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BACKGROUND: The indirect visualisation of the glottic area with a videolaryngoscope could improve intubation conditions which may possibly lead to a higher success rate of the first intubation attempt. OBJECTIVE: Comparison of videolaryngoscopy and direct laryngoscopy for elective airway management in paediatric patients. DESIGN: Prospective randomised controlled trial. SETTINGS: Operating room. PARTICIPANTS: 535 paediatric patients undergoing elective anaesthesia with tracheal intubation. 501 patients were included in the final analysis. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly allocated to the videolaryngoscopy group (nâ =â265) and to the direct laryngoscopy group (nâ =â269) for the primary airway management. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The first attempt intubation success rate was assessed as the primary outcome. The secondary outcomes were defined as: the time to successful intubation (time to the first EtCO2 wave), the overall intubation success rate, the number of intubation attempts, the incidence of complications, and the impact of the length of the operator's clinical practice. RESULTS: The study was terminated after the planned interim analysis for futility. There were no significant demographic differences between the two groups. The first attempt intubation success rate was lower in the videolaryngoscopy group; 86.8% (nâ =â211) vs. 92.6% (nâ =â239), Pâ=â0.046. The mean time to the first EtCO2 wave was longer in the videolaryngoscopy group at 39.0âsâ±â36.7 compared to the direct laryngoscopy group, 23.6âsâ±â24.7 (Pâ<â0.001). There was no difference in the overall intubation success rate, in the incidence of complications nor significant difference based on the length of the clinical practice of the operator. CONCLUSIONS: The first attempt intubation success rate was lower in the videolaryngoscopy group in comparison to the direct laryngoscopy group. The time needed for successful intubation with videolaryngoscopy was longer compared with direct laryngoscopy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03747250.
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Anestesia , Laringoscopios , Manejo de la Vía Aérea , Niño , Humanos , Intubación Intratraqueal/efectos adversos , Laringoscopía , Estudios Prospectivos , Grabación en VideoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rapid sequence induction (RSI) is a standard procedure, which should be implemented in all patients with a risk of aspiration/regurgitation during anaesthesia induction. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim was to evaluate clinical practice in RSI, both in adult and paediatric populations. DESIGN: Online survey. SETTINGS: A total of 56 countries. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the European Society of Anaesthesiology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The aim was to identify and describe the actual clinical practice of RSI related to general anaesthesia. RESULTS: From the 1921 respondents, 76.5% (n=1469) were qualified anaesthesiologists. When anaesthetising adults, the majority (61.7%, n=1081) of the respondents preoxygenated patients with 100% O2 for 3âmin and 65.9% (n=1155) administered opioids during RSI. The Sellick manoeuvre was used by 38.5% (n=675) and was not used by 37.4% (n=656) of respondents. First-line medications for a haemodynamically stable adult patient were propofol (90.6%, n=1571) and suxamethonium (56.0%, n=932). Manual ventilation (inspiratory pressure <12âcmH2O) was used in 35.5% (n=622) of respondents. In the majority of paediatric patients, 3âmin of preoxygenation (56.6%, n=817) and opioids (54.9%, n=797) were administered. The Sellick manoeuvre and manual ventilation (inspiratory pressure <12âcmH2O) in children were used by 23.5% (n=340) and 35.9% (n=517) of respondents, respectively. First-line induction drugs for a haemodynamically stable child were propofol (82.8%, n=1153) and rocuronium (54.7%, n=741). CONCLUSION: We found significant heterogeneity in the daily clinical practice of RSI. For patient safety, our findings emphasise the need for international RSI guidelines. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03694860.
