Never-Ending Learning for Explainable Brain Computing.

Exploring the nature of human intelligence and behavior is a longstanding pursuit in cognitive neuroscience, driven by the accumulation of knowledge, information, and data across various studies. However, achieving a unified and transparent interpretation of findings presents formidable challenges. In response, an explainable brain computing framework is proposed that employs the never-ending learning paradigm, integrating evidence combination and fusion computing within a Knowledge-Information-Data (KID) architecture. The framework supports continuous brain cognition investigation, utilizing joint knowledge-driven forward inference and data-driven reverse inference, bolstered by the pre-trained language modeling techniques and the human-in-the-loop mechanisms. In particular, it incorporates internal evidence learning through multi-task functional neuroimaging analyses and external evidence learning via topic modeling of published neuroimaging studies, all of which involve human interactions at different stages. Based on two case studies, the intricate uncertainty surrounding brain localization in human reasoning is revealed. The present study also highlights the potential of systematization to advance explainable brain computing, offering a finer-grained understanding of brain activity patterns related to human intelligence.

Addiction-related brain networks identification via Graph Diffusion Reconstruction Network.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides insights into complex patterns of brain functional changes, making it a valuable tool for exploring addiction-related brain connectivity. However, effectively extracting addiction-related brain connectivity from fMRI data remains challenging due to the intricate and non-linear nature of brain connections. Therefore, this paper proposed the Graph Diffusion Reconstruction Network (GDRN), a novel framework designed to capture addiction-related brain connectivity from fMRI data acquired from addicted rats. The proposed GDRN incorporates a diffusion reconstruction module that effectively maintains the unity of data distribution by reconstructing the training samples, thereby enhancing the model's ability to reconstruct nicotine addiction-related brain networks. Experimental evaluations conducted on a nicotine addiction rat dataset demonstrate that the proposed GDRN effectively explores nicotine addiction-related brain connectivity. The findings suggest that the GDRN holds promise for uncovering and understanding the complex neural mechanisms underlying addiction using fMRI data.

BNLoop-GAN: a multi-loop generative adversarial model on brain network learning to classify Alzheimer's disease.

Recent advancements in AI, big data analytics, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have revolutionized the study of brain diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, most AI models used for neuroimaging classification tasks have limitations in their learning strategies, that is batch training without the incremental learning capability. To address such limitations, the systematic Brain Informatics methodology is reconsidered to realize evidence combination and fusion computing with multi-modal neuroimaging data through continuous learning. Specifically, we introduce the BNLoop-GAN (Loop-based Generative Adversarial Network for Brain Network) model, utilizing multiple techniques such as conditional generation, patch-based discrimination, and Wasserstein gradient penalty to learn the implicit distribution of brain networks. Moreover, a multiple-loop-learning algorithm is developed to combine evidence with better sample contribution ranking during training processes. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated through a case study on the classification of individuals with AD and healthy control groups using various experimental design strategies and multi-modal brain networks. The BNLoop-GAN model with multi-modal brain networks and multiple-loop-learning can improve classification performance.

Systematic Fusion of Multi-Source Cognitive Networks With Graph Learning - A Study on Fronto-Parietal Network.

Cognitive tasks induce fluctuations in the functional connectivity between brain regions which constitute cognitive networks in the human brain. Although several cognitive networks have been identified, consensus still cannot be achieved on the precise borders and distribution of involved brain regions for each network, due to the multifarious use of diverse brain atlases in different studies. To address the problem, the current study proposed a novel approach to generate a fused cognitive network with the optimal performance in discriminating cognitive states by using graph learning, following the synthesization of one cognitive network defined by different brain atlases, and the construction of a hierarchical framework comprised of one main version and other supplementary versions of the specific cognitive network. As a result, the proposed method demonstrated better results compared with other machine learning methods for recognizing cognitive states, which was revealed by analyzing an fMRI dataset related to the mental arithmetic task. Our findings suggest that the fused cognitive network provides the potential to develop new mind decoding approaches.