Peritumoral SPARC expression induced by exosomes from nasopharyngeal carcinoma infected Epstein-Barr virus: A poor prognostic marker.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells have high metastatic potential. Recent research has revealed that the interaction of between tumor cells and the surrounding stroma plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. In this study, we showed the prognostic value of expression of SPARC, an extracellular matrix protein with multiple cellular functions, in normal adjacent tissues (NAT) surrounding NPC. In the immunohistochemical analysis of 51 NPC biopsy specimens, SPARC expression levels were significantly elevated in the NAT of EBER (EBV-encoded small RNA)-positive NPC compared to that in the NAT of EBER-negative NPC. Moreover, increased SPARC expression in NAT was associated with a worsening of overall survival. The enrichment analysis of RNA-seq of publicly available NPC and NAT surrounding NPC data showed that high SPARC expression in NPC was associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition promotion, and there was a dynamic change in the gene expression profile associated with interference of cellular proliferation in NAT, including SPARC expression. Furthermore, EBV-positive NPC cells induce SPARC expression in normal nasopharyngeal cells via exosomes. Induction of SPARC in cancer-surrounding NAT cells reduced intercellular adhesion in normal nasopharyngeal structures and promoted cell competition between cancer cells and normal epithelial cells. These results suggest that epithelial cells loosen their own binding with the extracellular matrix as well as stromal cells, facilitating the invasion of tumor cells into the adjacent stroma by activating cell competition. Our findings reveal a new mechanism by which EBV creates a pro-metastatic microenvironment by upregulating SPARC expression in NPC.

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase: Novel biomarker and therapeutic target for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Cancer cells show a dynamic metabolic landscape, requiring a sufficient supply of nucleotides to proliferate. They are highly dependent on de novo purine biosynthetic pathways for their nucleotide requirements. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT), catalyzing the first step of de novo purine biosynthesis, is highly expressed in various cancers. We observed an increased expression of PPAT in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Moreover, our ribonucleic acid sequencing analysis showed high PPAT expression in Epstein-Barr virus-positive NPC, which was supported by in vitro analysis. Through a gene knockdown study, we showed that the suppression of PPAT expression reduced the proliferation and invasion of NPC cells. We also demonstrated the regulation of PPAT by glutamine, a cosubstrate for PPAT. A glutamine antagonist, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, blocked glutamine-mediated induction of PPAT and reduced NPC cell proliferation. Immunohistochemical analysis of PPAT in NPC tissues revealed increased expression of PPAT with disease progression, which was significantly associated with poor prognosis. In summary, this study highlighted the biological function of PPAT in NPC, establishing its potential as a novel prognostic biomarker for aggressive NPC and a promising therapeutic target.

Immune-Related Gene Expression Profile at Peritumoral Tonsillar Tissue Is Modified by Oropharyngeal Cancer Nodal Status.

Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and tonsils, serve as an interface between the immune system and tumor cells as an initial antigen-presentation site, crucial in antitumor immune response and disease progression. In oropharyngeal cancers originating from palatine tonsils, it was hypothesized that characterizing the immunologic process occurring in the peritumoral tonsil tissue would elucidate immune mechanisms of the lymphatic spread of the disease. A total of 33 patients were enrolled and divided into two cohorts. In Cohort 1 (6 patients), gene expression profiles at the peritumoral lymph regions and tumor regions were analyzed using the whole-transcriptome atlas. In the peritumoral lymph regions, 237 genes were up-regulated in metastasis-negative cases compared with metastasis-positive ones, but only 1 gene was up-regulated in tumor regions. In Cohort 2 (27 patients), microarray analysis of peritumoral tonsil tissue revealed 192 up-regulated genes. Gene ontology analysis revealed the significantly enriched Gene Ontology terms associated with T-cell activation; top 10 hub genes, as ranked by degree, were PTPRC, TLR4, CD80, CD40, STAT3, CD28, CD40LG, CD44, CCR7, and IL7R. Gene set enrichment analysis combined with principal component analysis were used to effectively classify patients as lymph node metastasis positive or negative. These findings suggest peritumoral tonsils as a potential target for investigating the immune mechanisms associated with the lymphatic spread of the disease in oropharyngeal cancers.

