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AIM: Achieving sufficient vaccination rate (and herd immunity respectively) is considered to be the most promising strategy for prevention of outbreaks of novel coronavirus disease in future. The main aim of this work was to compare willingness of university students to receive vaccine against COVID-19 with vaccines for adults against other well-known diseases. Another aim was to assess students´ opinion on growing trend of parents refusing to vaccinate children. METHODS: The online questionnaire shared with students consisted of 12 questions. It was distributed via university bulk emails and social media. RESULTS: 3,133 students responded to our questionnaire. Overall university response rate was 15.9%. Students of our university showed significantly much stronger interest in receiving vaccine against COVID-19 than vaccine against other diseases (p < 0.0001). Students also showed strong pro-vaccination attitude to vaccination of children. CONCLUSION: The study showed very well sudden change of attitude of university students to vaccination of adults at the time of strong restrictive regulations. Most of university students had pro-vaccination attitude to vaccination of children.
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COVID-19 , Vacunas , Adulto , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Niño , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Estudiantes , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , UniversidadesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The most promising strategy for managing COVID-19 pandemic is achieving sufficient vaccination rate worldwide. The question is how many people will be willing to get vaccinated. STUDY DESIGN: We systematically reviewed peer-reviewed manuscripts monitoring people´s intention to receive a vaccine against COVID-19. METHODS: Up to December 28, 2020 we identified 62 relevant peer-reviewed articles in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and GoogleScholar. RESULTS: Total sample size was 118 855 respondents with overall average COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate of 72.5% which is "just" the level estimated to be sufficient for reaching herd immunity threshold. Surprisingly, healthcare workers showed smaller interest in receiving the vaccine when compared to general adult population and university students. On the other hand, their attitude to vaccination did not change over time. In case of general adult population, the longer the pandemic lasts, the smaller proportion of population wants to get vaccinated. Vaccination intentions were independent of gross domestic product and human development index. CONCLUSION: Willingness of population to receive COVID-19 is just at the herd immunity threshold and it is decreasing over time (Tab. 2, Fig. 3, Ref. 110). Keywords: vaccination, survey, COVID-19, pandemic, review.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Hepatitis E is a major concern to public health, it is estimated that 44,000 people die annually due to hepatitis E. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis in the world. HEV has been found with 7 genotypes, only 4 can infect humans. Genotypes 1 and 2 are major causes of the epidemic and endemic acute hepatitis in developing countries. In the poor hygienic conditions, these genotypes are obligate human pathogens transmitted between humans by the fecal-oral route and via contaminated water. On the contrary, in developed countries, genotypes 3 and 4 are of zoonotic origin and they are transmitted by alimentary route and via direct contact with the infected animal. Transmission by blood, blood products and tissues from infected persons or animals and even mother-to-infant transmission is also possible. Hepatitis E clinical course varies from self-limiting disease to fulminant hepatic failure, and extrahepatic manifestations have occurred. Management to control and prevent this infection is mainly hygienic measures. The provision of clean drinking water and ameliorating the sanitation of human wastes are the most effective preventive approaches as in any infection outbreak transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Nevertheless, dietary habits, distribution of different zoonotic reservoirs and the hygienic level play a crucial role in limiting and preventing the spread of hepatitis E in the developed countries. Although HEV vaccine was developed, it is still available only in China. It protects against genotype 4 with no clear evidence of protection against other genotypes.
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Virus de la Hepatitis E , Hepatitis E , Animales , China/epidemiología , Genotipo , Hepatitis E/epidemiología , Hepatitis E/transmisión , Virus de la Hepatitis E/genética , Humanos , Zoonosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Bed bugs have become a major concern worldwide in the 21st century and are therefore intensively investigated. The new findings not only extend the knowledge of their biology, medical relevance, and causes of the resurgence, but also can be used in bed bug management. A brief overview is provided of some of the most important research results and opinions, published in the last few years in prestigious international journals.
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Chinches , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos , Control de Insectos , Animales , Chinches/fisiología , Infestaciones Ectoparasitarias/prevención & control , Humanos , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/prevención & control , Investigación/tendenciasRESUMEN
From an epidemiological point of view, the metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors causally, rather than coincidentally, related to insulin resistance. The metabolic syndrome is a condition with relatively high prevalence rates in both the Czech Republic and in other developed countries. There is a clear trend of increasing prevalence in both sexes depending on age. In the Czech Republic, the syndrome is less common in females (25.5%) than in males (37.6%). Epidemiological studies found white (Europoid race) males to be at higher risk due to abdominal obesity. The definition of the metabolic syndrome has evolved over time and helps to identify individuals at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, hence the use of the term cardiometabolic syndrome. Early detection of metabolic syndrome symptoms including insulin resistance should be performed mainly by general practitioners as part of regular check-ups.
