Screen use during food consumption: Does it cause increased food intake? A systematic review.

Nowadays people use screens, such as mobile phones, television, or tablets, more often during mealtimes, which may have an effect on intake. This review aims to analyze the effect of screen use, during food consumption, on intake. A systematic review was carried out, based on those protocols established by PRISMA. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were consulted. Experimental studies, published between 2010 and 2021, that recorded individual intake while using screens such as television, cell phones, or tablets, were selected. A total of 7181 relevant articles were obtained, which were then assessed in accordance with predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 35 studies were included in the complete review: 22 compared different kinds of television content (e.g., adverts), five which compared television versus the absence of screens, four which compared television versus video games, two which compared the use of simultaneous screens, and two studies which included cell phones. A total of 27 studies reported consumption increases related to the presence of advertisements and food signals on screens. No significant differences in intake were reported in the eight studies that reported design or sample size limitations, or lack of control of certain variables. It is thus concluded that screen use during food consumption may increase intake. Education is necessary to regulate the habit of consuming food in the presence of screens. Also, the creation of policies that regulate advertising and food cues on screens are justified and must be accompanied by strategies to monitor compliance. As a limitation, further evidence is necessary in order to determine the effect of mobile phone and tablet use while eating. This protocol was registered via PROSPERO, ID: CRD42020211797.

Anxiety and eating behaviors: Mediating effect of ethnic identity and acculturation stress.

Immigration changes the daily dynamics of migrant individuals and communities, as individuals confront new cultures and environments, including new foods and eating styles. Consequent influences on eating behaviors comprise an individual's actions in feeding themself that are conditioned by biological, social, cultural, and psychological factors. Mental health indicators such as anxiety and stress reflect negative impacts of acculturation on migrants' health, but ethnic identity is potentially protective. However, the relationship between these mental health indicators and immigrant populations' eating behaviors have not been addressed. Our objective was to analyze the mediating effects of acculturation stress and ethnic identity on the relationship between anxiety and three dimensions of eating behaviors in Colombian migrants living in Chile. A total of 959 Colombian immigrants participated. Ethnic identity only partially mediated the effect of emotional eating. The other two dimensions had direct effects but no mediating effects. Conversely, acculturation stress and emotional eating partially mediated restrained eating while external intake had a direct effect but no mediation. Anxiety had significant direct effects with all the dimensions analyzed. Ethnic identity score related to a protective effect between anxiety and emotional eating. Stress of acculturation, conversely, was a risk factor in the relationship between anxiety, emotional eating, and restrained eating.

CD36 gene polymorphism -31118 G > A (rs1761667) is associated with overweight and obesity but not with fat preferences in Mexican children.

CD36 glycoprotein is a candidate receptor involved in the gustatory detection of lipids and emerging evidence has suggested that genetic variations in CD36 may modulate the oral perception threshold to fatty acids. Here, we analyzed the association of -31118 G > A polymorphism in CD36 gene with nutritional status and preferences for fatty foods in Mexican children. Genotyping of SNP rs1761667 was performed in school-age children (n = 63) in addition to sensory tests evaluating the preference and satisfaction score assigned to oil-based sauces of different fatty acid composition. The G allele was associated with high BMI z-score in children (OR = 2.43, 95% (CI 1.02-5.99); p = 0.02) but CD36 genotypes (AA, GA, and GG) did not show significant association with the preference and satisfaction scores assigned to oil-based sauces. The BMI z-score showed no association with the preference to oil-based sauces; however, children with normal weight gave higher satisfaction scores to sauces with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids than to sauces rich in saturated fatty acids (0.56 ± 1.26 vs. 0.06 ± 1.22; p = 0.02). Therefore, the G allele of -31118 G > A SNP in CD36 gene is associated with overweight and obesity in Mexican children but do not appear to modulate the preferences and satisfaction scores to fat.