Tumorigenic activation around HPV integrated sites in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is causally involved in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The integration of HPV drives tumorigenesis through expression of oncogenic viral genes as well as genomic alterations in surrounding regions. To elucidate involvement of epigenetic dysregulation in tumorigenesis, we here performed integrated analyses of the epigenome, transcriptome and interactome using ChIP-seq, RNA-seq and Hi-C and 4C-seq for HPV(+) HNSCCs. We analyzed clinical HNSCC using The Cancer Genome Atlas data and found that genes neighboring HPV integration sites were significantly upregulated and were correlated with oncogenic phenotypes in HPV(+) HNSCCs. While we found four HPV integration sites in HPV(+) HNSCC cell line UPCI-SCC-090 through target enrichment sequencing, 4C-seq revealed 0.5 to 40 Mb of HPV-interacting regions (HPVIRs) where host genomic regions interacted with integrated HPV genomes. While 9% of the HPVIRs were amplified and activated epigenetically forming super-enhancers, the remaining non-amplified regions were found to show a significant increase in H3K27ac levels and an upregulation of genes associated with GO terms, for example, Signaling by WNT and Cell Cycle. Among those genes, ITPR3 was significantly upregulated, involving UPCI-SCC-090-specific super-enhancer formation around the ITPR3 promoter and in the 80-kb-downstream region. The knockdown of ITPR3 by siRNA or CRISPR deletions of the distant enhancer region led to a significant suppression of cell proliferation. The epigenetic activation of HPVIRs was also confirmed in other cell lines, UM-SCC-47 and UM-SCC-104. These data indicate that epigenetic activation in HPVIRs contributes, at least partially, to genesis of HPV(+) HNSCC.

EBV genome variations enhance clinicopathological features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a non-endemic region.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is caused by infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and endemic in certain geographic regions. EBV lytic gene, BALF2, closely associates with viral reactivation and BALF2 gene variation, the H-H-H strain, causes NPC in endemic region, southern China. Here, we investigate whether such EBV variations also affect NPC in a non-endemic region, Japan. Viral genome sequencing with 47 EBV isolates of Japanese NPC were performed and compared with those of other EBV-associated diseases from Japan or NPC in Southern China. EBV genomes of Japanese NPC are different from those of other diseases in Japan or endemic NPC; Japanese NPC was not affected by the endemic strain (the BALF2 H-H-H) but frequently carried the type 2 EBV or the strain with intermediate risk of endemic NPC (the BALF2 H-H-L). Seven single nucleotide variations were specifically associated with Japanese NPC, of which six were present in both type 1 and 2 EBV genomes, suggesting the contribution of the type 2 EBV-derived haplotype. This observation was supported by a higher viral titer and stronger viral reactivation in NPC with either type 2 or H-H-L strains. Our results highlight the importance of viral strains and viral reactivation in the pathogenesis of non-endemic NPC.

Estrogen induces the expression of EBV lytic protein ZEBRA, a marker of poor prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Several epidemiological studies have suggested that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic infection is essential for the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), as the elevation of antibody titers against EBV lytic proteins is a common feature of NPC. Although ZEBRA protein is a key trigger for the initiation of lytic infection, whether its expression affects the prognosis and pathogenesis of NPC remains unclear. In this study, 64 NPC biopsy specimens were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. We found that ZEBRA was significantly associated with a worsening of progression-free survival in NPC (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-11.87; p = 0.037). Moreover, ZEBRA expression positively correlated with key endocrinological proteins, estrogen receptor α, and aromatase. The transcriptional level of ZEBRA is activated by estrogen in an estrogen receptor α-dependent manner, resulting in an increase in structural gene expression levels and extracellular virus DNA copy number in NPC cell lines, reminiscent of lytic infection. Interestingly, it did not suppress cellular proliferation or increase apoptosis, in contrast with cells treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and sodium butyrate, indicating that viral production induced by estrogen is not a cell lytic phenomenon. Our results suggest that intratumoral estrogen overproduced by aromatase could induce ZEBRA expression and EBV reactivation, contributing to the progression of NPC.

