The role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in the development of necrotizing enterocolitis.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D and its receptor (VDR) effects on the gastrointestinal system are among its most critical multisystemic effects. METHODS: This study aimed to reveal that VDR gene polymorphisms may constitute a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). VDR Fok1-Bsm1-Apa single-nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed in the NEC group (n = 74) and the control group (n = 147). Among 1112 babies at and below 36 weeks of gestational age who were hospitalized between January 2013 and December 2016 with a diagnosis of prematurity, 74 of a total of 148 patients who developed NEC during follow-up (NEC group) were included in the study. When NEC was diagnosed according to clinical and radiological findings and staged using Modified Bell criteria, 9 (12.1%) of 74 babies were stage 1A, 13 (17.5%) stage 1B, and 5 (6.7%) stage 2A, 33 (44.5%) stage 2B, 7 (9.4%) stage 3A, 7 (9.4%) stage 3B. Of 964 babies who did not develop NEC during follow-up, 147 were included as the control group in the study. Genotyping of VDR polymorphisms was assayed by real-time PCR. From 221 premature babies in the NEC and control groups, 2 ml peripheral blood was taken appropriately and meticulously into an EDTA tube. DNA was isolated from these blood samples. DNA amplification was performed using a thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems GeneAmp PCR System 9600). RESULTS: When the two groups were compared in terms of the prevalence of VDR Fok1 C/T genotype, it was found that TT genotype increased the risk of NEC by 2.697 times, and there was a significant relationship between TT genotype and the risk of NEC (p = 0.041). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed in terms of gestational age, birth weight, VDR gene polymorphism data between NEC and the control group. According to the analysis results, TT polymorphism, increased the risk of disease 4.5 times (p = 0.033). CONCLUSION: Fok 1 C > T polymorphism in the VDR gene plays a role in the development of NEC. Identifying the risk groups by detecting gene polymorphisms that cause increased susceptibility to NEC may assist in the follow-up of these patients and in making early treatment decisions for them. IMPACT: In this study examining the non-bone effects of the genetic differences in vitamin D metabolism in premature babies, Fok 1 polymorphism has been observed to be an essential risk factor for NEC. This is the first study in our country that has investigated the relationship between VDR gene polymorphism and necrotizing enterocolitis among the Turkish population. Identifying the risk groups by detecting gene polymorphisms that cause increased susceptibility to NEC may assist in the monitoring of these patients and in making early treatment decisions for them.

The effects of IGF-1 and erythropoietin on apoptosis and telomerase activity in necrotizing enterocolitis model.

BACKGROUND: Apoptosis that occurs after hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) has an important role in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Telomerase activity, showing the regeneration capacity, may also be important in the recovery process. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and erythropoietin (EPO) on apoptosis and telomerase activity in an H/R model. METHODS: Young mice were divided into four groups each containing ten Balb/c mice. Group 1 (H/R) were exposed to H/R; group 2 and group 3 were pretreated with IGF-1 and EPO, respectively, for 7 days before H/R. Group 4 served as control. Intestinal injury was evaluated by histological scoring and assessment of apoptosis was performed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) test. Proapoptotic and antiapoptotic gene expressions and telomerase activity were analyzed by real-time PCR. RESULTS: IGF-1- and EPO-treated animals had decreased histological damage and apoptosis, confirmed by TUNEL test and caspase activity. Telomerase activity was increased in these animals in addition to increased expression of antiapoptotic genes. However, proapoptotic gene expressions were not statistically different. CONCLUSIONS: The protective effects of IGF-1 and EPO in H/R damage may be through increased expression of antiapoptotic genes and increased telomerase activity, especially for IGF-1. IMPACT: This is a comprehensive study measuring various variables, namely IGF-1, EPO, apoptosis, apoptotic and antiapoptotic genes, and telomerase activity in the NEC model. The intestinal protective effects of IGF-1 and EPO in H/R damage may occur through increased expression of antiapoptotic genes and increased telomerase activity. To the best of our knowledge, telomerase activity has not been investigated in the NEC model before. Regarding our results, novel strategies may be implemented for the early definitive diagnosis, robust preventive measures, and effective treatment modalities for NEC.