Dietary fat and antioxidant vitamin intake in patients of neurodegenerative disease in a rural region of Jalisco, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the intake of lipids and (A, E, and C) vitamins in patients with and without possible neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS: Twenty adults with possible Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease and 41 control subjects (50-89 years old) from a rural region were studied. Dietary intake was evaluated with the analysis of macronutrients and micronutrients conducted by a food frequency questionnaire and 24 hours dietary record. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and energy intake. Through interrogation and use of medical record form of health secretary we obtained information about the sociodemographic characteristics. Multivariate analysis of variance to allow for covariated adjustment was used. RESULTS: Patients had a lower energy intake, vitamin C (P = 0.016), fruits (P < 0.001), vegetables (P = 0.037), and oils and fat (P = 0.002), than the controls. Interestingly, the C vitamin intake in patients was still higher than the recommended. Patients had a higher consumption of cereals (P = 0.017), high-animal fat diet (P = 0.024), and whole milk (P < 0.001); 2.4% of the controls smoke and 5% are alcohol consumers. Eighty-five percent of patients and 78% of the controls do not have physical activity. Family history of subjects in this study indicated chronic diseases. CONCLUSION: The subjects included in this study had a high intake of C vitamin, this is due to the consumption of fruits and vegetables. However, patients with possible Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease had a lower intake of fruits and vegetables, which could be due to type of food to which they have access.

Effect of Ethnic Identity on the Relationship Between Acculturation Stress and Abnormal Food Behaviors in Colombian Migrants in Chile.

BACKGROUND: Acculturation stress may influence the development of abnormal eating behaviors. However, some mental health indicators, such as ethnic identity, may have a protective effect on this relationship. This study's main objective is to analyze the mediating effect of ethnic identity on the relationship between acculturation stress and abnormal eating behaviors in Colombian migrants living in Chile. METHODS: We obtained data on 976 Colombian migrants who were recruited with the help of the Department of Foreign Affairs, the Colombian Consulate in Chile, and self-managed groups of migrants residing in Chile. The mediation model was analyzed using Mplus 8.2 software, using the robust weighted least squares (WLSMV) estimation method. RESULTS: The most common abnormal eating behaviors were eating until you feel full and eating large amounts of food. The mediation model was adapted to the data. The effects indicate that ethnic identity only had an indirect effect on the problems of social relations with other migrants (indirect effect = .17, p = .01) and on the distance from the origin (indirect effect = -. 06, p = .01) on the abnormal eating behaviors. On the other hand, the ethnic identity presented a direct and indirect effect on the relationship between citizenship and legality problems, and abnormal behaviors (indirect effect = -.06, p = .04; direct effect = -.35, p = .01). DISCUSSION: Ethnic identity could be fundamental in the relationship between acculturation stress and abnormal eating behaviors, considering that post-migration eating practices are associated with unhealthy eating habits.

