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PURPOSE: We investigated the connectivity of neural signals from movement-related cortical areas to the primary motor area (M1) in the hemisphere contralateral to the movement side during the period of movement-related magnetic fields before movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were 13 healthy adults, and nerual signals were recorded using magnetoencephalography. Spontaneous extension of the right wrist was performed at the participant's own pace and following a visual cue in internal (IC) and external (EC) cue tasks. The connectivity of neural signals to M1 from each movement-related motor area was assessed by Granger causality analysis (GCA). The GCA was performed on the neural activity elicited in a frequency band between 7.8 and 46.9 Hz during the pre-movement periods, which occurred durng the readiness field (RF) and the negative slope prime (NSp). F-values, as connectivity values obtained by GCA, were compared between the EC and IC cue tasks. RESULTS: For NSp periods, the connectivity of neural signals from the left superior frontal area (SF-L) to M1 was dominant in the IC task, whereas that from the left superior parietal area (SP-L) to M1 was dominant in the EC task. The F value in the GCA from SP-L to M1 was greater in the EC task during RF than in the IC task during equivalent periods. CONSLUSIONS: In the present study, there were differences in the connectivity of neural signals to M1 between IC and EC tasks. The present results suggested that the pattern of pre-movement neural activity that resulted in a movement was not uniform but differed between movement tasks just before the movement.
Movement-related cortical magnetic fields were assessed with Granger causality analysisConnectivity of neural signals to M1 was different between internal and external cue tasks.Connectivity of neural signals from the frontal area was dominant to M1 in the internal cue task.Connectivity of neural signals to M1 from the parietal area was observed in the external cue task.
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BACKGROUND: Young-onset dementia (YOD) community care requires personalised approaches. Yet, the specific details of YOD consultations are unclear. This study explored how initial consultations correlate with client profiles. METHODS: Data from regional YOD helplines were used to analyze the main characteristics of people living with YOD or who had concerns about the possibility of YOD (n = 132). Among several categorical variables, the following were used for analysis: age group, sex, type of living arrangement, employment status, presence of dementia, and content of the consultation. To identify groups of items that frequently occur together, strongly connected rules were identified using association rule analysis with the a priori algorithm. To focus on the characteristics of clients, rules related to client characteristics were extracted based on the type of consultation. RESULTS: A total of 51 rules were identified for the consultations. These rules fell into two categories: (1) consultations for medical matters, which mainly involved employed individuals with undiagnosed dementia, and (2) other consultations on daily life or work, which mainly involved individuals diagnosed with dementia and were characterised by the influence of sex. These rules indicate the importance of medical involvement in confirming the diagnosis and specific individualised care following diagnosis for people living with YOD. CONCLUSION: Clients with or without a dementia diagnosis were consulted differently in the YOD helplines. Before receiving a diagnosis, medical matters were the main theme of consultations, whereas after receiving a diagnosis, adjustments to daily life or work were the main themes. The results of this study suggest that the needs of people living with YOD and the services they require may vary depending on their backgrounds.