Sema7A is crucial for resolution of severe inflammation.

Endogenous mediators regulating acute inflammatory responses in both the induction and resolution phases of inflammatory processes are pivotal in host defense and tissue homeostasis. Recent studies have identified neuronal guidance proteins characterized in axonal development that display immunomodulatory functions. Here, we identify the neuroimmune guidance cue Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A), which appears to link macrophage (MΦ) metabolic remodeling to inflammation resolution. Sema7A orchestrated MΦ chemotaxis and chemokinesis, activated MΦ differentiation and polarization toward the proresolving M2 phenotype, and promoted leukocyte clearance. Peritoneal MΦSema7A-/- displayed metabolic reprogramming, characterized by reductions in fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation, increases in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, and truncation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which resulted in increased levels of the intermediates succinate and fumarate. The low accumulation of citrate in MΦSema7A-/- correlated with the decreased synthesis of prostaglandins, leading to a reduced impact on lipid-mediator class switching and the generation of specialized pro resolving lipid mediators. Signaling network analysis indicated that Sema7A induced the metabolic reprogramming of MΦ by activating the mTOR- and AKT2-signaling pathways. Administration of Sema7ASL4cd orchestrated the resolution response to tissue homeostasis by shortening the resolution interval, promoting tissue protection in murine peritonitis, and enhancing survival in polymicrobial sepsis.

Metabolomic and lipidomic signatures associated with activation of human cDC1 (BDCA3+ /CD141+ ) dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) bridge the connection between innate and adaptive immunity. DCs present antigens to T cells and stimulate potent cytotoxic T-cell responses. Metabolic reprogramming is critical for DC development and activation; however, metabolic adaptations and regulation in DC subsets remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we mapped metabolomic and lipidomic signatures associated with the activation phenotype of human conventional DC type 1, a DC subset specialized in cross-presentation and therefore of major importance for the stimulation of CD8+ T cells. Our metabolomics and lipidomic analyses showed that Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation altered glycerolipids and amino acids in cDC1. Poly I:C or pRNA stimulation reduced triglycerides and cholesterol esters, as well as various amino acids. Moreover, TLR stimulation reduced expression of glycolysis-regulating genes and did not induce glycolysis. Conversely, cDC1 exhibited increased mitochondrial content and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) upon TLR3 or TLR7/8 stimulation. Our findings highlight the metabolic adaptations required for cDC1 maturation.

Short-Chain Fatty Acids Improve Poststroke Recovery via Immunological Mechanisms.

Recovery after stroke is a multicellular process encompassing neurons, resident immune cells, and brain-invading cells. Stroke alters the gut microbiome, which in turn has considerable impact on stroke outcome. However, the mechanisms underlying gut-brain interaction and implications for long-term recovery are largely elusive. Here, we tested the hypothesis that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), key bioactive microbial metabolites, are the missing link along the gut-brain axis and might be able to modulate recovery after experimental stroke. SCFA supplementation in the drinking water of male mice significantly improved recovery of affected limb motor function. Using in vivo wide-field calcium imaging, we observed that SCFAs induced altered contralesional cortex connectivity. This was associated with SCFA-dependent changes in spine and synapse densities. RNA sequencing of the forebrain cortex indicated a potential involvement of microglial cells in contributing to the structural and functional remodeling. Further analyses confirmed a substantial impact of SCFAs on microglial activation, which depended on the recruitment of T cells to the infarcted brain. Our findings identified that microbiota-derived SCFAs modulate poststroke recovery via effects on systemic and brain resident immune cells.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previous studies have shown a bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis after stroke. Stroke alters the gut microbiota composition, and in turn, microbiota dysbiosis has a substantial impact on stroke outcome by modulating the immune response. However, until now, the mediators derived from the gut microbiome affecting the gut-immune-brain axis and the molecular mechanisms involved in this process were unknown. Here, we demonstrate that short-chain fatty acids, fermentation products of the gut microbiome, are potent and proregenerative modulators of poststroke neuronal plasticity at various structural levels. We identified that this effect was mediated via circulating lymphocytes on microglial activation. These results identify short-chain fatty acids as a missing link along the gut-brain axis and as a potential therapeutic to improve recovery after stroke.

Shear Stress Regulation of Endothelial Glycocalyx Structure Is Determined by Glucobiosynthesis.