The relationship between preoperative T helper cytokines in the ileal mucosa and the pathogenesis of pouchitis.

BACKGROUND: Although the etiology of pouchitis remains unknown, inflammatory cytokines are significantly associated with the pathogenesis of pouchitis. The cytokine responses that characterize inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are key pathogenic components of the disease. Although cytokine profiles in the colonic mucosa have been investigated in experimental colitis models or IBD patients, cytokine profiles in the ileal mucosa at colectomy have been rarely assessed. AIM: To assess the relationship between pouchitis and T helper (Th) cytokines in the ileal mucosa collected at the time of colectomy and pouch construction. METHODS: This retrospective study involved 68 consecutive patients from January 2004 to May 2011 who underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Samples were obtained from the terminal ileum of resected specimens at time of total colectomy or subtotal colectomy. mRNA expression levels of Th cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-23A, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-17A) were determined. RESULTS: Forty of 68 patients (58.8%) developed pouchitis. There was no association between IL-23A expression levels and incidence of pouchitis (p = 0.301). Patients with elevated IFN-γ had a significantly higher incidence of pouchitis compared with low IFN-γ patients (p = 0.043). Univariate analysis demonstrated a total dose of prednisolone > 7000 mg administered before colectomy (p = 0.04) and high IFN-γ expression (p = 0.02) were significant risk factors for pouchitis onset. In multivariate analysis, elevated IFN-γ messenger(m)RNA levels were significantly associated with pouchitis onset (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: IFN-γ expression in the normal ileal mucosa at the time of colectomy may be an important factor in the pathophysiology of pouchitis.

Automatic Remasking of Digital Subtraction Angiography Images in Pulmonary Angiography.

In pulmonary angiography, the heartbeat creates artifacts that hinder extraction of blood vessel images in digital subtraction angiography. Remasking according to the cardiac phase of the angiogram may be effective but has yet to be automated. Here, automatic remasking was developed and assessed according to the cardiac phase from electrocardiographic information collected simultaneously with imaging. Manual remasking, fixed remasking, and our proposed automatic remasking were applied to 14 pulmonary angiography series from five participants with either chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. The processing time and extent of artifacts from the heartbeat were compared. In addition, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) was measured from differential images between mask image groups before the injection of the contrast medium to investigate optimal mask images. The mean time required for automatic remasking was 4.7 s/series, a significant reduction in processing time compared with the mean of 266 s/series for conventional manual processing. A visual comparison of the different approaches showed virtually no misregistration artifacts from the heartbeat in manual or automatic remasking according to cardiac phase. The results from measuring the PSNR for differential images between mask image groups also showed that smaller cardiac phase difference and time difference between two images ensure higher PSNR (p < 0.01). Automatic remasking according to the cardiac phase was fast and easy to implement and reduced misregistration artifacts from heartbeat.

Expression of estrogen receptor alpha is associated with pathogenesis and prognosis of human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as a causative agent of cervical cancer and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). Intriguingly, estrogen and HPV were shown to play synergistic roles in cervical carcinogenesis. We recently demonstrated that the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 (APOBEC3, A3) family, which is inducible by estrogen, could lead to HPV DNA hypermutation and cause viral DNA integration. In the present study, we examined the relationships between estrogen-estrogen receptor α (ERα) and A3s in HPV-positive OPC. ERα expression was associated with HPV positivity in OPC biopsy samples using immunohistochemical analysis and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, ERα was significantly associated with improved overall survival in HPV-positive OPC (hazard ratio, 0.26; p = 0.029). APOBEC3A (A3A) mRNA was induced by estrogen in HPV and ERα-positive OPC cells. Furthermore, A3A mRNA and protein expression were significantly higher in ERα-positive cases than in ERα-negative ones, among HPV-positive biopsy samples (p = 0.037 and 0.047). These findings suggest that A3A is associated with a good prognosis in ERα-positive OPC, and indicate the prognostic significance of ERα in HPV-positive OPC. This is the first study to demonstrate the prognostic role of ERα in HPV-positive OPC.