Is Nasal Septum-Tragus Length Measurement Appropriate for Endotracheal Tube Intubation Depth in Neonates? A Randomized Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVE: Endotracheal intubation is a frequent procedure performed in neonates with respiratory distress. Clinicians use different methods to estimate the intubation insertion depth, but, unfortunately, the improper insertion results are very high. In this study, we aimed to compare the two different methods (Tochen's formula = weight in kilograms + 6 cm; and nasal septum-tragus length [NTL] + 1 cm) used to determine the endotracheal tube (ETT) insertion depth. STUDY DESIGN: Infants who had intubation indications were enrolled in this study. The intubation tube was fixed using the Tochen formula (Tochen group) or the NTL + 1 cm formula (NTL group). After intubation, the chest radiograph was evaluated (above T1, proper place, and below T2). RESULTS: A total of 167 infants (22-42 weeks of gestational age) were included in the study. The proper tube placement rate in both groups was similar (32.4 vs. 30.4% for infants < 34 weeks of gestational age and 56.8 vs. 45.0% in infants > 34 weeks of gestational age). The ETT was frequently placed below T2 at a higher rate in infants with a gestational age of <34 weeks, especially in the NTL group (46% in the Tochen group and 60.7% in the NTL group). CONCLUSION: The NTL + 1 cm formula led to a higher rate of ETT placement below T2, especially in infants with a birth weight of <1,500 g. Therefore, more studies are needed to determine the optimal ETT insertion depth.

Can urinary biomarkers predict acute kidney injury in newborns with critical congenital heart disease?

BACKGROUND: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital malformation group and is the leading cause of newborn mortality in developed countries. Most of the infants with CHD develop preoperative or postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI). Acute kidney injury may develop before the serum creatinine rise and oliguria. Urinary biomarkers such as kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin (IL)-18, and cystatin C may predict AKI in patients with critical CHD (CCHD) before the serum creatinine rise. In this study, we aimed to determine the AKI incidence among newborn patients with CCHD and investigate the predictivity of urinary biomarkers for AKI. METHODS: Newborns with a gestational age >34 weeks and birth weight >1500 g with a diagnosis of CCHD were enrolled in the study. Blood and urine samples were collected at birth, during the first 24-48 h, and in the preoperative and postoperative periods. RESULTS: A total of 53 CCHD patients requiring surgery during the neonatal period were enrolled in the study. The 24-48 h KIM-1 levels of the cases with exitus were higher (P = 0.007). The 24-48 h cystatin C and preoperative NGAL levels were higher in patients with postoperative AKI (P = 0.02). DISCUSSION: In newborns with CCHD, high KIM-1 levels may predict mortality, whereas high cystatin C and preoperative NGAL levels may be indicative of AKI. These biomarkers deserve further investigation in larger study populations.

[Investigation of congenital CMV infection with the presence of CMV DNA in saliva samples of new born babies]. / Yenidogan bebeklerin tükürük örneginde CMV DNA varligi ile konjenital CMV enfeksiyonunun arastirilmasi.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), is the most common cause among congenital infections and is the most seen etiology in long-term sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and neurological impairment. Congenital CMV infection (CCMV) was reported in 0.15-2.2% of live-borne neonates in studies from different countries. A significant proportion of infected infants are asymptomatic after birth and might only be detected by routine screening methods during the new born period. The aim of this study was to screen the saliva of live-born neonates with areal-time PCR based method for the detection of CCMV in our hospital. Saliva samples collected in half an hour after birth by dry dacron swabs and were evaluated for CMV DNA (Rt-PCR, Abbott Molecular USA) from 1000 babies born in Ege University Faculty of Medicine Hospital Obstetrics Clinic between October 2015-October 2017. For the confirmation of CCMV, saliva positive newborns were evaluated with the same method for CMV DNA from their urine or blood within 21 days. All newborns were screened for sensorineural hearing tests. Subjects were 497 girls (49.7%) and 503 boys (50.3%), with a mean weight of 3116.8 g and mean of 37.61 birth week. CMV DNA was positive in the saliva of 16 newborns (1.6%). Fourteen newborns were weakly positive for CMV DNA in their saliva and were not confirmed for CCMV infection. Congenital CMV was confirmed in only two (0.2%) with the CMV DNA results in urine and/or blood samples. One of the two newborns with CCMV was symptomatic and had a neurosensorial hearing loss. The other one was asymptomatic. Saliva samples, taken immediately after birth with a noninvasive and easy method for the detection of CMV DNA is very important for diagnosis of CCMV. Positive samples should be confirmed with CMV DNA in urine or blood samples of these newborns. In this study, detection of positivity in saliva samples that were confirmed with other samples of our newborn population for CCMV was 0.2%. The specific diagnosis for CCMV in newborns with a noninvasive and easy collecting sample is important to avoid sequelae and for public health concerns.