OBJECTIVE: Endothelial cells exposed to laminar shear stress express a thick glycocalyx on their surface that plays an important role in reducing vascular permeability and endothelial anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antiangiogenic properties. Production and maintenance of this glycocalyx layer is dependent on cellular carbohydrate synthesis, but its regulation is still unknown. Approach and Results: Here, we show that biosynthesis of the major structural component of the endothelial glycocalyx, hyaluronan, is regulated by shear. Both in vitro as well as in in vivo, hyaluronan expression on the endothelial surface is increased on laminar shear and reduced when exposed to oscillatory flow, which is regulated by KLF2 (Krüppel-like Factor 2). Using a CRISPR-CAS9 edited small tetracysteine tag to endogenous HAS2 (hyaluronan synthase 2), we demonstrated increased translocation of HAS2 to the endothelial cell membrane during laminar shear. Hyaluronan production by HAS2 was shown to be further driven by availability of the hyaluronan substrates UDP-glucosamine and UDP-glucuronic acid. KLF2 inhibits endothelial glycolysis and allows for glucose intermediates to shuttle into the hexosamine- and glucuronic acid biosynthesis pathways, as measured using nuclear magnetic resonance analysis in combination with 13C-labeled glucose. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate how endothelial glycocalyx function and functional adaptation to shear is coupled to KLF2-mediated regulation of endothelial glycolysis.

TGFß-induced metabolic reprogramming during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer.

Metastasis is the most frequent cause of death in cancer patients. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the process in which cells lose epithelial integrity and become motile, a critical step for cancer cell invasion, drug resistance and immune evasion. The transforming growth factor-ß (TGFß) signaling pathway is a major driver of EMT. Increasing evidence demonstrates that metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer and extensive metabolic changes are observed during EMT. The aim of this review is to summarize and interconnect recent findings that illustrate how changes in glycolysis, mitochondrial, lipid and choline metabolism coincide and functionally contribute to TGFß-induced EMT. We describe TGFß signaling is involved in stimulating both glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Interestingly, the subsequent metabolic consequences for the redox state and lipid metabolism in cancer cells are found to be in favor of EMT as well. Combined we illustrate that a better understanding of the mechanistic links between TGFß signaling, cancer metabolism and EMT holds promising strategies for cancer therapy, some of which are already actively being explored in the clinic.

Metabolic Analysis of Vitreous/Lens and Retina in Wild Type and Retinal Degeneration Mice.

Photoreceptors are the light-sensing cells of the retina and the major cell type affected in most inherited retinal degenerations. Different metabolic pathways sustain their high energetic demand in physiological conditions, particularly aerobic glycolysis. The principal metabolome of the mature retina has been studied, but only limited information is available on metabolic adaptations in response to key developmental events, such as eye opening. Moreover, dynamic metabolic changes due to retinal degeneration are not well understood. Here, we aimed to explore and map the ocular metabolic dynamics induced by eye opening in healthy (wild type) or Pde6b-mutant (retinal degeneration 1, Rd1) mice, in which photoreceptors degenerate shortly after eye opening. To unravel metabolic differences emerging before and after eye opening under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, we performed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolome analysis of wild type and Rd1 retina and vitreous/lens. We show that eye opening is accompanied by changes in the concentration of selected metabolites in the retina and by alterations in the vitreous/lens composition only in the retinal degeneration context. As such, we identify NAcetylaspartate as a potential novel vitreous/lens marker reflecting progressive retinal degeneration. Thus, our data can help elucidating mechanisms underlying key events in retinal physiology and reveal changes occurring in pathology, while highlighting the importance of the vitreous/lens in the characterization of retinal diseases.

Results of an explorative clinical evaluation suggest immediate and persistent post-reperfusion metabolic paralysis drives kidney ischemia reperfusion injury.

Delayed graft function is the manifestation of ischemia reperfusion injury in the context of kidney transplantation. While hundreds of interventions successfully reduce ischemia reperfusion injury in experimental models, all clinical interventions have failed. This explorative clinical evaluation examined possible metabolic origins of clinical ischemia reperfusion injury combining data from 18 pre- and post-reperfusion tissue biopsies with 36 sequential arteriovenous blood samplings over the graft in three study groups. These groups included living and deceased donor grafts with and without delayed graft function. Group allocation was based on clinical outcome. Magic angle NMR was used for tissue analysis and mass spectrometry-based platforms were used for plasma analysis. All kidneys were functional at one-year. Integration of metabolomic data identified a discriminatory profile to recognize future delayed graft function. This profile was characterized by post-reperfusion ATP/GTP catabolism (significantly impaired phosphocreatine recovery and significant persistent (hypo)xanthine production) and significant ongoing tissue damage. Failing high-energy phosphate recovery occurred despite activated glycolysis, fatty-acid oxidation, glutaminolysis and autophagia, and related to a defect at the level of the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in the Krebs cycle. Clinical delayed graft function due to ischemia reperfusion injury associated with a post-reperfusion metabolic collapse. Thus, efforts to quench delayed graft function due to ischemia reperfusion injury should focus on conserving metabolic competence, either by preserving the integrity of the Krebs cycle and/or by recruiting metabolic salvage pathways.

The hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase axis is not involved in the initial phase of clinical transplantation-related ischemia-reperfusion injury.

The hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase (XO) axis is considered to be a key driver of transplantation-related ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Whereas interference with this axis effectively quenches I/R injury in preclinical models, there is limited efficacy of XO inhibitors in clinical trials. In this context, we considered clinical evaluation of a role for the hypoxanthine-XO axis in human I/R to be relevant. Patients undergoing renal allograft transplantation were included (n = 40) and classified based on duration of ischemia (short, intermediate, and prolonged). Purine metabolites excreted by the reperfused kidney (arteriovenous differences) were analyzed by the ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLCMS/MS) method and tissue XO activity was assessed by in situ enzymography. We confirmed progressive hypoxanthine accumulation (P < 0.006) during ischemia, using kidney transplantation as a clinical model of I/R. Yet, arteriovenous concentration differences of uric acid and in situ enzymography of XO did not indicate significant XO activity in ischemic and reperfused kidney grafts. Furthermore, we tested a putative association between hypoxanthine accumulation and renal oxidative stress by assessing renal malondialdehyde and isoprostane levels and allantoin formation during the reperfusion period. Absent release of these markers is not consistent with an association between ischemic hypoxanthine accumulation and postreperfusion oxidative stress. On basis of these data for the human kidney we hypothesize that the role for the hypoxanthine-XO axis in clinical I/R injury is less than commonly thought, and as such the data provide an explanation for the apparent limited clinical efficacy of XO inhibitors.

1H-NMR analysis of feces: new possibilities in the helminthes infections research.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of the stool samples is an essential part of routine diagnostics of the helminthes infections. However, the standard methods such Kato and Kato-Katz utilize only a fraction of the information available. Here we present a method based on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) which could be auxiliary to the standard procedures by evaluating the complex metabolic profiles (or phenotypes) of the samples. METHOD: The samples were collected over the period of June-July 2015, frozen at -20 °C at the site of collection and transferred within four hours for the permanent storage at -80 °C. Fecal metabolites were extracted by mixing aliquots of about 100 mg thawed stool material with 0.5 mL phosphate buffer saline, followed by the homogenization and centrifugations steps. All NMR data were recorded using a Bruker 600 MHz AVANCE II spectrometer equipped with a 5 mm triple resonance inverse cryoprobe and a z-gradient system. RESULTS: Here we report an optimized method for NMR based metabolic profiling/phenotyping of the stools samples. Overall, 62 metabolites were annotated in the pool sample using the 2D NMR spectra and the Bruker Biorefcode database. The compounds cover a wide range of the metabolome including amino acids and their derivatives, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), carboxylic acids and their derivatives, amines, carbohydrates, purines, alcohols and others. An exploratory analysis of the metabolic profiles reveals no strong trends associated with the infection status of the patients. However, using the penalized regression as a variable selection method we succeeded in finding a subset of eleven variables which enables to discriminate the patients on basis of their infections status. CONCLUSIONS: A simple method for metabolic profiling/phenotyping of the stools samples is reported and tested on a pilot opisthorchiasis cohort. To our knowledge this is the first report of a NMR-based feces analysis in the context of the helminthic infections.

Defective postreperfusion metabolic recovery directly associates with incident delayed graft function.