Clinical significance and biological role of L1 cell adhesion molecule in gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is highly expressed in malignant tumours and might play a pivotal role in tumour progression. METHODS: We analysed by immunohistochemistry L1CAM protein expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens from 309 GC patients. We performed propensity score matching (PSM) analysis to clarify the prognostic impact of L1CAM in GC patients. We evaluated L1CAM gene expression in fresh frozen specimens from another group of 131 GC patients to establish its clinical relevance. The effects of changes in L1CAM were investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: L1CAM was mainly expressed in tumour cells of GC tissues. Elevated L1CAM expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall and disease-free survival, and an independent risk factor for distant metastasis in GC patients. PSM analysis showed that high L1CAM expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis. L1CAM gene expression using fresh frozen specimens successfully validated all of these findings in an independent cohort. Inhibition of L1CAM suppressed cell proliferation, cycle progress, invasion, migration and anoikis resistance in GC cells. Furthermore, L1CAM inhibition suppressed the growth of peritoneal metastasis. CONCLUSION: L1CAM may serve as a feasible biomarker for identification of patients who have a high risk of recurrence of GC.

Inhibition of UCH-L1 Deubiquitinating Activity with Two Forms of LDN-57444 Has Anti-Invasive Effects in Metastatic Carcinoma Cells.

Normally ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) is expressed in the central nervous and reproductive systems of adults, but its de novo expression has been detected in many human cancers. There is a growing body of evidence that UCH-L1 de-ubiquitinating (DUB) activity plays a major pro-metastatic role in certain carcinomas. Here we tested anti-metastatic effects of the small-molecule inhibitor of UCH-L1 DUB activity, LDN-57444, in cell lines from advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) as well as invasive nasopharyngeal (NP) cell lines expressing the major pro-metastatic gene product of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) tumor virus, LMP1. To overcome the limited aqueous solubility of LDN-57444 we developed a nanoparticle formulation of LDN-57444 by incorporation of the compound in polyoxazoline micellear nanoparticles (LDN-POx). LDN-POx nanoparticles were equal in effects as the native compound in vitro. Our results demonstrate that inhibition of UCH-L1 DUB activity with LDN or LDN-POx inhibits secretion of exosomes and reduces levels of the pro-metastatic factor in exosomal fractions. Both forms of UCH-L1 DUB inhibitor suppress motility of metastatic squamous carcinoma cells as well as nasopharyngeal cells expressing EBV pro-metastatic Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) in physiological assays. Moreover, treatment with LDN and LDN-POx resulted in reduced levels of pro-metastatic markers, a decrease of carcinoma cell adhesion, as well as inhibition of extra-cellular vesicle (ECV)-mediated transfer of viral invasive factor LMP1. We suggest that soluble inhibitors of UCH-L1 such as LDN-POx offer potential forms of treatment for invasive carcinomas including EBV-positive malignancies.

Progression of understanding for the role of Epstein-Barr virus and management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is very common in southern China and Southeast Asia. In regions where NPC is endemic, undifferentiated subtypes constitute most cases and are invariably associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, whereas the differentiated subtype is more common in other parts of the world. Undifferentiated NPC is a unique malignancy with regard to its epidemiology, etiology, and clinical presentation. Clinically, NPC is highly invasive and metastatic, but sensitive to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT). Overall prognosis has dramatically improved over the past three decades because of advances in management, including the improvement of RT technology, the broader application of chemotherapy, and more accurate disease staging. Despite the excellent local control with modern RT, distant failure remains a challenging problem. Advances in molecular technology have helped to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of NPC. This article reviews the contribution of EBV gene products to NPC pathogenesis and the current management of NPC.