Reference values of anthropometric measurements in healthy late preterm and term infants

Background/aim: Geographical distribution, ethnicity, and other socioeconomic factors may affect anthropometric measurements, and for that reason each society should determine their own measurements accounting for those factors. In this study, we aimed to determine the anthropometric measurements of healthy late preterm and term infants to compare the results with other national and international studies. Materials and methods: This sectional study was carried out among 1197 infants born with a gestational age of ≥35 weeks. Chest circumference, ear length, foot length, palmar length, middle finger length, philtrum distance, inner and outer canthal distances, and palpebral fissure length were measured in the first 24 h of life. Results: All measurements of late preterm infants were smaller than those of term infants (P ˂ 0.05). Compared with male infants, the chest circumference, ear length, foot length, palmar length, philtrum distance, and inner canthal distances of the female infants were lower (P ˂ 0.05). No significant differences were found between male and female infants' middle finger length, outer canthal distance, and palpebral fissure length measurements. Percentile values for all measurements of 35­42-week male and female infants were described. Conclusion: These measurements of male and female infants born between 35 and 42 weeks may be useful for early detection of syndromes by detecting anatomical abnormalities in our population.

The serial changes of perfusion index in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus: is perfusion index clinically significant?

BACKGROUND: Perfusion Index (PI) which reflects the peripheral blood flow may help early detection and treatment decision of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) in preterm infants. The present study is designed to analyze the usefulness of PI level in early detection of hsPDA in preterm infants. METHODS: Preterm infants born before 36 gestational weeks were assessed for PI and simultaneous echocardiography. Based on echocardiography, each infant is categorized into no-PDA (group 1), non-hsPDA (group 2) and hsPDA (group 3). Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), body temperature and oxygen saturation (SpO2) and concomitant PI were measured on days 1, 2, 3 and 4. RESULTS: In all preterm infants (N.=42) PI significantly increased from 0.7 on day 1 to 1.4 on day 4. The HR did not change by the days; however, the MAP increased on days 3 and 4 compared to day 1. In hsPDA group, the median PI was 0.7 (IQR, 0.4) on day 1 compared to 0.9 (IQR, 0.2) on day 2. PI is significantly lower in hsPDA group compared to no-PDA group on day 1 and 2; however, this difference disappeared at 48 hour on the intravenous ibuprofen treatment (on day 3 and 4). CONCLUSIONS: PI may predict the perfusion disorder and help to decide for treatment of hsPDA and was also helpful to monitor the response to treatment in hsPDA patients.

Cord blood and consecutive chitotriosidase activity: Relationship to prematurity and early prognosis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between plasma chitotriosidase activity, an inflammatory protein secreted mainly from macrophages, and neonatal morbidity and mortality in premature infants. METHODS: Cord blood chitotriosidase activity was studied in healthy control infants (53 term, group 1; 26 late preterm [33-37 gestational weeks], group 2) and 35 preterm infants (≤ 32 weeks; group 3). In group 3, consecutive samples at 3 h, 24 h, 72 h, 7 days, 14 days, and 36 weeks after conception were also analyzed. Group 3 was also evaluated for mortality, respiratory treatment and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). RESULTS: Cord blood chitotriosidase activity was positively correlated with gestational age and birthweight. SNAPPE-II score was correlated with chitotriosidase activity at 24 h. Consecutive chitotriosidase activity for group 3 was non-significantly higher in infants who died in the early neonatal period. Higher chitotriosidase activity was observed in mechanically ventilated infants than infants treated with non-invasive assisted ventilation. BPD, PDA, IVH and ROP, but not NEC, were related to higher chitotriosidase activity, being significant at some of the time points. CONCLUSION: Neonatal stress such as invasive ventilation may create a risk for the development of BPD, PDA, IVH, and ROP by increasing macrophage activation in preterm infants as reflected in the higher chitotriosidase activity. High chitotriosidase activity may also be associated with disease severity and mortality.

Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D and its receptor (VDR) have important roles in perinatal lung development. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between VDR gene polymorphism and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. METHODS: VDR Fok I, Bsm I, Apa I, and Taq I polymorphisms were genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism in 109 preterm infants (47 with BPD, 62 without BPD). RESULTS: In univariate analysis, Ff (odds ratio (OR) = 3.937, P = 0.022, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-12.69) and ff (OR = 5.23, P = 0.004, 95% CI = 1.69-16.23) genotypes of Fok I were associated with the increased risk of BPD; whereas tt genotype of Taq 1 was associated with a protective effect against BPD (OR = 0.30, P = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.09-0.94). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, variant Fok 1 genotype increased risk of BPD (OR = 4.11, 95% CI = 1.08-15.68, P = 0.038) independent of patent ductus arteriosus, sepsis, mechanical ventilation, and surfactant treatment. Taq 1, Bsm 1, and Apa 1 polymorphisms did not have any effect. CONCLUSION: After adjusting for multiple confounders, VDR Fok 1 polymorphism was associated with the increased frequency of BPD. Further studies are needed to assess the contribution of VDR signaling to the pathogenesis of BPD and to determine if VDR polymorphisms may be suitable for identifying infants at high risk for BPD.

The effect of inhaled nitric oxide therapy on thromboelastogram in newborns with persistent pulmonary hypertension.

UNLABELLED: Studies about the effects of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) on bleeding time and platelet aggregation in newborns are limited in number and have inconclusive results. Thromboelastogram (TEG) shows the combined effects of coagulation factors and platelet functions. In this preliminary study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of iNO on coagulation using TEG in newborns with persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH). TEG assays were performed in 10 term infants receiving iNO treatment for PPH and 32 healthy term infants. Samples of the iNO group were collected before and during iNO. Clot reaction time (R), clot kinetics (K), maximum amplitude (MA), and alpha angle were obtained from the TEG tracing. TEG-R values were statistically higher during iNO treatment (7.75 ± 3.34) when compared to the values before iNO (4.83 ± 1.38) and the healthy controls (3.75 ± 0.98). The alpha angle was lower in iNO treated infants at both periods (before iNO, 55.33 ± 8.58; during iNO, 42.90 ± 18.34) compared to the control group (64.95 ± 6.88). MA values before iNO treatment were the lowest (44.43 ± 14.09) and improved with the iNO treatment (48.40 ± 9.49) despite still being lower compared to the controls (53.67 ± 5.56). CONCLUSION: Both PPH and iNO may negatively effect in vitro coagulation tests. Therefore, newborns with PPH requiring iNO treatment should be closely monitored for coagulation problems.

Medical closure of patent ductus arteriosus does not reduce mortality and development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants.

BACKGROUND: Although, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is associated with significant morbidity due to hemodynamic instability in preterm infants, the effect of ductus closure on mortality and morbidity is a controversial issue. The aim is to evaluate the efficacy of oral and intravenous (IV) ibuprofen treatment on ductal closure and effects on mortality and bronchoplumonary dysplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 292 premature infants treated at Ege University Neonatal Intensive Care Unit were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were classified into 3 groups as; No PDA, hemodynamically insignificant PDA (hiPDA) and hemodynamically significant PDA (hsPDA) according to the presence and hemodynamical significance of PDA by echocardiography. hsPDA group was treated with IV or oral ibuprofen. RESULTS: Patent ductus arteriosus was diagnosed by routine echocardiography in 145 patients, of whom 78 (53.7%) had hsPDA. All 65 infants with hiPDA had spontaneous PDA closure. Echocardiographic measurements were similar to those patients treated with oral or IV ibuprofen, as in the response rate to treatment without serious adverse effects. The presence of respiratory distress syndrome, surfactant therapy, late sepsis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and mortality rates were significantly higher in patients with hsPDA. However, with stepwise logistic regression; 5(th) min Apgar score (odds ratio [OR], 1.321, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.063-1.641, P = 0.012) and gestational age (OR, 1.422, 95% CI, 1.212-1.662, P < 0.001) were the only significant variables associated with mortality. Gestational age (OR, 0.680, 95% CI, 0.531-0.871, P = 0.002) was the only significant variable associated with BPD shown with logistic regression. CONCLUSION: Ibuprofen treatment is effective for hsPDA closure with minimal side effects. HiPDA can close spontaneously; therefore treatment decision should be individualized. However, medical treatment of PDA does not reduce mortality and BPD.

