Mechanism-based integrated assay systems for the prediction of drug-induced liver injury.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can cause hepatic failure and result in drug withdrawal from the market. It has host-related and compound-dependent mechanisms. Preclinical prediction of DILI risk is very challenging and safety assessments based on animals inadequately forecast human DILI risk. In contrast, human-derived in vitro cell culture-based models could improve DILI risk prediction accuracy. Here, we developed and validated an innovative method to assess DILI risk associated with various compounds. Fifty-four marketed and withdrawn drugs classified as DILI risks of "most concern", "less concern", and "no concern" were tested using a combination of four assays addressing mitochondrial injury, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, inhibition of bile canalicular network formation, and bile acid accumulation. Using the inhibitory potencies of the drugs evaluated in these in vitro tests, an algorithm with the highest available DILI risk prediction power was built by artificial neural network (ANN) analysis. It had an overall forecasting accuracy of 73%. We excluded the intrahepatic lipid accumulation assay to avoid overfitting. The accuracy of the algorithm in terms of predicting DILI risks was 62% when it was constructed by ANN but only 49% when it was built by the point-added scoring method. The final algorithm based on three assays made no DILI risk prediction errors such as "most concern " instead of "no concern" and vice-versa. Our mechanistic approach may accurately predict DILI risks associated with numerous candidate drugs.

Constitutive phosphorylation of the mTORC2/Akt/4E-BP1 pathway in newly derived canine hemangiosarcoma cell lines.

BACKGROUND: Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant tumor with poor long-term prognosis due to development of metastasis despite aggressive treatment. The phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway is involved in its endothelial pathologies; however, it remains unknown how this pathway plays a role in canine HSA. Here, we characterized new canine HSA cell lines derived from nude mice-xenografted canine HSAs and investigated the deregulation of the signaling pathways in these cell lines. RESULTS: Seven canine HSA cell lines were established from 3 xenograft canine HSAs and showed characteristics of endothelial cells (ECs), that is, uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein and expression of canine-specific CD31 mRNA. They showed varied morphologies and mRNA expression levels for VEGF-A, bFGF, HGF, IGF-I, EGF, PDGF-B, and their receptors. Cell proliferation was stimulated by these growth factors and fetal bovine serum (FBS) in 1 cell line and by FBS alone in 3 cell lines. However, cell proliferation was not stimulated by growth factors and FBS in the remaining 3 cell lines. Phosphorylated p44/42 Erk1/2 was increased by FBS stimulation in 4 cell lines. In contrast, phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) at Ser2448, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) at Ser65 was high in serum-starved condition and not altered by FBS stimulation in 6 cell lines, despite increased phosphorylation of these residues in normal canine ECs. This suggested that the mTORC2/Akt/4E-BP1 pathway was constitutively activated in these 6 canine HSA cell lines. After cell inoculation into nude mice, canine HSA tumors were formed from 4 cell lines and showed Akt and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation identical to the parental cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the present cell lines may be useful tools for investigating the role of the mTORC2/Akt/4E-BP1 pathway in canine HSA formation both in vivo and in vitro.

Dimensionality of the intermediate-level representation of shape and texture in monkey V4.

The visual area V4 has been considered to play a crucial role in the intermediate representation of objects, where low-level image features are transformed into object-level representations. We estimated the intrinsic dimensionality in V4 for the representation of local patches generated from natural scenes. The dimensionality was approximately 40, which is approximately half of that reported in IT for the representation of whole natural objects. The analyses of the estimated dimensionality suggest both common and independent representations that code contour shapes and/or surfaces with textures, implying a relatively complex and mixed representation in the intermediate-level area.

Figure-ground responsive fields of monkey V4 neurons estimated from natural image patches.

