A Global Map of Lipid-Binding Proteins and Their Ligandability in Cells.

Lipids play central roles in physiology and disease, where their structural, metabolic, and signaling functions often arise from interactions with proteins. Here, we describe a set of lipid-based chemical proteomic probes and their global interaction map in mammalian cells. These interactions involve hundreds of proteins from diverse functional classes and frequently occur at sites of drug action. We determine the target profiles for several drugs across the lipid-interaction proteome, revealing that its ligandable content extends far beyond traditionally defined categories of druggable proteins. In further support of this finding, we describe a selective ligand for the lipid-binding protein nucleobindin-1 (NUCB1) and show that this compound perturbs the hydrolytic and oxidative metabolism of endocannabinoids in cells. The described chemical proteomic platform thus provides an integrated path to both discover and pharmacologically characterize a wide range of proteins that participate in lipid pathways in cells.

MicroRNA-Mediated Therapy Modulating Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Improves Vascular Cognitive Impairment.

OBJECTIVE: There are currently no effective treatments for the prevention of dementia associated with vascular cognitive impairment. MicroRNAs regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play key roles in vascular disorders. TNFα (tumor necrosis factor-α) regulates blood-brain barrier breakdown through modification of cerebral tight junctions. Here, we sought key TNFα-responsive microRNAs that might influence blood-brain barrier breakdown via cerebral tight junction disruption in vascular cognitive impairment. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Using a mouse model of vascular cognitive impairment, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion within the white matter was induced with bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) surgery. TNFα gene expression was increased in white matter post-BCAS surgery, and TNFα stimulation decreased claudin-5, ZO-1 (tight-junction protein 1), and occludin gene expression in murine brain endothelial cells. In silico analysis predicted 8 candidate microRNAs as regulators of claudin-5, ZO-1, and occludin gene expression. Of these, only miR-501-3p was upregulated by TNFα in vitro and was upregulated in the white matter after BCAS surgery. Further, miR-501-3p directly bound to the 3'-untranslated region of human ZO-1 and downregulated transendothelial electric resistance. In vivo administration of a locked nucleic acid -modified antisense oligonucleotide versus miR-501-3p suppressed BCAS-induced reduction of ZO-1 gene expression and blood-brain barrier disruption within the white matter and significantly ameliorated working memory deficits after BCAS surgery. CONCLUSIONS: We here provide the first evidence that the TNFα-miR-501-3p-ZO-1 axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral hypoperfusion-induced working memory deficits and white matter lesions, as a result of blood-brain barrier breakdown via tight junction disruption. Therapeutic manipulation of miR-501-3p holds promise for limiting vascular cognitive impairment progression.

Loss of CDKN2B promotes p53-dependent smooth muscle cell apoptosis and aneurysm formation.

OBJECTIVE: Genomewide association studies have implicated allelic variation at 9p21.3 in multiple forms of vascular disease, including atherosclerotic coronary heart disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm. As for other genes at 9p21.3, human expression quantitative trait locus studies have associated expression of the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2B with the risk haplotype, but its potential role in vascular pathobiology remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here we used vascular injury models and found that Cdkn2b knockout mice displayed the expected increase in proliferation after injury, but developed reduced neointimal lesions and larger aortic aneurysms. In situ and in vitro studies suggested that these effects were attributable to increased smooth muscle cell apoptosis. Adoptive bone marrow transplant studies confirmed that the observed effects of Cdkn2b were mediated through intrinsic vascular cells and were not dependent on bone marrow-derived inflammatory cells. Mechanistic studies suggested that the observed increase in apoptosis was attributable to a reduction in MDM2 and an increase in p53 signaling, possibly due in part to compensation by other genes at the 9p21.3 locus. Dual inhibition of both Cdkn2b and p53 led to a reversal of the vascular phenotype in each model. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that reduced CDKN2B expression and increased smooth muscle cell apoptosis may be one mechanism underlying the 9p21.3 association with aneurysmal disease.

Glomus Tumor of the Chest Wall With Metastases to Lung.

Glomus tumors are typically benign, soft tissue neoplasms composed of thermoregulatory glomus bodies. The more common varieties, such as subungual, are treated surgically and typically have a very low mortality rate. Malignant glomus tumors are very rare, and their pathogenesis is poorly understood. As such, treatment options and prognosis are unclear. We present a 67-year-old female diagnosed with a chest wall glomus tumor with biopsy-proven metastases to her lungs. Her treatment course included neoadjuvant radiation therapy followed by immunotherapy with pembrolizumab. After completion of the initial radiation therapy, imaging showed disease regression. Interval imaging after seven months of immunotherapy showed the resolution of all lung nodules with no reported concerns for disease recurrence. Pembrolizumab was discontinued due to concerns for dermatologic and renal adverse events, and the patient continues to be monitored off therapy. The metastatic glomus tumor described in this case had several unique qualities, including its initial presentation on the chest wall as an aggressive lesion, as well as its spread to multiple locations in the lungs. Glomus tumors are not normally as aggressive as seen in this case, but the genetic profile with high tumor mutational burden allowed for guided treatment. Radiation is often used as neoadjuvant treatment in higher risk glomus tumors, but the addition of immunotherapy such as pembrolizumab represents a potential avenue to manage these patients when surgery is not an option. Malignant glomus tumors are exceptionally rare occurrences that, by nature of their rarity, require protocols or therapies that are not specifically designed for their treatment. The clinical course of these tumors is difficult to predict as most cases of metastatic spread have few examples from which to draw conclusions. This case provided encouraging results for treatment with radiation and, potentially, immunotherapy. Each instance of a malignant glomus tumor and its genetic profile should be closely examined and documented so that sufficient data can be accumulated to guide treatment for this rare cancer.

Multicomponent mapping of boron chemotypes furnishes selective enzyme inhibitors.

Heteroatom-rich organoboron compounds have attracted attention as modulators of enzyme function. Driven by the unmet need to develop chemoselective access to boron chemotypes, we report herein the synthesis of α- and ß-aminocyano(MIDA)boronates from borylated carbonyl compounds. Activity-based protein profiling of the resulting ß-aminoboronic acids furnishes selective and cell-active inhibitors of the (ox)lipid-metabolizing enzyme α/ß-hydrolase domain 3 (ABHD3). The most potent compound displays nanomolar in vitro and in situ IC50 values and fully inhibits ABHD3 activity in human cells with no detectable cross-reactivity against other serine hydrolases. These findings demonstrate that synthetic methods that enhance the heteroatom diversity of boron-containing molecules within a limited set of scaffolds accelerate the discovery of chemical probes of human enzymes.