The clinical value of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography in a historical cohort with neonatal encephalopathy: A comparison of short-term versus prolonged-period monitoring.

BACKGROUND: To compare the amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) monitoring (short-term versus prolonged-period) for neonatal seizure detection and outcome. METHODS: The aEEG monitoring in a historical cohort (n = 88, preterm:42, and term:46) with neonatal encephalopathy between 2010-2022 was re-evaluated for neonatal seizures (electrographic, electro-clinical, and clinical seizures) and EEG background scoring. The cohort was dichotomized: group I (short-period with 6-12 h, n = 36) and group II (prolonged-period with 24-48 h, n = 52). Both monitoring types were evaluated for the diagnostic accuracy of the "patients with seizures" and for outcome characteristics (early death as well as adverse outcomes at 12 months of age). RESULTS: A total of 67 (76 %) neonates of the cohort were diagnosed as "patients with seizures": electrographic-only seizures in 10 (15 %), electro-clinical seizures in 22 (33 %), and clinical-only seizures in 35 (52 %). The aEEG provides the "patients with seizures" in neonates with a 36.5 % rate with both types of monitoring: 17/36 (47.2 %) with short-term and 15/52 (28.8 %) with prolonged-period monitoring. The prolonged period aEEG had higher diagnostic values for seizure detection (sensitivity = 0.73 and negative predictivity value = 0.81). However, the aEEG background scores were similar for both types of aEEG monitoring, respectively (the mean ± SD: 4.73 ± 2.9 versus 4.4 ± 4. p = 0.837). The aEEG scoring was correlated with the magnitude of brain injury documented with MRI, the early death, and the adverse outcome at 12 months of age. CONCLUSIONS: Both aEEG types are valuable for monitoring the "patients with seizures" and outcome characteristics.

Diagnostic tools of early brain disturbances in an asymptomatic neonate with maple syrup urine disease.

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder resulting from the defective activity of branched-chain 2-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. Routine screening of newborn with tandem mass spectroscopy on the third day of life may detect elevated branched-chain amino acids in blood before the appearance of encephalopathic symptoms in MSUD cases. If undiagnosed by such a routine screening test, patients often present with encephalopathy and seizures. Clinical neurologic examination is supplemented by electroencephalography and imaging. Here, we report abnormal amplitude-integrated electroencephalography, electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging spectroscopy findings in a neurologically asymptomatic male newborn who was diagnosed with MSUD at the third week of life. These neurologic disturbances disappeared at the fourth month of life with appropriate special diet. Therefore, even in already asymptomatic cases, early neurologic deterioration of brain metabolism and structure can be detected with these early laboratory findings, indicating the importance of early diagnosis and management. Patients may also benefit from these investigations during the follow-up period.

Reference intervals of α-glycosidase, ß-glycosidase, and α-galactosidase in dried blood spot in a Turkish newborn population.