Neurons in visual area V4 modulate their responses depending on the figure-ground (FG) organization in natural images containing a variety of shapes and textures. To clarify whether the responses depend on the extents of the figure and ground regions in and around the classical receptive fields (CRFs) of the neurons, we estimated the spatial extent of local figure and ground regions that evoked FG-dependent responses (RF-FGs) in natural images and their variants. Specifically, we applied the framework of spike triggered averaging (STA) to the combinations of neural responses and human-marked segmentation images (FG labels) that represent the extents of the figure and ground regions in the corresponding natural image stimuli. FG labels were weighted by the spike counts in response to the corresponding stimuli and averaged over. The bias due to the nonuniformity of FG labels was compensated by subtracting the ensemble average of FG labels from the weighted average. Approximately 50% of the neurons showed effective RF-FGs, and a large number exhibited structures that were similar to those observed in virtual neurons with ideal FG-dependent responses. The structures of the RF-FGs exhibited a subregion responsive to a preferred side (figure or ground) around the CRF center and a subregion responsive to a non-preferred side in the surroundings. The extents of the subregions responsive to figure were smaller than those responsive to ground in agreement with the Gestalt rule. We also estimated RF-FG by an adaptive filtering (AF) method, which does not require spherical symmetry (whiteness) in stimuli. RF-FGs estimated by AF and STA exhibited similar structures, supporting the veridicality of the proposed STA. To estimate the contribution of nonlinear processing in addition to linear processing, we estimated nonlinear RF-FGs based on the framework of spike triggered covariance (STC). The analyses of the models based on STA and STC did not show inconsiderable contribution of nonlinearity, suggesting spatial variance of FG regions. The results lead to an understanding of the neural responses that underlie the segregation of figures and the construction of surfaces in intermediate-level visual areas.

Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) may not become infected with equine herpesvirus 9.

BACKGROUND: It was suggested that Equine herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9) could be transmitted to higher non-human primates. METHODS: Four cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were inoculated with EHV-9 by the nasal route. RESULTS: No abnormalities were observed pathologically, immunohistochemically, and genetically. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that cynomolgus monkeys are not susceptible to EHV-9.

Population coding of figure and ground in natural image patches by V4 neurons.

Segmentation of a natural scene into objects and background is a fundamental but challenging task for recognizing objects. Investigating intermediate-level visual cortical areas with a focus on local information is a crucial step towards understanding the formation of the cortical representations of figure and ground. We examined the activity of a population of macaque V4 neurons during the presentation of natural image patches and their respective variations. The natural image patches were optimized to exclude the influence of global context but included various characteristics of local stimulus. Around one fourth of the patch-responsive V4 neurons exhibited significant modulation of firing activity that was dependent on the positional relation between the figural region of the stimulus and the classical receptive field of the neuron. However, the individual neurons showed low consistency in figure-ground modulation across a variety of image patches (55-62%), indicating that individual neurons were capable of correctly signaling figure and ground only for a limited number of stimuli. We examined whether integration of the activity of multiple neurons enabled higher consistency across a variety of natural patches by training a support vector machine to classify figure and ground of the stimuli from the population firing activity. The integration of the activity of a few tens of neurons yielded discrimination accuracy much greater than that of single neurons (up to 85%), suggesting a crucial role of population coding for figure-ground discrimination in natural images.

Establishment of canine hemangiosarcoma xenograft models expressing endothelial growth factors, their receptors, and angiogenesis-associated homeobox genes.

BACKGROUND: Human hemangiosarcoma (HSA) tends to have a poor prognosis; its tumorigenesis has not been elucidated, as there is a dearth of HSA clinical specimens and no experimental model for HSA. However, the incidence of spontaneous HSA is relatively high in canines; therefore, canine HSA has been useful in the study of human HSA. Recently, the production of angiogenic growth factors and their receptors in human and canine HSA has been reported. Moreover, the growth-factor environment of HSA is very similar to that of pathophysiological angiogenesis, which some homeobox genes regulate in the transcription of angiogenic molecules. In the present study, we established 6 xenograft canine HSA tumors and detected the expression of growth factors, their receptors, and angiogenic homeobox genes. METHODS: Six primary canine HSAs were xenografted to nude mice subcutaneously and serially transplanted. Subsequently, the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGF), flt-1 and flk-1 (receptors of VEGF-A), FGFR-1, and angiogenic homeobox genes HoxA9, HoxB3, HoxB7, HoxD3, Pbx1, and Meis1 were investigated in original and xenograft tumors by histopathology, immunostaining, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using canine-specific primer sets. RESULTS: Histopathologically, xenograft tumors comprised a proliferation of neoplastic cells that were varied in shape, from spindle-shaped and polygonal to ovoid; some vascular-like structures and vascular clefts of channels were observed, similar to those in the original tumors. The expression of endothelial markers (CD31 and vWF) was detected in xenograft tumors by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Moreover, the expression of VEGF-A, bFGF, flt-1, flk-1, FGFR-1, HoxA9, HoxB3, HoxB7, HoxD3, Pbx1, and Meis1 was detected in xenograft tumors. Interestingly, expressions of bFGF tended to be higher in 3 of the xenograft HSA tumors than in the other tumors. CONCLUSION: We established 6 xenograft canine HSA tumors in nude mice and found that the expressions of angiogenic growth factors and their receptors in xenograft HSAs were similar to those in spontaneous HSA. Furthermore, we detected the expression of angiogenic homeobox genes; therefore, xenograft models may be useful in analyzing malignant growth in HSA.