Modulation of the tumor microenvironment by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is a primary oncogene encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus, and various portions of LMP1 are detected in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tumor cells. LMP1 has been extensively studied since the discovery of its transforming property in 1985. LMP1 promotes cancer cell growth during NPC development and facilitates the interaction of cancer cells with surrounding stromal cells for invasion, angiogenesis, and immune modulation. LMP1 is detected in 100% of pre-invasive NPC tumors and in approximately 50% of advanced NPC tumors. Moreover, a small population of LMP1-expressing cells in advanced NPC tumor tissue is proposed to orchestrate NPC tumor tissue maintenance and development through cancer stem cells and progenitor cells. Recent studies suggest that LMP1 activity shifts according to tumor development stage, but it still has a pivotal role during all stages of NPC development.

Glucocorticoid receptor expression in resident and hematopoietic cells in IgG4-related disease.

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease is a rare immune-mediated disease characterized by the infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells and unique storiform fibrosis of multiple organs. The majority of IgG4-related disease patients respond to glucocorticoids, yet the precise mechanism of their action remains unclear. Pathological sections of the submaxillary gland, kidney, and retroperitoneum from 20 patients in total diagnosed with IgG4-related disease were analyzed for glucocorticoid receptor expression and the cell types expressing glucocorticoid receptor. Strong and abundant expression of glucocorticoid receptor was observed in the submaxillary gland, kidney, and retroperitoneum of IgG4-related disease patients, while glucocorticoid receptor was rarely or only faintly observed in the submaxillary gland of patients with Sjögren's syndrome, radicular cysts and sialolithiasis or in the healthy kidney. Glucocorticoid receptor was mainly expressed in fibro/myofibroblasts, CD4-positive T cells and IgG4-positive plasma cells in the submandibular glands and kidneys of IgG4-related disease patients. The abundant expression of glucocorticoid receptor in various types of cells, including resident fibro/myofibroblasts in IgG4-related disease patients might provide clues to the mechanism of steroid responsiveness in IgG4-related disease patients.

Colonic Histological Criteria Predict Development of Pouchitis after Ileal Pouch: Anal Anastomosis for Patients with Ulcerative Colitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Pouchitis is one of the main complications after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in patients with ulcerative colitis. The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of colonic histological criteria can predict the development of pouchitis. METHODOLOGY: We retrospectively reviewed 147 patients' clinical data and performed a histological evaluation of the resected total colon using Tanaka's criteria, which comprise the following 6 factors: ulceration (H1), crypt abscesses (H2), degree of mononuclear cell infiltration (MNCI) (H3), segmental distribution of MNCI (H4), eosinophil infiltration (H5), and extent of disease of resected colon (H6). RESULTS: The development of pouchitis and chronic pouchitis within 3 years after restoration of gastrointestinal continuity was recognized in 52 (35.4%) and 26 (17.7%) of the 147 patients, respectively. Using various combinations of each score, the H3 + H4 - H5 scores of patients with pouchitis or chronic pouchitis were significantly higher than those of patients without. A H3 + H4 - H5 score of >0.4 was a statistically significant risk factor for the development of both pouchitis and chronic pouchitis. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of the degree of MNCI, segmental distribution of MNCI, and eosinophil infiltration from histological criteria has utility in predicting the future development of pouchitis, especially chronic pouchitis.

Diagnostic sensitivity of cutoff values of IgG4-positive plasma cell number and IgG4-positive/CD138-positive cell ratio in typical multiple lesions of patients with IgG4-related disease.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic sensitivity of the cutoff values of IgG4-positive plasma cell (PC) number and IgG4-positive/CD138-positive cell ratio proposed by the International consensus statement (ICS) on the pathology of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) in typical multiple lesions of patients with IgG4-RD. METHODS: We evaluated IgG4-positive PC number and IgG4-positive/CD138-positive cell ratio in 39 samples from 18 IgG4-RD patients having more than two typical lesions of IgG4-RD. RESULTS: We evaluated 12 submandibular, 12 ophthalmic, six skin, five kidney, two pancreatic, and one bronchus and prostate lesion each in 18 patients with typical clinical, serological, and radiographic features. Concerning IgG4 + PC number per high-power field, most ophthalmic (11/12), kidney (5/5), pancreatic (2/2), and bronchial lesions (1/1) fulfilled the cutoff value of ICS, whereas many of the submandibular (6/12) and skin lesions (0/6) did not. In contrast to the absolute number, all lesions fulfilled the cutoff value of IgG4+/CD138 + cell ratio. In eight cases, only one or two lesions in the same patient fulfilled the cutoff value of ICS, while the others did not. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ICS criteria have different sensitivities among the affected organs for the diagnosis of IgG4-RD.