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Intubación Intratraqueal , Intubación e Inducción de Secuencia Rápida , Adulto , Anestesia General , Niño , Humanos , Succinilcolina , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rocuronium for cesarean delivery under general anesthesia is an alternative to succinylcholine for rapid-sequence induction of anesthesia because of the availability of sugammadex for reversal of neuromuscular blockade. However, there are no large well-controlled studies in women undergoing general anesthesia for cesarean delivery. The aim of this noninferiority trial was to determine whether rocuronium and sugammadex confer benefit in time to tracheal intubation (primary outcome) and other neuromuscular blockade outcomes compared with succinylcholine, rocuronium, and neostigmine in women undergoing general anesthesia for cesarean delivery. METHODS: We aimed to enroll all women undergoing general anesthesia for cesarean delivery in the 2 participating university hospitals (Brno, Olomouc, Czech Republic) in this single-blinded, randomized, controlled study. Women were randomly assigned to the ROC group (muscle relaxation induced with rocuronium 1 mg/kg and reversed with sugammadex 2-4 mg/kg) or the SUX group (succinylcholine 1 mg/kg for induction, rocuronium 0.3 mg/kg for maintenance, and neostigmine 0.03 mg/kg for reversal of the neuromuscular blockade). The interval from the end of propofol administration to tracheal intubation was the primary end point with a noninferiority margin of 20 seconds. We recorded intubating conditions (modified Viby-Mogensen score), neonatal outcome (Apgar score <7; umbilical artery pH), anesthesia complications, and subjective patient complaints 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS: We enrolled 240 parturients. The mean time to tracheal intubation was 2.9 seconds longer in the ROC group (95% confidence interval, -5.3 to 11.2 seconds), noninferior compared with the SUX group. Absence of laryngoscopy resistance was greater in the ROC than in the SUX groups (ROC, 87.5%; SUX, 74.2%; P = 0.019), but there were no differences in vocal cord position (P = 0.45) or intubation response (P = 0.31) between groups. No statistically significant differences in incidence of anesthesia complications or in neonatal outcome were found (10-minute Apgar score <7, P = 0.07; umbilical artery pH, P = 0.43). The incidence of postpartum myalgia was greater in the SUX group (ROC 0%; SUX 6.7%; P = 0.007). The incidence of subjective complaints was lower in the ROC group (ROC, 21.4%; SUX, 37.5%; P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that rocuronium for rapid-sequence induction is noninferior for time to tracheal intubation and is accompanied by more frequent absence of laryngoscopy resistance and lower incidence of myalgia in comparison with succinylcholine for cesarean delivery under general anesthesia.
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Androstanoles/administración & dosificación , Anestesia General , Anestesia Obstétrica/métodos , Antídotos/administración & dosificación , Cesárea , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/administración & dosificación , Neostigmina/administración & dosificación , Bloqueo Neuromuscular/métodos , Fármacos Neuromusculares no Despolarizantes/administración & dosificación , gamma-Ciclodextrinas/administración & dosificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Androstanoles/efectos adversos , Anestesia General/efectos adversos , Anestesia Obstétrica/efectos adversos , Antídotos/efectos adversos , Cesárea/efectos adversos , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/efectos adversos , República Checa , Femenino , Humanos , Intubación Intratraqueal , Laringoscopía , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mialgia/etiología , Mialgia/prevención & control , Neostigmina/efectos adversos , Bloqueo Neuromuscular/efectos adversos , Fármacos Neuromusculares no Despolarizantes/efectos adversos , Dolor Postoperatorio/etiología , Dolor Postoperatorio/prevención & control , Embarazo , Rocuronio , Método Simple Ciego , Succinilcolina/administración & dosificación , Sugammadex , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto Joven , gamma-Ciclodextrinas/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Introduction: This simulation-based study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ventilation during paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) provided by healthcare professionals (HCPs) and lay rescuers (LRs). The objective was to assess the number of effective breaths delivered during the initial sequence of CPR. Effective ventilation plays a critical role during paediatric CPR as most cardiac arrests are secondary to hypoxia in origin. The recommendations on initial resuscitation in