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Síndrome Metabólico/epidemiología , Síndrome Metabólico/etiología , Adulto , República Checa/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is serious and rapidly progressing condition. Little is known about the role of diet in etiology of pancreatic cancer. The study focused on the role of selected dietary factors related to pancreatic cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The case-control study was performed in the Czech Republic in 2006-â2009, involving three centers in Olomouc, Ostrava and Ceske Budejovice. It comprised a total of 530 persons, of whom 310 had pancreatic cancer and 220 were controls. Data were obtained directly from each participant in an interview with a trained interviewer and entered into a standardized questionnaire. The data were analyzed using a crude odds ratio (OR) and multivariate logistic regression with an adjusted OR and 95% CI. The statistical analysis was performed with the STATA v. 10 software. RESULTS: A very strong protective effect was found in pickled cabbage (OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.19-â0.55), broccoli (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.25-â0.53), cooked onion (OR 0.14; 95% CI 0.08-â0.27), tomatoes (OR 0.28; 95% CI 0.13-â0.60), raw carrot (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.20-â0.56), cooked carrot (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.19-â0.62). In logistic regression model, statistically significant protective associations were found in consumption of more than three portions of cooked vegetables per week (OR 0.16; 95% CI 0.05-â0.55) and high consumption of citrus fruit (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.23-â0.90). CONCLUSION: The study found statistically significant protective effect of consumption of more than three portions of cooked vegetables per week and high consumption of citrus fruit.
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Conducta Alimentaria , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/prevención & control , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognised all Cronobacter species as human pathogens. Among premature neonates and immunocompromised infants, these infections can be life-threatening, with clinical presentations of septicaemia, meningitis and necrotising enterocolitis. The neurological sequelae can be permanent and the mortality rate as high as 40-80%. Despite the highlighted issues of neonatal infections, the majority of Cronobacter infections are in the elderly population suffering from serious underlying disease or malignancy and include wound and urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, bacteraemia and septicaemia. However, no age profiling studies have speciated or genotyped the Cronobacter isolates. A clinical collection of 51 Cronobacter strains from two hospitals were speciated and genotyped using 7-loci multilocus sequence typing (MLST), rpoB gene sequence analysis, O-antigen typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The isolates were predominated by C. sakazakii sequence type 4 (63%, 32/51) and C. malonaticus sequence type 7 (33%, 17/51). These had been isolated from throat and sputum samples of all age groups, as well as recal and faecal swabs. There was no apparent relatedness between the age of the patient and the Cronobacter species isolated. Despite the high clonality of Cronobacter, PFGE profiles differentiated strains across the sequence types into 15 pulsotypes. There was almost complete agreement between O-antigen typing and rpoB gene sequence analysis and MLST profiling. This study shows the value of applying MLST to bacterial population studies with strains from two patient cohorts, combined with PFGE for further discrimination of strains.
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Cronobacter/genética , Cronobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Heces/microbiología , Especiación Genética , Genotipo , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Esputo/microbiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Pacientes Internos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
West Nile Virus (WNV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae. It is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, capable of sucking blood on birds and mammals, most often by mosquitoes of the genus Culex. In humans, the virus was first identified in 1937 in the West Nile region, Uganda, Africa. Later, the virus spread and caused more or less severe epidemics of West Nile fever in North Africa, Europe, Asia, and North and South America. During the last two decades, WNV has been on the rise and is currently ranked as one of the most prevalent arboviruses in the world. In humans, WNV infection mostly occurs as asymptomatic, but may have a more severe or even fatal course in older and weakened patients. Humans may become infected not only by mosquitoes that acquire the virus from infected birds, but also through a blood transfusion, organ transplant, breast milk and transplacental transmission, or contact with infected animals, their blood, and tissues. The first autochthonous human case of West Nile fever in the Czech Republic was reported from South Moravia in 1997. In 2013, another case of West Nile fever emerged in this country, in the Ostrava area. The issue of WNV has recently been studied from many different perspectives, as evidenced by many original and review papers. This article briefly reviews the essential knowledge about this virus and its spread.