Avian poxvirus infection in a white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in Japan.

An adult female white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), over 12 years old, was found moribund and sent to the Wildlife Rescue Center in Kushiro, Japan. Grossly, the bird had multifocal yellow to black nodules in the beak, tongue, mucosa of the oral cavity, eyelids, and legs. Histologically, the cutaneous nodules revealed severe epidermal hyperplasia. The thickened epithelium, from prickle cell layer to horny layer, consisted of swollen keratinocytes containing frequent eosinophilic intra-cytoplasmic inclusions, Bollinger bodies. Ultrastructurally, the epidermal cells had cytoplasmic viral particles with characteristics of poxvirus. Furthermore, the 4b core gene sequence of an avian poxvirus was detected in a DNA sample prepared from the nodular lesions by polymerase chain reaction. The nucleotide sequence of the polymerase chain reaction product showed 78 to 95% similarities to the sequences of other avian poxviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequence is clustered in clade A but distant from all the subclades previously reported. The results imply that it is a novel avian poxvirus. To our knowledge this is the first report of avian poxvirus infection in white-tailed sea eagles.

B-cell intestinal lymphoma with Mott cell differentiation in a 1-year-old miniature Dachshund.

A 1-year-old intact female miniature Dachshund was presented with hematochezia, vomiting, and diarrhea of more than 1-week duration. An abdominal mass was palpated, which at exploratory surgery was found to be a 7-cm-long thickened section of ileum. The thickened ileum was resected. Impression smears revealed numerous small- to medium-sized lymphocytes, with a smaller number of cells resembling Mott cells. The Mott-like cells contained multiple pale vacuoles that were positive for periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) in wet-fixed smears, consistent with Russell bodies. Histologic evaluation of the surgically excised ileum revealed 2 populations of neoplastic lymphoid cells. The majority were uniform medium-sized lymphocytes with hyperchromatic oval or round nuclei and inconspicuous nucleoli. The remaining cells resembled Mott cells, which contained several PAS-positive eosinophilic globules in the cytoplasm, occasionally compressing the nucleus. The majority of neoplastic cells stained positively for vimentin, CD20, CD79a, and Pax-5, but were negative for CD3 and lysozyme; 43.5% of cells stained positively for Ki-67. The Mott cells were strongly positive for immunoglobulin but were negative for Pax-5. Using electron microscopy, a homogenous substance of intermediate electron density was observed frequently in the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of the Mott cells, and rarely in the perinuclear cisternae of the lymphoid cells, corresponding to the site of immunoglobulin staining. Monoclonal rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) gene was observed by PCR testing for lymphocyte-antigen receptor rearrangement. The morphologic features, immunophenotype, and IgH gene rearrangement verified the lymphoid cells were neoplastic (mature cell type) and had a B-cell phenotype, with evidence of immunoglobulin production and differentiation into Mott cells. This case was unusual because of the age of the dog and because most intestinal lymphomas are T-cell phenotype. The Mott cell morphology also differed from typical mature B-cell lymphoma types and may be a unique B-cell lymphoma variant.

Recurrent unbalanced whole-arm t(1;10)(q10;p10) in myelodysplastic syndrome: a case report and literature review.

We report a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome (refractory anemia) showing the karyotype 46,XY,+1,der(1;10)(q10;p10), resulting in trisomy 1q and monosomy 10q abnormality. This finding suggests that either trisomy of 1q or centromeric connection between chromosomes 1 and 10, rather than the absence of 10q, might be essential toward neoplastic transformation.

The significance of p53 and retinoblastoma pathways in canine hemangiosarcoma.

To investigate whether inactivation of the p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) protein pathways contributes to the development of canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA), we examined immunohistochemically the expression of p53, Rb, phosphorylated Rb (phospho-Rb), p16, and cyclin D1 in 39 spontaneous canine HSAs and 10 hemangiomas. In addition, mutations in the p53 gene were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single-stranded conformation polymorphism and PCR direct sequencing; furthermore, we quantified cyclin D1 mRNA by semiquantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Positive immunoreactivity for p53 was observed in 17.9% of HSAs. However, mutations were not detected in these cases. The labeling indices for Rb, phospho-Rb, and cyclin D1 were markedly higher in all HSAs than in hemangiomas. Of the 7 cases with cyclin D1-positive immunoreactivity, 4 overexpressed cyclin D1 mRNA (to a level more than 10-fold higher than that of GAPDH mRNA). The p16 protein was clearly detected in all hemangiomas; however, 82% of the neoplastic cells in HSA showed a loss of or low immunoreactivity. These results suggest that alteration of the p16-cyclin D1-Rb pathway, rather than the p53 pathway, may be associated with the pathogenesis of canine HSA.