unresponsive, non-breathing children differ worldwide. The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines recommend five breaths before starting the chest compressions. Yet, this recommendation was based on the expert consensus historically and has not changed since 2000 because of the lack of evidence. This research addresses the identified knowledge gap, with potential implications for improving resuscitation practices and ultimately enhancing patient outcomes. Methods: HCPs and LRs performed 90 s of CPR involving two mannequins: 5-kg Baby and 20-kg Junior. Both groups (HCPs and LRs) performed the task before and after structured CPR training, and the efficacy of ventilation before and after the training was compared. The HCPs provided bag-mask ventilation; LR performed dispatcher-assisted CPR with mouth-to-mouth ventilation. Results: The number of participants that reached the primary outcome before and after the training in Baby was 26 (65%) vs. 40 (100%) in HCPs and 28 (60.9%) vs. 45 (97.8%) in LRs (improvement in both p < 0.001), respectively. The number of participants that reached the primary outcome before and after the training in the Junior mannequin was 31 (77.5%) vs. 32 (82.1%) in HCPs (p = 0.77) and 32 (82.1%) vs. 37 (94.9%) in LRs (p = 0.005), respectively. Discussion: This simulation-based study is the first to investigate ventilation efficacy during paediatric CPR provided by HCPs and LRs. Ventilation represents an important aspect of good-quality CPR in children. The concept of initiating paediatric CPR with initial breaths, as stated in ERC guidelines 2021, is justifiable. Trained HCPs and LRs providing dispatcher-assisted CPR could deliver effective ventilation to paediatric mannequins. These findings can contribute to future research in this area and address identified knowledge gaps concerning resuscitation guidelines, given the unique practical application of simulation as a research tool.
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BACKGROUND: Medical Faculties Network (MEFANET) has established itself as the authority for setting standards for medical educators in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, 2 independent countries with similar languages that once comprised a federation and that still retain the same curricular structure for medical education. One of the basic goals of the network is to advance medical teaching and learning with the use of modern information and communication technologies. OBJECTIVE: We present the education portal AKUTNE.CZ as an important part of the MEFANET's content. Our focus is primarily on simulation-based tools for teaching and learning acute medicine issues. METHODS: Three fundamental elements of the MEFANET e-publishing system are described: (1) medical disciplines linker, (2) authentication/authorization framework, and (3) multidimensional quality assessment. A new set of tools for technology-enhanced learning have been introduced recently: Sandbox (works in progress), WikiLectures (collaborative content authoring), Moodle-MEFANET (central learning management system), and Serious Games (virtual casuistics and interactive algorithms). The latest development in MEFANET is designed for indexing metadata about simulation-based learning objects, also known as electronic virtual patients or virtual clinical cases. The simulations assume the form of interactive algorithms for teaching and learning acute medicine. An anonymous questionnaire of 10 items was used to explore students' attitudes and interests in using the interactive algorithms as part of their medical or health care studies. Data collection was conducted over 10 days in February 2013. RESULTS: In total, 25 interactive algorithms in the Czech and English languages have been developed and published on the AKUTNE.CZ education portal to allow the users to test and improve their knowledge and skills in the field of acute medicine. In the feedback survey, 62 participants completed the online questionnaire (13.5%) from the total 460 addressed. Positive attitudes toward the interactive algorithms outnumbered negative trends. CONCLUSIONS: The peer-reviewed algorithms were used for conducting problem-based learning sessions in general medicine (first aid, anesthesiology and pain management, emergency medicine) and in nursing (emergency medicine for midwives, obstetric analgesia, and anesthesia for midwifes). The feedback from the survey suggests that the students found the interactive algorithms as effective learning tools, facilitating enhanced knowledge in the field of acute medicine. The interactive algorithms, as a software platform, are open to academic use worldwide. The existing algorithms, in the form of simulation-based learning objects, can be incorporated into any educational website (subject to the approval of the authors).
