Sonographic evaluation of hydronephrosis in the pediatric population: is well-tempered sonography necessary?

OBJECTIVES: Standardized protocols exist for diuretic renography. There are no specific guidelines regarding hydration before renal sonography. This study assessed the importance of the hydration status by sonographic measurements of the anteroposterior diameter and its effect on Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) hydronephrosis grading. METHODS: Children aged 6 weeks to 16 years (mean age, 22 months) with unilateral SFU grade 3 or 4 hydronephrosis requiring diuretic renal scintigraphy were recruited to undergo prehydration and posthydration renal sonography. Hydrated diuretic renal scintigraphy, or "well-tempered" renography, was then performed. Renal sonograms were reviewed by a blinded pediatric radiologist and pediatric urologist. Two-sided statistical tests assessed whether SFU grades and the anteroposterior diameter changed significantly after hydration. RESULTS: Among 67 kidneys, the pediatric urologist (L.P.M.) and pediatric radiologist (V.J.R.) reported no SFU grade change in 45 (67%) and 52 (78%) kidneys after hydration. In kidneys that changed, the posthydration grade was more likely to be higher. This difference was statistically significant (14 of 22 and 13 of 15 differences were higher grades after hydration for L.P.M. and V.J.R., respectively; P= .06; P= .007). Most kidneys that changed with hydration differed by only 1 SFU grade. Differences greater than 1 grade were seen in 5 control kidneys, which increased from SFU grade 0 to 2. The mean anteroposterior diameter increased significantly between prehydration and posthydration sonography for both hydronephrotic kidneys (1.46 versus 1.72 cm; P< .001) and control kidneys (0.22 versus 0.39 cm; P= .019), but did not correlate with increased SFU grades. CONCLUSIONS: Hydration does have a substantial effect on the anteroposterior diameter, but it does not correlate with a substantial effect on the SFU grade; therefore, well-tempered sonography seems unnecessary.

Percutaneous fluoroscopically guided removal of a deep retroperitoneal foreign body with a laparoscopic trocar and grasping device.

Traditionally, soft tissue foreign body removal is performed surgically. Superficial foreign body removal under ultrasonographic and fluoroscopic guidance has been reported. Herein, the authors report a case of percutaneous removal of a retroperitoneal foreign body under fluoroscopic guidance by using a modified laparoscopic trocar device and a laparoscopic grasping device. Iodinated contrast medium administered via the trocar device allowed visualization of the foreign body and distended the retroperitoneal space to allow for manipulation of the foreign body. The procedure was completed in a relatively short time and the patient made an excellent rapid postoperative recovery.