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Culex/virología , Insectos Vectores/virología , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/transmisión , Virus del Nilo Occidental/fisiología , Animales , Transfusión Sanguínea , Culicidae/virología , República Checa/epidemiología , Humanos , Prevalencia , Riesgo , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/epidemiología , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/prevención & control , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/virologíaRESUMEN
STUDY OBJECTIVE: A multifactor analysis of risk factors for pancreas cancer in women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in three centres in the Czech Republic (Olomouc, Ostrava, and Ceské Budejovice) in 2006-2009. In total, 226 women (129 pancreas cancer cases, 97 controls) were included in the study. Statistical analysis was performed, the crude odds ratio (OR) was calculated, and logistic regression analysis was used at a 5% level of statistical significance. RESULTS: A statistically significant inverse association was found between pancreatic cancer and oral contraceptives (OR 0.21; 95% CI: 0.07-0.69). Pregnancy and number of pregnancies or gynecological surgical procedures did not show any association with pancreatic cancer. No significant difference in the first menstrual period was found between pancreatic cancer patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS: The study results showed inverse association between pancreatic cancer and oral contraceptives (OR 0.21; 95% CI: 0.07-0.69), controlled alcohol consumption (OR 0.26; 95% CI: 0.12-0.55), and anti-inflamatory drug use (OR 0.10; 95% CI: 0.02-0.41).
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Neoplasias Pancreáticas/etiología , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Anticonceptivos Orales/administración & dosificación , República Checa/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Menarquia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/epidemiología , Embarazo , Factores de Riesgo , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to analyze an association between selected factors and pancreatic cancer, assuming that knowing the etiology would help influence the incidence of this severe type of cancer through primary prevention. In addition to age, gender, BMI and education, the analysis aimed at assessing occupational and leisure-time physical activities with respect to pancreatic cancer. BACKGROUND: In numerous studies, physical activity is reported to be a protective factor against pancreatic cancer. METHODS: A case-control study was carried out in three centers in the Czech Republic in 2006-2009. RESULTS: The study comprised a total of 529 individuals, of which 309 were patients with pancreatic cancer and 220 were controls. Leisure-time physical activity showed a statistically significant inverse association with a crude odds ratio of 0.65 (95% CI 0.45-0.93), even after adjustment for other studied factors (OR =0.63, 95% CI 0.43-0.92). Conversely, for occupational physical activity, a positive association was only suggested. CONCLUSIONS: Leisure-time physical activity is a protective factor against the development of pancreatic cancer. Occupational physical activity was not confirmed as a protective factor against pancreatic cancer (Tab. 4, Fig. 1, Ref. 22).
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Ejercicio Físico , Actividades Recreativas , Actividad Motora , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/epidemiología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/prevención & control , Factores Sexuales , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is a serious cancer with unfavorable prognosis. Due to differences in the incidence of pancreatic cancer in different regions, it is clear that factors associated with lifestyle play an important role in the etiology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of selected lifestyle factors in relation to pancreatic cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included a total of 529 subjects, including 309 cases and 220 control subjects. Cases of newly diagnosed patients with pancreatic cancer who lived in the region were selected in hospitals in three centers (University Hospital Olomouc, University Hospital Ostrava, Hospital Ceske Budejovice). The control group was obtained in cooperation with selected general practitioners for adults, and it is a population control group. RESULTS: Analyses compared persons who reported consuming alcohol with those who do not consume alcohol. Results showed a statistically significant inverse association, even after adjustment for the other studied factors (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.89). When assessing leisure time physical activity, results showed statistically significant inverse association and 35% decrease in the risk (crude OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.93), and this inverse association was confirmed after adjustment for other studied factors although the result is on the border of statistical significance (adjusted OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.04). Drinking coffee and tea has only a marginal impact on the occurrence of pancreatic cancer, although the medium and high consumption of black tea was found increased risk by 90 or 44%, respectively. Smoking is considered a causal risk factor for pancreatic cancer, but in this study, a positive association was not found. The study found no statistically significant association between overweight and obesity. CONCLUSION: Physical activity, dietary measures that will lead to weight loss and education to non-smoking can have a significant impact on the primary prevention of cancer.
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Neoplasias Pancreáticas/etiología , Conducta Sedentaria , Anciano , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Café , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Factores de Riesgo , Fumar , TéRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Occupational exposures to dusts have generally been examined in relation to cancers of the respiratory system and have rarely been examined in relation to other cancers, such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Although previous epidemiological studies, though few, have shown certain dusts, such as asbestos, to increase renal cancer risk, the potential for other occupational dust exposures to cause kidney damage and/or cancer may exist. We investigated whether asbestos, as well as 20 other occupational dust exposures, were associated with RCC risk in a large European, multi-center, hospital-based renal case-control study. METHODS: General occupational histories and job-specific questionnaires were reviewed by occupational hygienists for subject-specific information. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) between RCC risk and exposures were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Among participants ever exposed to dusts, significant associations were observed for glass fibres (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1-3.9), mineral wool fibres (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2-5.1), and brick dust (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0-2.4). Significant trends were also observed with exposure duration and cumulative exposure. No association between RCC risk and asbestos exposure was observed. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that increased RCC risk may be associated with occupational exposure to specific types of dusts. Additional studies are needed to replicate and extend findings.