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Algoritmos , Educación Médica/métodos , Medicina de Emergencia/educación , Interfaz Usuario-ComputadorRESUMEN
Scoliosis is the most frequent spinal deformity in children. It is defined as a spine deviation of more than 10° in the frontal plane. Neuromuscular scoliosis is associated with a heterogeneous spectrum of muscular or neurological symptoms. Anesthesia and surgery for neuromuscular scoliosis have a higher risk of perioperative complications than for idiopathic scoliosis. However, patients and their relatives report improved quality of life after the surgery. The challenges for the anesthetic team result from the specifics of the anesthesia, the scoliosis surgery itself, or factors associated with neuromuscular disorders. This article includes details of preanesthetic evaluation, intraoperative management, and postoperative care in the intensive care unit from an anesthetic view. In summary, adequate care for patients who have neuromuscular scoliosis requires interdisciplinary cooperation. This comprehensive review covers information about the perioperative management of neuromuscular scoliosis for all healthcare providers who take care of these patients during the perioperative period, with an emphasis on anesthesia management.
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Zhu-Tokita-Takenouchi-Kim (ZTTK) syndrome is an extremely rare multiorgan disorder, first described in 2015. Nowadays, about 50 patients with ZTTK syndrome have been reported, but there are no data about management during anesthesia. ZTTK syndrome patients can be indicated for surgery of musculoskeletal deformations and corrections of cardiovascular or urogenital malformations. This syndrome can be challenging for the anesthetic team based on the clinical manifestation of the syndrome. Because there are no recommendations for the management of these patients, anesthesiologists have to study typical symptoms, anatomy and possible expected changes in pathophysiology in perioperative period. One of the most dreaded anesthetic complications, the scenario "can not intubate, can not ventilate" could occur in these patients. The goal of this publication is to show options for anesthetic and perioperative management of this new rare syndrome with no published studies about management and approach in the perioperative period. The anesthetic team should choose the safest available approach. We present the first case report of anesthesia of a patient with ZTTK syndrome, a 7-year-old boy indicated for posterior neuromuscular scoliosis correction and fusion. This case describes the author's experiences with anesthetic management and mentions possible early postoperative complications. Adequate understanding of this syndrome can reduce perioperative complications and improve patient outcomes after surgery.
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BACKGROUND: Congenital cataract, facial dysmorphism, and neuropathy (CCFDN) syndrome is an extremely rare multiorgan disorder. Characteristics include congenital cataracts, facial deformation, extremity deformities, and demyelinating neuropathy. CCFDN syndrome is associated with increased risk during anesthesia including rhabdomyolysis or epileptic seizures. There is a lack of published information about difficult airways in these patients. Difficult airways during intubation represent one of the most dreaded anesthesia complications: A "can not intubate, can not oxygenate" scenario. Presented herein is the first described successful endotracheal intubation of a CCFDN syndrome patient. CASE SUMMARY: We report the anesthetic management of a 13-year-old girl with CCFDN syndrome scheduled for posterior neuromuscular scoliosis correction surgery. The patient suffered from extensive progressive neuromuscular scoliosis with a Cobb angle of 83°. Her limitations included neuropathy and a scoliotic curve. This condition negatively impacted her quality of life. This case reflects the potential anesthetic complications for posterior scoliosis correction and CCFDN syndrome. The challenge for our anesthetic team was the limited amount of data about anesthetic management of this condition. In total, one case report without any data about endotracheal intubation of patients with this condition was available. Endotracheal intubation in our case was uncomplicated. Another focus of our case was the prevention of possible complications associated with this syndrome, including rhabdomyolysis and seizures. Rhabdomyolysis can be triggered by some types of anesthetic agents like suxamethonium or volatile anesthetics, especially in patients with certain types of myopathies. CONCLUSION: Adequate understanding of the anesthetic management of CCFDN syndrome can reduce perioperative complications and improve patient outcome after surgery.