Delayed graft function (DGF) following kidney transplantation affects long-term graft function and survival and is considered a manifestation of ischemia reperfusion injury. Preclinical studies characterize metabolic defects resulting from mitochondrial damage as primary driver of ischemia reperfusion injury. In a comprehensive approach that included sequential establishment of postreperfusion arteriovenous concentration differences over the human graft, metabolomic and genomic analysis in tissue biopsies taken before and after reperfusion, we tested whether the preclinical observations translate to the context of clinical DGF. This report is based on sequential studies of 66 eligible patients of which 22 experienced DGF. Grafts with no DGF immediately recovered aerobic respiration as indicated by prompt cessation of lactate release following reperfusion. In contrast, grafts with DGF failed to recover aerobic respiration and showed persistent adenosine triphosphate catabolism indicated by a significant persistently low post reperfusion tissue glucose-lactate ratio and continued significant post-reperfusion lactate and hypoxanthine release (net arteriovenous difference for lactate and hypoxanthine at 30 minutes). The metabolic data for the group with DGF point to a persistent post reperfusion mitochondrial defect, confirmed by functional (respirometry) and morphological analyses. The archetypical mitochondrial stabilizing peptide SS-31 significantly preserved mitochondrial function in human kidney biopsies following simulated ischemia reperfusion. Thus, development of DGF is preceded by a profound post-reperfusion metabolic deficit resulting from severe mitochondrial damage. Strategies aimed at preventing DGF should be focused on safeguarding a minimally required post-reperfusion metabolic competence.

NMR-Based Metabolomic Study on Isatis tinctoria: Comparison of Different Accessions, Harvesting Dates, and the Effect of Repeated Harvesting.

Isatis tinctoria is an ancient dye and medicinal plant with potent anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties. Metabolic differences were investigated by NMR spectroscopy of accessions from different origins that were grown under identical conditions on experimental plots. For these accessions, metabolite profiles at different harvesting dates were analyzed, and single and repeatedly harvested plants were compared. Leaf samples were shock-frozen in liquid N2 immediately after being harvested, freeze-dried, and cryomilled prior to extraction. Extracts were prepared by pressurized liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and 70% aqueous methanol. NMR spectra were analyzed using a combination of different methods of multivariate data analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA), canonical analysis (CA), and k-nearest neighbor concept (k-NN). Accessions and harvesting dates were well separated in the PCA/CA/k-NN analysis in both extracts. Pairwise statistical total correlation spectroscopy (STOCSY) revealed unsaturated fatty acids, porphyrins, carbohydrates, indole derivatives, isoprenoids, phenylpropanoids, and minor aromatic compounds as the cause of these differences. In addition, the metabolite profile was affected by the repeated harvest regime, causing a decrease of 1,5-anhydroglucitol, sucrose, unsaturated fatty acids, porphyrins, isoprenoids, and a flavonoid.

Oleuropein prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy interfering with signaling molecules and cardiomyocyte metabolism.

Oleuropein, a natural phenolic compound, prevents acute doxorubicin (DXR)-induced cardiotoxicity but there is no evidence regarding its role in chronic DXR-induced cardiomyopathy (DXR-CM). In the present study, we investigated the role of oleuropein in DXR-CM by addressing cardiac geometry and function (transthoracic echocardiography), cardiac histopathology, nitro-oxidative stress (MDA, PCs, NT), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, Big ET-1), NO homeostasis (iNOS and eNOS expressions), kinases involved in apoptosis and metabolism (Akt, AMPK) and myocardial metabonomics. Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: Control, OLEU-1 and OLEU-2 [oleuropein at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg in total, respectively, intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 14 days], DXR (18 mg/kg, i.p. divided into 6 equal doses for 2 weeks), DXR-OLEU-1 and DXR-OLEU-2 (both oleuropein and DXR as previously described). Impaired left ventricular contractility and inflammatory and degenerative pathology lesions were encountered only in the DXR group. The DXR group also had higher MDA, PCs, NT, IL-6 and Big ET-1 levels, higher iNOS and lower eNOS, Akt and AMPK activation compared to controls and the oleuropein-treated groups. Metabonomics depicted significant metabolite alterations in the DXR group suggesting perturbed energy metabolism and protein biosynthesis. The effectiveness of DXR in inhibiting cell proliferation is not compromised when oleuropein is present. We documented an imbalance between iNOS and eNOS expressions and a disturbed protein biosynthesis and metabolism in DXR-CM; these newly recognized pathways in DXR cardiotoxicity may help identifying novel therapeutic targets. Activation of AMPK and suppression of iNOS by oleuropein seem to prevent the structural, functional and histopathological cardiac effects of chronic DXR toxicity.

Sample preparation issues in NMR-based plant metabolomics: optimisation for Vitis wood samples.