[A Case Describing Treatment with FOLFIRI plus Bevacizumab after a Self-Expandable Metallic Stent Placement for Local Recurrence].

A 50-year old male patient chose to have elective surgery for obstructive rectal cancer. Before undergoing surgery, he had a self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placed to relieve a colonic obstruction. He was discharged from our hospital after the elective surgery without surgical complications. In our outpatient clinic, he was prescribed UFT/LV for adjuvant chemotherapy. Eight months after surgery, he came back to the hospital complaining of abdominal distension, abdominal pain and constipation. A diagnosis of local recurrence of rectal cancer, peritoneal metastasis and metastatic liver cancer was confirmed. He was admitted to have the bowel obstruction relieved by having a SEMS placed. The procedure was successful in relieving the bowel obstruction and the patient began FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as chemotherapy. Through this case, we were able to see that SEMS placement can circumvent emergency surgery and prevent the formation of a stoma by relieving a colonic obstruction. A SEMS placement can also lead to positive benefits such as faster treatment and therapy for palliative cases.

Lipid droplet-associated gene expression and chromatin remodelling in LIPASE 5'-upstream region from beginning- to mid-endodormant bud in 'Fuji' apple.

KEY MESSAGE: We found that lipid accumulation in the meristem region and the expression of MdLIP2A, which appears to be regulated by chromatin remodeling, coincided with endodormancy induction in the 'Fuji' apple. In deciduous trees, including apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.), lipid accumulation in the meristem region towards endodormancy induction has been thought to be an important process for the acquisition of cold tolerance. In this study, we conducted histological staining of crude lipids in the meristem region of 'Fuji' apples and found that lipid accumulation coincided with endodormancy induction. Since a major component of lipid bodies (triacylglycerol) is esterified fatty acids, we analysed fatty acid-derived volatile compounds and genes encoding fatty acid-modifying enzymes (MdLOX1A and MdHPL2A); the reduction of lipid breakdown also coincided with endodormancy induction. We then characterised the expression patterns of lipid body-regulatory genes MdOLE1 and MdLIP2A during endodormancy induction and found that the expression of MdLIP2A correlated well with lipid accumulation towards endodormancy induction. Based on these results, we conducted chromatin remodelling studies and localized the cis-element in the 5'-upstream region of MdLIP2A to clarify its regulatory mechanism. Finally, we revealed that chromatin was concentrated - 764 to - 862 bp of the 5'-upstream region of MdLIP2A, which harbours the GARE [gibberellin responsive MYB transcription factor binding site] and CArG [MADS-box transcription factor binding site] motifs-meristem development-related protein-binding sites.

EBV infection is prevalent in the adenoid and palatine tonsils in adults.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases in both adults and children. However, there have been no reports on the prevalence and amount of EBV in the adenoids of adults; thus, it is important to investigate these in the adenoids and tonsils of adults and children. In this study, 67 patients who underwent tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy were included and divided into two groups: adults aged ≥ 16 years (n = 35) and children aged <16 years (n = 32). Patients' adenoid and tonsil tissues were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction for EBV DNA. EBV was detected in 26 (74%) adenoids and 25 (71%) tonsils among the adult group and was detected 21 (66%) adenoids and 20 (63%) tonsils in the child group. There was no significant difference in EBV DNA prevalence between the adenoids and tonsils for each group. However, there was a significant correlation between EBV DNA load in the adenoids and tonsils of the same individual in both groups (r = 0.579, P < 0.01, adult group; r = 0.919, P < 0.01, child group). In conclusion, EBV infection is prevalent in the adenoids and tonsils in adults and children. These results indicate that EBV continuously reside in the nasopharyngeal region after primal infection and may develop several diseases.