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Currently, ultrasound-guided central venous catheter (CVC) insertion is recommended in pediatric patients. However, the clinical practice may vary. The primary aim of this study was the overall success rate and the first attempt success rate in ultrasound-guided CVC insertion versus anatomic-based CVC insertion in pediatric patients. The secondary aim was the incidence of associated complications and the procedural time. The physician could freely choose the cannulation method and venous approach. Data were collected for 10 months. Overall, 179 patients were assessed for eligibility and 107 patients were included. In almost half of the patients (48.6%), the percutaneous puncture was performed by real-time ultrasound navigation. In 51.4% of the patients, the puncture was performed by the landmark method. The overall success rate was 100% (n = 52) in the real-time ultrasound navigation group, 96.4% (n = 53) in the landmark insertion group, (p = 0.496). The first percutaneous puncture success rate was 57.7% (n = 30) in the real-time ultrasound navigation group and 45.5% (n = 25) in the landmark insertion group, (p = 0.460). The data show a higher overall success rate and the first success rate in the US-guided CVC insertion group, but the difference was not statistically significant.
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Traditionally, uncuffed tubes were used in pediatric patients under 8 years in pursuit of reducing the risk of postextubation stridor. Although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies confirmed that the subglottic area remains the narrowest part of pediatric airway, the use of uncuffed tubes failed to reduce the risk of subglottic swelling. Properly used cuffed tubes (correct size and correct cuff management) are currently recommended as the first option in emergency, anesthesiology and intensive care in all pediatric patients. Clinical practice particularly in the intensive care area remains variable. This review aims to analyze the current recommendation for airway management in children in emergency, anesthesiology and intensive care settings.
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Emergence delirium (ED) is a postoperative complication in pediatric anesthesia characterized by perception and psychomotor disorder and has a negative impact on morbidity in the form of maladaptive behavior, which can last weeks after anesthesia. Patients with developed ED present with psychomotor anxiety, agitation, and are at higher risk of unintentional extraction of an intravenous cannula, self-harm and nausea and vomiting. The described incidence of ED varies between 25−80%, with a higher prevalence among children younger than 6 years of age. We aimed to determine the incidence of ED in pediatric patients (>1 month) after general anesthesia in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), using Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) score, Watcha score and Richmond agitation and sedation scale (RASS). The incidence of ED was the highest in the PAED score with cutoff ≥10 points (89.0%, n = 1088). When using PAED score >12 points, ED incidence was 19.3% (n = 236). The lowest incidence was described by Watcha and RASS scores, 18.8% (n = 230) vs. 18.1% (n = 221), respectively. The threshold for PAED ≥10 points seems to give false-positive results, whereas the threshold >12 points is more accurate. RASS scale, although intended primarily for estimation of the depth of sedation, seems to have a good predictive value for ED.
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In December 2019 SARS-CoV-2 initiated a worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, which is still ongoing in 2022. Although adult elderly patients with chronic preexisting diseases had been identified as the most vulnerable group, COVID-19 has also had a significant impact on pediatric intensive care. Early in 2020, a new disease presentation, multisystemic inflammatory syndrome, was described in children. Despite the vaccination that is available for all age categories, due to its selection process, new viral mutations and highly variable vaccination rate, COVID-19 remains a significant clinical challenge in adult and pediatric intensive care in 2022.
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BACKGROUND: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Basic Life Support (BLS) training has been limited to compression-only or bag-mask ventilation. The most breathable nanofiber respirators carry the technical possibility for inflation of the mannequin. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of mouth-to-mouth breathing through a FFP2 respirator during BLS. METHODS: In the cross-over simulation-based study, the medical students performed BLS using a breathable nanofiber respirator for 2 min on three mannequins. The quantitative and qualitative efficacy of mouth-to-mouth ventilation through the respirator in BLS training was analyzed. The primary aim was the effectivity of mouth-to-mouth ventilation through a breathable respirator. The secondary aims were mean pause, longest pause, success in achieving the optimal breath volume, technique of ventilation, and incidence of adverse events. RESULTS: In 104 students, effective breath was reached in 951 of 981 (96.9%) attempts in Adult BLS mannequin (Prestan), 822 of 906 (90.7%) in Resusci Anne, and 1777 of 1857 (95.7%) in Resusci Baby. In Resusci Anne and Resusci Baby, 28.9%/15.9% of visible chest rises were evaluated as low-, 33.0%/44.0% as optimal-, and 28.8%/35.8% as high-volume breaths. CONCLUSIONS: Mouth-to-mouth ventilation through a breathable respirator had an effectivity greater than 90%.