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Carcinoma de Células Renales/epidemiología , Polvo , Neoplasias Renales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Profesionales/epidemiología , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Anciano , Amianto/toxicidad , Carcinógenos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Europa (Continente) , Europa Oriental , Femenino , Vidrio , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fibras Minerales , Enfermedades Profesionales/etiología , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
Tick-borne meningoencephalitis is a zoonosis that shows an upward trend. The causative agent is an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae whose vector in Central Europe is the castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus). The infection is most often transmitted via tick bite or, less commonly, by the alimentary route, through the consumption of unpasteurized milk of infected animals. Preventive measures consist in personal protection from ticks, exceptionally in blanket treatment with contact insecticides, in preventing consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products from areas with a high incidence of tick-borne encephalitis, and particularly in vaccination of the susceptible population.
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Encefalitis Transmitida por Garrapatas/prevención & control , República Checa/epidemiología , Encefalitis Transmitida por Garrapatas/epidemiología , Encefalitis Transmitida por Garrapatas/transmisión , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Central and Eastern Europe has among the highest rates of renal cell cancer worldwide. Few studies have been conducted in these areas to investigate the possible role of occupational exposures in renal cell cancer aetiology. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of renal cell cancer with employment in specific occupations and industries. METHODS: From 1999 to 2003, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study in seven areas of the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania and Russia. A detailed occupational history was collected from renal cell cancer cases and controls, together with information on potential confounders. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI of cancer risk were calculated for having ever been employed in selected jobs and industries, with follow-up analyses examining duration of employment. RESULTS: A total of 992 histologically confirmed incident renal cell cancer cases and 1459 controls were included in the analysis. An increased risk of renal cell cancer was observed for workers in agricultural labour and animal husbandry (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.93), particularly among women employed as general farm workers (OR 2.73; 95% CI 1.05 to 7.13). Risk gradients for agricultural work increased with longer employment. An overall increased risk of renal cell cancer was seen among architects and engineers (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.35 to 2.65), and mechanical engineers (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.84). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest an association between renal cell cancer and agricultural work, particularly among female workers.
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Carcinoma de Células Renales/epidemiología , Neoplasias Renales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Profesionales/epidemiología , Ocupaciones/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Agricultura/estadística & datos numéricos , Arquitectura/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , República Checa/epidemiología , Ingeniería/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polonia/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Rumanía/epidemiología , Federación de Rusia/epidemiología , Factores Sexuales , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The aim of the study was to investigate whether routine clinical parameters, including visceral adiposity index (VAI) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), could become widely applicable predictors of insulin resistance (IR), evaluated using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR, HOMA-ß), with regard to presence of metabolic syndrome (MS). The study comprised 188 individuals identified to meet the MS criteria during regular health examinations and an equal number of age, sex-matched controls without MS. The strongest correlations were noted between HOMA-IR and waist circumference (WC) in the MS group (r=0.57) as well as between HOMA-IR and alanine aminotransferase (ALT, r=0.57) or aspartate aminotransferase (r=0.56) in the controls, with a statistical significance of p<0.001. In a multivariate linear regression model, the predictors of HOMA-IR were WC (linear coefficient ß=0.1, p<0.001), ALT (ß=2.28, p<0.001) and systolic blood pressure (ß=0.04, p<0.001). HOMA-ß was determined by WC (ß=1.97, p=0.032) and ALT (ß=99.49, p=0.004) and inversely associated with age (ß=-1.31, p=0.004). Neither VAI nor AIP were significant predictors. The presence of MS was significantly associated with both HOMA-IR and HOMA-ß. These results indicate that WC and ALT appear to be reliable predictors of IR. Comprehensive assessment of these parameters may serve for estimating the level of IR.
