One-pot synthesis of 1,3-enynes with a CF3 group on the terminal sp(2) carbon by an oxidative Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction.

Oxidative Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions of (E)-trimethyl(3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)silane with arylacetylene were achieved using silver fluoride and a palladium catalyst, to afford high yields of various 1,3-enynes with a CF3 group on the terminal sp(2) carbon. Silver fluoride promoted C-Si bond dissociation and oxidation of palladium, enabling catalytic use of palladium.

Sex-specific regulation of collagen I and III expression by 17ß-Estradiol in cardiac fibroblasts: role of estrogen receptors.

Aims: Sex differences in cardiac fibrosis point to the regulatory role of 17ß-Estradiol (E2) in cardiac fibroblasts (CF). We, therefore, asked whether male and female CF in rodent and human models are differentially susceptible to E2, and whether this is related to sex-specific activation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and beta (ERß). Methods and results: In female rat CF (rCF), 24 h E2-treatment (10-8 M) led to a significant down-regulation of collagen I and III expression, whereas both collagens were up-regulated in male rCF. E2-induced sex-specific collagen regulation was also detected in human CF, indicating that this regulation is conserved across species. Using specific ERα- and ERß-agonists (10-7 M) for 24 h, we identified ERα as repressive and ERß as inducing factor in female and male rCF, respectively. In addition, E2-induced ERα phosphorylation at Ser118 only in female rCF, whereas Ser105 phosphorylation of ERß was exclusively found in male rCF. Further, in female rCF we found both ER bound to the collagen I and III promoters using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In contrast, in male rCF only ERß bound to both promoters. In engineered connective tissues (ECT) from rCF, collagen I and III mRNA were down-regulated in female ECT and up-regulated in male ECT by E2. This was accompanied by an impaired condensation of female ECT, whereas male ECT showed an increased condensation and stiffness upon E2-treatment, analysed by rheological measurements. Finally, we confirmed the E2-effect on both collagens in an in vivo mouse model with ovariectomy for E2 depletion, E2 substitution, and pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction. Conclusion: The mechanism underlying the sex-specific regulation of collagen I and III in the heart appears to involve E2-mediated differential ERα and ERß signaling in CFs.