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BACKGROUND: The incidence of difficult airway in paediatric patients is lower than that the adult population, and the majority should be predictable. AIMS: The primary aim of this trial was to evaluate the incidence of difficult airway in pediatric patients. The secondary aim was to predict difficult airway in these patients. METHODS: Paediatric patients undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia in a tertiary university hospital were examined, and a panel of difficult airway prediction tests was performed. We recorded the incidence, risk factors for difficult airway and events associated with difficult airway together with the sensitivity and specificity of tests for difficult airway and events associated with difficult airway prediction. RESULTS: We prospectively included 389 paediatric patients. The incidence of difficult airway was 3.6%; the incidence of events associated with difficult airway was 10%. The sensitivity for prediction of events associated with difficult airway during the pre-anaesthesia evaluation was 5.3% with the specificity 93.3%. In the operating room, the sensitivity of prediction was 15% with 97.8% specificity. CONCLUSION: We found minimal efficacy for preanaesthesia difficult airway prediction.
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Anestesia General , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Electivos , Adulto , Niño , Humanos , Intubación Intratraqueal , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) in children is an acute neurologic emergency associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although the incidence of AIS in pediatric patients is considerably lower than in adults, the overall cumulative negative impact of the quality of life could be even higher in children. The age-related variable clinical presentation could result in a delay in diagnosis and could negatively influence the overall outcome. The early management should be based on early recognition, acute transfer to pediatric AIS centre, standardised approach (ABCDE), early neurologic examination together with neuroimaging (preferable Magnetic Resonance Imaging-MRI). The treatment is based on supportive therapy (normoxemia, normocapnia, normotension and normoglycemia) in combination with intravenous/intraarterial thrombolytic therapy and/or mechanical thrombectomy in selected cases. Pediatric stroke centres, together with the implementation of local stroke management protocols, could further improve the outcome of pediatric patients with AIS.
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BACKGROUND: Medical education, in general, is undergoing a significant shift from traditional methods. It becomes very difficult to discover effective teaching methods within the limited possibilities in patient hands-on education, especially as seen in anesthesiology and intensive care medicine (AIM) teaching. Motivation-based teaching is very popular in all other aspects of education, but it has received scant attention in medical education literature, even though it can make a real difference for both students and physicians. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this retrospective audit was to find out if proper motivation-based teaching of students via the development of AKUTNE.CZ's serious games can help retain graduates of the Faculty of Medicine of Masaryk University (FMMU) for the AIM specialty. METHODS: Motivation-based teaching and the learning-by-doing concept were applied to a subject called Individual Project. Our topic, The Development of the Multimedia Educational Portal, AKUTNE.CZ, has been offered since 2010. The objective has been the development of supportive material in the form of interactive algorithms, serious games, and virtual patients for problem-based learning or team-based learning lectures aimed at acute medicine. We performed a retrospective questionnaire evaluation of all participants from the 2010-2017 period, focusing on their choice of medical specialty in 2017. The data were reported descriptively. RESULTS: We evaluated 142 students who passed Individual Project with topic The Development of the Multimedia Educational Portal, AKUTNE.CZ during 2010 to 2017. In this period, they developed up to 77 electronic serious games in the form of interactive multimedia algorithms. Out of 139 students in general medicine, 108 students (77.7%) had already graduated and 37 graduates (34.3%) worked in the AIM specialty. Furthermore, 57 graduates (52.8%) chose the same specialty after graduation, matching the topic of their algorithm, and 37 (65%) of these graduates decided to pursue AIM. CONCLUSIONS: Motivation-based teaching and the concept of learning-by-doing by the algorithm/serious game development led to the significant retention of FMMU graduates in the AIM specialty. This concept could be considered successful, and as the concept itself can also be well integrated into the teaching of other medical specialties, the potential of motivation-based teaching should be used more broadly within medical education.