits were implanted before transportation by a dedicated team from the reference hospital, comprising an anaesthesiologist, a cardiac surgeon and a perfusionist. All transportations were successful and no complications and/or technical problems were observed. During the subsequent ITU treatment, three patients survived and two died (one because of uncontrollable bleeding from the ECMO cannula, and one because of sepsis and multiple organ failure). CONCLUSION: We conclude that safe use of ECMO during transportation is possible, and does not require very sophisticated and expensive equipment. A standard ambulance is sufficient for the purpose.