Deletion (20q) as the sole abnormality in Waldenström macroglobulinemia suggests distinct pathogenesis of 20q11 anomaly.

The deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20, or del(20q), is a common cytogenetic abnormality in various myeloid disorders but is less commonly seen in lymphoid neoplasms. Here we report a case of Waldenström macroglobulinemia with del(20q) as the sole cytogenetic anomaly. No translocation including immunoglobulin genes was identified by spectral karyotyping (SKY) analysis. Reviewing all 11 reported cases of plasma cell dyscrasia possessing sole del(20q), including our case, none of 4 cases with del(20q) as an initial anomaly developed myelodysplastic syndrome-acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML), but at least 3 cases with del(20q) appearing after chemotherapy developed MDS/AML at or after the time of del(20q). We propose that the del(20q) may have different clinical significance in plasma cell dyscrasia: one is when del(20q) appears at diagnosis and may involve the initial event of oncogenesis, and the other is when del(20q) appears after treatment and is associated with therapy-related and potential MDS/AML risk.

Risk factor analysis in myelodysplastic syndrome patients with del(20q): prognosis revisited.

The deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20, or del(20q), is a common cytogenetic abnormality in various myeloid disorders and is known to be a favorable prognostic factor in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) when it is the sole change. However, del(20q) occurs with one or more cytogenetic changes when it is associated with disease progression. Here, we analyzed 33 patients with MDS and del(20q) to ascertain the risk factors in MDS. We categorized del(20q) into two groups: one with the del(20q) clone (> or =50% marrow metaphases), corresponding to genomic integrity, and the other with a late appearance of a minor del(20q) clone (<50% metaphases) with additional cytogenetic changes, representing genomic instability. Of the MDS patients with del(20q) at initial presentation, the negative factors in predicting prognosis on survival are (i) INT-2/High risk according to the International Prognostic Scoring System, (ii) any additional cytogenetic changes, or (iii) minor del(20q) clone. The late appearance of del(20q) at any phase is linked to a significantly unfavorable prognosis, thus indicating the clinical and biological heterogeneity of del(20q) in MDS.

Additional cytogenetic changes and previous genotoxic exposure predict unfavorable prognosis in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia with der(1;7)(q10;p10).

We analyzed 23 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) showing a der(1;7)(q10;p10) [hereafter der(1;7)] to identify the exact predictive factor of this cytogenetic change. Eight (34.8%) patients, including six with MDS and two with AML patients, had a previous history of genotoxic exposure, especially radiation and/or antimetabolites. Patients with der(1;7) consisted of three groups: one third of patients had a previous history of genotoxic agents, one third had additional cytogenetic changes at the time of MDS/AML diagnosis without previous exposure history, and the remaining one third had neither a previous exposure history nor additional cytogenetic changes. The current study demonstrated that the poor outcome of MDS/AML with der(1;7) is caused by the high frequency of associated risk factors (i.e., previous history of genotoxic exposure, the presence of additional cytogenetic changes, or both). Identification of prognostic disadvantage might be required for applying the appropriate strategy in managing MDS/AML patients with rare der(1;7) abnormality.

Derivative (1;7)(q10;p10) in multiple myeloma. A sign of therapy-related hidden myelodysplastic syndrome.

Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a major problem in long-term cancer survivors, therefore early detection and prevention of therapy-related secondary neoplasia is an important issue. We searched for therapy-related MDS and analyzed cytogenetic changes in 155 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) from a single institution. Of the total 155 MM patients with cytogenetic results, 7 patients showed de novo appearance of myeloid-related cytogenetic changes, and 5/7 had -7/7q-, including 3 with der(1;7)(q10;p10): 3 patients developed MDS (i.e. 2 patients with der(1;7)(q10;p10) and 1 with a complex abnormality including -5 and 7q-). Among five patients receiving more than 2 g of melphalan, three developed MDS, and two of them showed der(1;7)(q10;p10) before or at the time of MDS diagnosis. Although morphologic identification of MDS was difficult in some cases, we concluded that the presence of 7q-, specifically der(1;7)(q10;p10), during chemotherapy involving melphalan for MM patients might indicate hidden MDS status and appropriate therapeutic options should be considered for such patients.