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Resistencia a la Insulina , Síndrome Metabólico/sangre , Adiposidad , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Homeostasis , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis de RegresiónRESUMEN
This study investigated associations between occupational pesticide exposure and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk. To follow-up on a previous report by Buzio et al., we also considered whether this association could be modified by glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 (GSTM1 and GSTT1) genotypes. About 1097 RCC cases and 1476 controls from Central and Eastern Europe were interviewed to collect data on lifetime occupational histories. Occupational information for jobs held for at least 12 months duration was coded for pesticide exposures and assessed for frequency and intensity of exposure. GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions were analyzed using TaqMan assays. A significant increase in RCC risk was observed among subjects ever exposed to pesticides [odds ratio (OR): 1.60; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-2.55]. After stratification by genotypes, increased risk was observed among exposed subjects with at least one GSTM1 active allele (OR: 4.00; 95% CI: 1.55-10.33) but not among exposed subjects with two GSTM1 inactive alleles compared with unexposed subjects with two inactive alleles (P-interaction: 0.04). Risk was highest among exposed subjects with both GSTM1 and GSTT1 active genotypes (OR: 6.47; 95% CI: 1.82-23.00; P-interaction: 0.02) compared with unexposed subjects with at least one GSTM1 or T1 inactive genotype. In the largest RCC case-control study with genotype information conducted to date, we observed that risk associated with pesticide exposure was exclusive to individuals with active GSTM1/T1 genotypes. These findings further support the hypothesis that glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms can modify RCC risk associated with occupational pesticide exposure.
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Carcinoma de Células Renales/clasificación , Carcinoma de Células Renales/genética , Glutatión Transferasa/genética , Neoplasias Renales/inducido químicamente , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Polimorfismo Genético , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Carcinoma de Células Renales/enzimología , Carcinoma de Células Renales/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Neoplasias Renales/enzimología , Neoplasias Renales/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Exposición Profesional , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
In a case-control study of kidney cancer in four central European countries, with 1097 incident cases and 1476 controls, we found an increased risk for self-reported hypertension and for obesity. Additional unknown risk factors are likely to be responsible for the high rates of kidney cancer in this region.
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Índice de Masa Corporal , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Neoplasias Renales/etiología , Obesidad/complicaciones , Fumar/efectos adversos , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Europa (Continente) , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Previous studies investigated the role of vitamin D intake and cancer risk. The kidney is a major organ for vitamin D metabolism, activity, and calcium homeostasis; therefore, it was hypothesized that dietary vitamin D intake and polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene may modify renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk. Three common VDR gene polymorphisms (BsmI, FokI, TaqI) were evaluated among 925 RCC cases and 1192 controls enrolled in a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Central and Eastern Europe. Overall associations with RCC risk were not observed; however, subgroup analyses revealed associations after stratification by median age of diagnosis and family history of cancer. Among subjects over 60 yr, reduced risks were observed among carriers of the f alleles in the FokI single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (odds ratio [OR] = 0.61 for Ff and OR = 0.74 for ff genotypes) compared to subjects with the FF genotype (P trend = 0.04; P interaction = 0.004). Subjects with the BB BsmI genotype and a positive family history of cancer had lower risk compared to subjects with the bb allele (OR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.33-1.1; P trend = 0.05). Genotype associations with these subgroups were not modified when dietary sources of vitamin D or calcium were considered. Additional studies of genetic variation in the VDR gene are warranted.
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Carcinoma de Células Renales/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Receptores de Calcitriol/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Carcinoma de Células Renales/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Lung cancer is a disease with multifactorial etiology, smoking playing the most important role among its risk factors. Some studies, however, indicate an inverse association between increased body-mass index (BMI) and the risk of lung cancer. In this paper, the association between BMI and lung cancer risk is analysed in two independent studies. In the first study, 751 lung cancer patients were compared to 30 058 controls. In the second study, 91 lung cancer patients were matched to 91 healthy controls. An inversed association was found between increased BMI and lung cancer risk. The inverse association remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, and smoking.
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Índice de Masa Corporal , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad/complicaciones , Oportunidad Relativa , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Pancreas cancer is characterized by a rapid and fatal outcome. It is a non-communicable disease showing increasing incidence mainly in Europe, North America and Japan. In the Czech Republic, the incidence of pancreas cancer has more than tripled over the last 50 years. The pancreas cancer incidence and mortality rates are practically identical in this country. The standardized incidence rates (world standard) are 10.4 in men and 7.1 in women, with the Czech Republic ranking the sixth and fourth in the world, respectively. The standardized mortality rates are 10.4 and 7.2, respectively, with the Czech Republic ranking the fourth and sixth to seventh in the world, respectively. Very rapid fatality is also indicative of the seriousness of the disease whose median survival ranges from three to six months.