Inherited lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are rare, and diagnosis is often delayed for 7-10 years. Since the therapies have become available for a limited number of LSDs, (Fabry, Gaucher, Pompe, and MPS-1), early diagnosis of treatable LSDs can be lifesaving or ameliorating and allows timely treatment before irreversible damage occurs. Recently, the use of dried blood spot test (DBS) for newborn screening of LSDs has been proposed for newborn screening tests. They are noninvasive, sensitive, and specific assays with the further advantage of a fast turnaround time compared to measurement in leukocyte and/or fibroblast culture. We aimed to determine the reference intervals for lysosomal enzyme activities of newborn babies in our population and to investigate the effect of gestational week on enzyme activity. One hundred thirty healthy newborn babies (70 girls, 60 boys) were included into the study. α-Glycosidase, ß-glycosidase, and α-galactosidase activities in DBS samples of newborns were determined fluorometrically. Reference intervals were calculated using Dixon's rule and percentiles of 2.5-97.5. Cutoff limits (5 %) for α-glycosidase, ß-glycosidase, and α-galactosidase activities were 0.57, 0.92, and 2.18, respectively. α-Galactosidase activity was higher in girls compared to boys (p < 0.05). Interestingly, α-glycosidase and ß-glycosidase activities of newborns who were delivered before 38 weeks were significantly lower than those who were delivered at 39-40 weeks. Conclusion It is of utmost importance to define the reference intervals for lysosomal enzyme activities as well as cutoff limits for newborn babies with regard to gestational age and sex. More studies to clarify the reason for the change in enzyme activity by gestational week will be required.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension and pregnancy.

This is the case report of a pregnant woman who refused pregnancy termination when diagnosed with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) functional class 2-3 at the 24th week of gestation and of her newborn. A pregnant woman with PAH functional class 2-3 was treated with inhaled prostacyclin analog (iloprost), oral sildenafil, oxygen, and low molecular weight heparin. She delivered at 32nd week by Cesarean section. The infant required oxygen up to 36th week postconceptional age and had a short steroid treatment. The mother needed close cardiovascular monitorization, intensive oxygen and pulmonary vasodilator therapy for 2 months and was discharged with oxygen and oral iloprost treatment. A multidisciplinary approach together with pulmonary vasodilator therapy may be succesful in such a high-risk pregnant woman.

Association between bronchopulmonary dysplasia and MBL2 and IL1-RN polymorphisms.

BACKGROUND: The imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. Mannose binding lectin (MBL) codon 54 and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene (IL1-RN) polymorphisms cause genetic predisposition to increased risk of infection and inflammation, therefore may increase the risk of BPD. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between MBL, IL1-RN gene polymorphisms and BPD development in preterm infants. METHODS: MBL codon 54 and IL1-RN polymorphisms were studied in 71 infants who were born at <32 weeks of gestation, with the diagnosis of BPD (group 1) and in a control group of preterm infants without BPD (group 2). RESULTS: IL1-RN and MBL2 variant genes were closely associated with increased risk of BPD (both P < 0.001) together with significantly lower birthweight (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively), lower 5 min Apgar scores (P = 0.009 for both genes) and increased neonatal infection rate (P < 0.001 and P < 0.009, respectively). The IL1 RN 1/1 genotype was protective (odds ratio [OR], 0.075; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.019-0.76) while the IL1-RN 2/2 genotype increased the risk for BPD (OR, 11.7; 95%CI: 1.3-103.6). The MBL-AA genotype was protective against BPD (OR, 0.066; 95%CI: 0.02-0.2) whereas the MBL-BB genotype increased the susceptibility for the development of BPD (OR, 23.8; 95%CI: 2.8-200.6). CONCLUSION: MBL and IL 1 RN polymorphisms are closely related to low birthweight and increase the risk of neonatal sepsis and BPD development in preterm infants.

Diagnostic tools of metabolic and structural brain disturbances in neonatal non-ketotic hyperglycinemia.

Non-ketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of glycine metabolism. We report a newborn case of NKH and discuss the effects of this rare disease on brain metabolism and structure together with amplitude-integrated electroencephalography, cranial magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings which are very rarely reported together so far.

Evaluation of device-associated infections in a neonatal intensive care unit.