INTRODUCTION: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is one of the most commonly used analytical techniques in plant metabolomics. Although this technique is very reproducible and simple to implement, sample preparation procedures have a great impact on the quality of the metabolomics data. OBJECTIVE: Investigation of different sample preparation methods and establishment of an optimised protocol for untargeted NMR-based metabolomics of Vitis vinifera L. wood samples. METHODS: Wood samples from two different cultivars of V. vinifera with well-defined phenotypes (Gamaret and 2091) were selected as reference materials. Different extraction solvents (successively, dichloromethane, methanol and water, as well as ethyl acetate and 7:3 methanol-water (v/v)) and deuterated solvents (methanol-d4, 7:3 chloroform-d-methanol-d4 (v/v), dimethylsulphoxide-d6 and 9:1 dimethylsulphoxide-d6-water-d2 (v/v)) were evaluated for NMR acquisition, and the spectral quality was compared. The optimal extract concentration, chemical shift stability and peak area repeatability were also investigated. RESULTS: Ethyl acetate was found to be the most satisfactory solvent for the extraction of all representative chemical classes of secondary metabolites in V. vinifera wood. The optimal concentration of dried extract was 10 mg/mL and 7:3 chloroform-d-methanol-d4 (v/v) was the most suitable solvent system for NMR analysis. Multivariate data analysis was used to estimate the biological variation and clustering between different cultivars. CONCLUSION: Close attention should be paid to all required procedures before NMR analysis, especially to the selection of an extraction solvent and a deuterated solvent system to perform an extensive metabolomic survey of the specific matrix.

Mis-localization of endogenous TDP-43 leads to ALS-like early-stage metabolic dysfunction and progressive motor deficits.

BACKGROUND: The key pathological signature of ALS/ FTLD is the mis-localization of endogenous TDP-43 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. However, TDP-43 gain of function in the cytoplasm is still poorly understood since TDP-43 animal models recapitulating mis-localization of endogenous TDP-43 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm are missing. METHODS: CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to generate a zebrafish line (called CytoTDP), that mis-locates endogenous TDP-43 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Phenotypic characterization of motor neurons and the neuromuscular junction was performed by immunostaining, microglia were immunohistochemically localized by whole-mount tissue clearing and muscle ultrastructure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Behavior was investigated by video tracking and quantitative analysis of swimming parameters. RNA sequencing was used to identify mis-regulated pathways with validation by molecular analysis. RESULTS: CytoTDP fish have early larval phenotypes resembling clinical features of ALS such as progressive motor defects, neurodegeneration and muscle atrophy. Taking advantage of zebrafish's embryonic development that solely relys on yolk usage until 5 days post fertilization, we demonstrated that microglia proliferation and activation in the hypothalamus is independent from food intake. By comparing CytoTDP to a previously generated TDP-43 knockout line, transcriptomic analyses revealed that mis-localization of endogenous TDP-43, rather than TDP-43 nuclear loss of function, leads to early onset metabolic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: The new TDP-43 model mimics the ALS/FTLD hallmark of progressive motor dysfunction. Our results suggest that functional deficits of the hypothalamus, the metabolic regulatory center, might be the primary cause of weight loss in ALS patients. Cytoplasmic gain of function of endogenous TDP-43 leads to metabolic dysfunction in vivo that are reminiscent of early ALS clinical non-motor metabolic alterations. Thus, the CytoTDP zebrafish model offers a unique opportunity to identify mis-regulated targets for therapeutic intervention early in disease progression.

Immune suppression by human thymus-derived effector Tregs relies on glucose/lactate-fueled fatty acid synthesis.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress pro-inflammatory conventional T cell (Tconv) responses. As lipids impact cell signaling and function, we compare the lipid composition of CD4+ thymus-derived (t)Tregs and Tconvs. Lipidomics reveal constitutive enrichment of neutral lipids in Tconvs and phospholipids in tTregs. TNFR2-co-stimulated effector tTregs and Tconvs are both glycolytic, but only in tTregs are glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle linked to a boost in fatty acid (FA) synthesis (FAS), supported by relevant gene expression. FA chains in tTregs are longer and more unsaturated than in Tconvs. In contrast to Tconvs, tTregs effectively use either lactate or glucose for FAS and rely on this process for proliferation. FASN and SCD1, enzymes responsible for FAS and FA desaturation, prove essential for the ability of tTregs to suppress Tconvs. These data illuminate how effector tTregs can thrive in inflamed or cancerous tissues with limiting glucose but abundant lactate levels.

A cell-free nutrient-supplemented perfusate allows four-day ex vivo metabolic preservation of human kidneys.