[Socioeconomic and sociodemographic determinants associated with fruit and vegetable consumption among mothers and homes of schoolchildren in Jalisco]. / Determinantes socioeconómicos y sociodemográficos asociados al consumo de frutas y verduras de las madres de familia y los hogares de escolares de Jalisco.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is a priority. It has been prioritized as a fundamental objective of public policies worldwide. Given that such consumption in schoolchildren in Jalisco (Mexico) is below the dietary recommendations it is crucial to identify the determinants that influence this consumption to promote the development of contextualized actions that improve it. Objective: to identify the socioeconomic and sociodemographic determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among mothers and households of schoolchildren in Jalisco, Mexico. Method: an analytical, cross-sectional study carried out during the first quarter of 2020. A validated food consumption frequency and a questionnaire on sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors were used for its development. Results: a lower educational level of the mothers of schoolchildren was associated with a lower consumption of vegetables by schoolchildren. In turn, a lower household income level was associated with a lower consumption of fruits in schoolchildren. Conclusions: a low educational level of mothers and a low household income were determinants associated with fruit and vegetable consumption in schoolchildren. However, there were differences in the determinants for fruits and vegetables. It is essential to consider these factors and their differences in order to plan actions that contribute to improving fruit and vegetable intake in the school population.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: incrementar el consumo de frutas y verduras es una prioridad, objetivo fundamental en las políticas públicas a nivel mundial. Dado que dicho consumo en los escolares de Jalisco (México) se encuentra por debajo de las recomendaciones alimentarias, es esencial identificar los determinantes que influyen en su consumo de frutas y verduras, para promover el desarrollo de acciones que contribuyan a mejorarlo. Objetivo: identificar los determinantes socioeconómicos y sociodemográficos del consumo de frutas y verduras en las madres de familia y los hogares de escolares de Jalisco, México. Método: estudio transversal analítico, realizado durante el primer trimestre del año 2020 utilizando una frecuencia de consumo de alimentos validada y un cuestionario sobre factores sociodemográficos y socioeconómicos. Resultados: el bajo nivel educativo de las madres de los escolares se asoció con un menor consumo de verduras y el bajo nivel de ingresos en el hogar se asoció con un menor consumo de frutas por los escolares. Conclusiones: el bajo nivel educativo de las madres y el bajo nivel de ingresos de los hogares fueron determinantes asociados al consumo de frutas y verduras de los escolares. Sin embargo, se presentaron diferencias en cuanto a los determinantes para las frutas y para las verduras. Estos factores y sus diferencias deben de tenerse en cuenta para la planificación de acciones que contribuyan a mejorar la ingesta de frutas y verduras en la población escolar.

Cigarette and alcohol consumption among Colombian migrants and Chileans living in Northern and Central Chile.

INTRODUCTION: In Chile, the migrant population generally reports lower rates of cigarette and alcohol consumption. However, the migratory process and assimilation of behaviors after extended exposure to the host country could increase the consumption of these substances. The aim of this study was to compare cigarette and alcohol consumption among Colombian migrants and Chileans residing in Chile. METHODS: In 2019, data were collected from 963 Colombian migrants and 909 Chileans in three cities in Chile. The chi-squared test was used to analyze significant differences in cigarette and alcohol consumption between the groups. Subsequently, the relative risk (RR) and corresponding p-values were obtained. RESULTS: Colombian migrants had a significantly lower consumption of cigarettes than Chileans (16.6% and 25.1%, respectively). Regarding alcohol consumption, Colombian migrants reported lower consumption than Chileans (43.3% and 48.4 %, respectively ). CONCLUSIONS: The lower consumption of cigarettes and alcohol by Colombian migrants compared to Chileans is positive for the health of migrants. However, it is advisable to promote health interventions to avoid an increase in the consumption of these substances, especially considering that migrants could assimilate the consumption habits of Chileans.

Light-dark cycle inversion effect on food intake and body weight in rats.