Device-associated infections are common in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) in accordance with the frequent use of invasive devices, and they must be continuously and closely monitored for infection control. Six hundred newborn infants hospitalized longer than 72 hours in Ege University Children's Hospital NICU between January 2008 and December 2010 were prospectively followed for occurrence of device-associated infections (central venous catheter- and umbilical catheter-associated blood stream infections [CVC/UC BSI] and ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]). In a total of 10,052 patient days, the VAP rate was 13.76/1000 ventilator days with a ventilator utilization ratio of 0.29, and the CVC/UC BSI rate was 3.8/1000 catheter days with a catheter utilization ratio of 0.24. The CVC/UC BSI rate was lower than national averages, being close to rates reported from developed countries. The VAP rate was higher than the national and international rates and was associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and very low birth weight. VAP also appeared to be an important risk factor for mortality. The most frequent agents were gram-negative pathogens for VAP and coagulase-negative staphylococci for CVC/UC BSIs, with resistance patterns similar to the previous years. In conclusion, with device utilization rates similar to those in developed countries, our CVC/UC BSI rate was comparable, but the VAP rate was higher than that of the developed countries. Necessary precautions are urgently needed to decrease VAP rates and VAP-related mortality.

Early Immunomodulatory Effects of Different Natural Surfactant Preparations in Preterms With Respiratory Distress.

Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is the most common respiratory disease in premature infants. Exogenous natural surfactant preparations are used in the treatment of RDS. In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that surfactant plays an immunoregulatory role. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate cytokine and chemokine response following three different regimens of natural surfactant treatment in preterm newborns with RDS. Methods: Premature newborns below 32 weeks of gestation who were intubated for RDS and given early surfactant rescue therapy were included in the study. Newborns were randomly divided into three groups and Beractant 100 mg/kg (B-100), Poractant alfa 100 mg/kg (Pα-100) and Poractant alfa 200 mg/kg (Pα-200) were administered intratracheally. Blood samples and transtracheal aspirates (TA) were collected just before and 4-6 h after the surfactant treatment. Total eosinophil count, inducible T Cell alpha chemoattractant (ITaC), macrophage inflammatory protein 3 beta (MIP3b), interleukins (IL) 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, immunoglobulin E (IgE), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), eotaxin and tumor necrosis factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1) were measured from blood and tracheal aspirate samples. Results: A total of 45 infants, 15 in each group, were included in the study. Mean gestational age, birth weight, antenatal, demographic and clinical characteristics of the study groups were similar. IFNγ concentration and eosinophil counts in TA decreased after surfactant replacement in all groups, especially in the infants treated with Pα-100 and Pα-200. Eotaxin, TGF beta and IL-8 concentrations in TA increased significantly in the infants treated with Pα-100 and Pα-200. IL-9 levels in TA decreased in the B-100 group but increased in the Pα-100 and Pα-200 groups. Blood levels of cytokines and chemokines showed significantly decreased levels of ITaC and MIP3b only in the B-100 group, but no significant change was observed in the Pα-100 and Pα-200 groups. Conclusion: In our study, the different immunomodulatory effects of natural surfactant preparations on newborn lung is proven. We found that Poractant α, one of the natural surfactant preparations, shifted the lung immune system toward TH2.

The net impact of clinical seizures on outcome characteristics in infants with neonatal encephalopathies at 12 months of age.

PURPOSE: To assess the impact of clinical neonatal seizures on outcome characteristics of preterm and term newborns with neonatal encephalopathy (NE). METHODS: We designed a prospective comparative study with 53 babies (preterm neonates: 26 and term neonates: 27) with NE: group 1 (preterm neonates with seizures, n = 13), group 2 (preterm neonates without seizures, n = 13), group 3 (term neonates with seizures, n = 13) and group 4 (term neonates without seizures, n = 14). The functional outcome characteristics of the survivors were assessed by the Ankara Developmental Screening Inventory (ADSI) and the Guide for Monitoring Child Development (GMCD) at 12 months of age. RESULTS: Clinically defined acute symptomatic seizures were diagnosed with prompt conventional EEG / amplitude-integrated EEG in preterm (92.3%) and term neonates (81.4%) with etiology-specific diagnoses of NE. There were no differences between the study groups regarding seizure semiology and EEG characteristics. A primary adverse outcome was defined in 22 (41.5%) of the cohort. However, only 15.3% of infants had an unfavorable functional outcome with ADSI at 12 months. Among the survivors, there was no significant difference between the study groups regarding ADSI scores. The GMDC test revealed normal development in 50% of survivors with seizures in the preterm group and 83% in the term group. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between the characteristics of functional outcomes at 12 months in preterm and term neonates with NE for clinical seizures.