The growing disparity between the demand for transplants and the available donor supply, coupled with an aging donor population and increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, highlights the urgent need for the development of platforms enabling reconditioning, repair, and regeneration of deceased donor organs. This necessitates the ability to preserve metabolically active kidneys ex vivo for days. However, current kidney normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) approaches allow metabolic preservation only for hours. Here we show that human kidneys discarded for transplantation can be preserved in a metabolically active state up to 4 days when perfused with a cell-free perfusate supplemented with TCA cycle intermediates at subnormothermia (25 °C). Using spatially resolved isotope tracing we demonstrate preserved metabolic fluxes in the kidney microenvironment up to Day 4 of perfusion. Beyond Day 4, significant changes were observed in renal cell populations through spatial lipidomics, and increases in injury markers such as LDH, NGAL and oxidized lipids. Finally, we demonstrate that perfused kidneys maintain functional parameters up to Day 4. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that this approach enables metabolic and functional preservation of human kidneys over multiple days, establishing a solid foundation for future clinical investigations.

1H NMR study on the short- and long-term impact of two training programs of sprint running on the metabolic fingerprint of human serum.

Metabonomics is an established strategy in the exploration of the effects of various stimuli on the metabolic fingerprint of biofluids. Here, we present an application of (1)H NMR-based metabonomics on the field of exercise biochemistry. Fourteen men were assigned to either of two training programs, which lasted 8 weeks and involved sets of 80-m maximal runs separated by either 10 s or 1 min of rest. Analysis of pre- and postexercise serum samples, both at the beginning and end of training, by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and subsequent multivariate statistical techniques revealed alterations in the levels of 18 metabolites. Validated O-PLS models could classify the samples in regard to exercise, the separation being mainly due to lactate, pyruvate, alanine, leucine, valine, isoleucine, arginine/lysine, glycoprotein acetyls, and an unidentified metabolite resonating at 8.17 ppm. Samples were also classified safely with respect to training, the separation being mainly due to lactate, pyruvate, methylguanidine, citrate, glucose, valine, taurine, trimethylamine N-oxide, choline-containing compounds, histidines, acetoacetate/acetone, glycoprotein acetyls, and lipids. Samples could not be classified according to the duration of the rest interval between sprints. Our findings underline the power of metabonomics to offer new insights into the short- and long-term impact of exercise on metabolism.

Lipidomics analysis in drug discovery and development.

Despite being a relatively new addition to the Omics' landscape, lipidomics is increasingly being recognized as an important tool for the identification of druggable targets and biochemical markers. In this review we present recent advances of lipid analysis in drug discovery and development. We cover current state of the art technologies which are constantly evolving to meet demands in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. A careful selection of important examples is then provided, illustrating the versatility of lipidomics analysis in the drug discovery and development process. Integration of lipidomics with other omics', stem-cell technologies, and metabolic flux analysis will open new avenues for deciphering pathophysiological mechanisms and the discovery of novel targets and biomarkers.

Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analysis of the Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cell Line HT29 in Hypoxia and Reoxygenation.

The poor availability of oxygen and nutrients in malignant tumors drives the activation of various molecular responses and metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells. Hypoxic tumor regions often exhibit resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One approach to enhance cancer therapy is to indirectly increase tumor oxygen availability through targeted metabolic reprogramming. Thus, understanding the underlying metabolic changes occurring during hypoxia and reoxygenation is crucial for improving therapy efficacy. In this study, we utilized the HT29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line as a hypoxia-reoxygenation model to investigate central carbon and lipid metabolism. Through quantitative NMR spectroscopy and flow injection analysis - differential mobility spectroscopy-tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-DMS-MS/MS) analysis, we observed alterations in components of mitochondrial metabolism, redox status, specific lipid classes, and structural characteristics of lipids during hypoxia and up to 24 h of reoxygenation. These findings contribute to our understanding of the metabolic changes occurring during reoxygenation and provide the basis for functional studies aimed at metabolic pathways in cancer cells.

The two enantiomers of 2-hydroxyglutarate differentially regulate cytotoxic T cell function.

2-Hydroxyglutarate (2HG) is a byproduct of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and is readily detected in the tissues of healthy individuals. 2HG is found in two enantiomeric forms: S-2HG and R-2HG. Here, we investigate the differential roles of these two enantiomers in cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ T cell biology, where we find they have highly divergent effects on proliferation, differentiation, and T cell function. We show here an analysis of structural determinants that likely underlie these differential effects on specific α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent enzymes. Treatment of CD8+ T cells with exogenous S-2HG, but not R-2HG, increased CD8+ T cell fitness in vivo and enhanced anti-tumor activity. These data show that S-2HG and R-2HG should be considered as two distinct and important actors in the regulation of T cell function.