INTRODUCTION: Background: most organisms inhabiting this planet have rhythmic functions in cycles that approximate 24 hours as a result of evolutionary adaptation. Disruption of these rhythms causes disruption in many bodily functions, including energy expenditure and consumption, and lipid and glucose metabolism, in addition to altering several biochemical parameters. Objective: the aim of this study was to determine the effect of altering the light-dark cycle on diurnal and nocturnal food consumption and body weight in rats. Material and methods: three experiments were carried out with an experimental group and a control group in each one. The groups included six males with an age of four months at the beginning of the experiment. Each experiment was 30 days long, starting with a baseline of 10 days and then inverting the light-dark cycle for another 20 days. In the first experiment the inversion took place at the end of the baseline period; in the second, the inversion was performed on days 10 and 20; in the third experiment inversions occurred every five days following the initial 10 days of baseline. Results: our results show a lower body weight gain in the experimental groups when compared to the control groups. Conclusions: significant differences in total consumption of food were not found, but were seen in the patterns of day and night consumption, along with a tendency to develop alterations characteristic of metabolic syndrome, which increased with the frequency of light-dark cycle inversion.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la mayoría de los organismos que habitan este planeta tienen funciones rítmicas que siguen ciclos cercanos a las 24 horas, resultado de la adaptación evolutiva. La alteración de estos ritmos provoca disrupción en funciones como el gasto y el consumo de energía, y el metabolismo de los lípidos y la glucosa, además de alterar varios parámetros bioquímicos. Objetivo: el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la alteración del ciclo luz-oscuridad sobre el consumo diurno y nocturno de alimento y el peso corporal en ratas. Material y métodos: se llevaron a cabo tres experimentos con un grupo experimental y uno de control en cada uno de ellos. Los grupos estuvieron compuestos de seis machos de cuatro meses de edad cada uno. Cada experimento tuvo una duración de 30 días, comenzando con una línea base de 10 días y realizando inversiones del ciclo luz-oscuridad durante los otros 20 días. En el primer experimento se realizó una inversión al término de la línea base; en el experimento dos se realizó en los días 10 y 20; en el tercero, las inversiones se realizaron cada cinco días, tras los 10 días de la línea base. Resultados: los resultados muestran una ganancia de peso corporal menor en los grupos experimentales en relación con los grupos de control. Conclusión: no se encontró ninguna diferencia significativa en el consumo de alimento total pero sí en los patrones de consumo diurno y nocturno, que se intensificaron con el aumento de la frecuencia de la inversión del ciclo luz-oscuridad.

[Effect of eating speed modification techniques and strategies on food or energy intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis]. / Efecto de las técnicas y estrategias de modificación de la velocidad al comer sobre la ingesta de alimentos o energía: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis.

INTRODUCTION: Scientific evidence indicates that eating slowly reduces food and energy intake. However, few investigations have studied the effect of techniques and strategies that modify eating speed on intake. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between these techniques and food and/or energy intake. Therefore, a systematic review of 15 human studies and a meta-analysis of 7 studies with 11 experimental and 1 observational manipulations were carried out. Only the results of two conditions were included, "slow" vs. "fast" of eating speed and ingestion. The estimation of the effect was expressed in OR with a 95 % CI under a random effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed with I2. Publication bias was also assessed with a funnel plot and Egger's linear regression test. The results indicate that eating slowly is a protective factor (OR = 0.73) from excessive intake. Additionally, eating small bites with a small spoon (OR = 0.315), serving food preparations on separate plates (OR = 0.860 and OR = 0.831), using a vibrotactile feedback fork (OR = 0.847), and eating hard-textured foods (OR = 0.831) are the techniques and strategies that modify eating speed and decrease food or energy intake. The present study confirms the premise that eating slowly can reduce excessive food and energy intake.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La evidencia científica indica que comer de modo lento reduce la ingesta de alimentos y de energía. Sin embargo, son pocas las investigaciones que han estudiado el efecto de las técnicas y estrategias que modifican la velocidad al comer sobre la ingesta. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre estas técnicas y la ingesta de alimentos y/o energía. Para ello se realizó una revisión sistemática de 15 estudios de seres humanos y un metaanálisis de 7 estudios con 11 manipulaciones experimentales y 1 observacional. Se incluyeron únicamente los resultados de dos condiciones, "lenta" vs. "rápida", de la velocidad al comer y la ingesta. La estimación del efecto se expresó en OR con un IC del 95 % bajo el modelo de efectos aleatorios, y se evaluó la heterogeneidad con I2. También se evaluó el sesgo de publicación con un gráfico de embudo y la prueba de la regresión lineal de Egger. Los resultados indican que comer de modo lento es un factor de protección (OR = 0,73) frente a la ingesta excesiva. Además, comer bocados pequeños con una cuchara chica (OR = 0,315), servir los guisados en platos separados (OR = 0,860 y OR = 0,831), usar un tenedor con retroalimentación vibrotáctil (OR = 0,847) y comer alimentos de textura dura (OR = 0,891) son las técnicas y estrategias que modifican la velocidad al comer y disminuyen la ingesta de alimentos o energía. El presente estudio confirma la premisa de que el comer de modo lento podrá reducir la ingesta excesiva de alimentos y de energía.

[Global food quality in the migrant population residing in Chile]. / Calidad global de la alimentación en la poblacion migrante residente en Chile.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the migration process involves change, modification, or acquisition of new eating patterns and ways of eating, which do not always positively impact the health of migrants, being frequently associated with a higher risk of metabolic diseases and excess malnutrition when the quality of food is not adequate. Objective: to analyze the global food quality index (GQI) in the Colombian migrant population in Chile, comparing it with the Chilean population and non-migrant Colombians. Methods: the total sample consisted of 834 individuals over 18 years of age - 206 Colombian migrants residing in Chile, 266 Colombians residing in Colombia, and 362 Chileans. A global food quality index survey was applied to categorize the healthiness of the participants' dietary patterns. Results: there were significant differences in all the ICGA scores analyzed regarding healthy foods, unhealthy foods, and mealtimes. It was observed that Colombians residing in Colombia have the highest score in the healthy classification, while Colombian migrants have the highest figures in the unhealthy condition. Regarding meal times, Chileans are the least compliant with meal times. However, other influences related to food groups stand out. Conclusion: it is necessary to delve deeper into variables linked to the sociodemographic context, analyze potential changes over time, and replicate in migrants of other nationalities to have more information on the relationship between food quality and the migration process.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el proceso de migración involucra cambio, modificación o adquisición de nuevos patrones y formas de alimentación, los cuales no siempre impactan de manera positiva en la salud de los migrantes, siendo frecuentemente asociadas a un mayor riesgo de enfermedades metabólicas y malnutrición por exceso cuando la calidad de la alimentación no es la adecuada. Objetivo: analizar el índice de calidad global de la alimentación (ICGA) en la población migrante colombiana en Chile, comparándola con la población chilena y la colombiana no migrante. Material y método: el total de la muestra fue de 834 individuos mayores de 18 años: 206 migrantes colombianos residiendo en Chile, 266 colombianos residentes en Colombia y 362 chilenos. Se les aplicó una encuesta de índice de calidad global de la alimentación para categorizar cuán saludable es el patrón alimentario de los participantes. Resultados: existen diferencias significativas en todos los puntajes analizados del ICGA en cuanto a alimentos saludables, no saludables y por tiempos de comidas. Se observó que los colombianos residentes en Colombia cuentan con el mayor puntaje de clasificación saludable mientras que los colombianos migrantes presentan las más altas cifras dentro de la condición poco saludable. En cuanto a los tiempos de comida, los chilenos son los que menos cumplen con los horarios. No obstante, destacan otras influencias relacionadas con los grupos de alimentos. Conclusión: es necesario ahondar en las variables vinculadas al contexto sociodemográfico, analizar los potenciales cambios en el tiempo y replicar la investigación en migrantes de otras nacionalidades para contar con mayores antecedentes sobre la relación entre la calidad de la alimentación y el proceso migratorio.

[Food and migration: a descriptive-comparative analysis of food behavior between Chileans and Colombians residing in the north and center of Chile]. / Alimentación y migración: análisis descriptivo-comparativo del comportamiento alimentario entre chilenos y colombianos residentes en el norte y centro de Chile.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: migration has been associated with the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disorders. Similarly, the food transition during migration has been related to a high consumption of foods high in refined sugars and saturated fats. There are specific characteristics of the eating behavior that may influence quality in the migrant population's diet. Objective: to compare feeding behavior between the Colombian and Chilean populations residing in the north and center of Chile. Method: the structured interview E-TONA, focused on assessing the behavioral components of daily and anomalous eating habits, was administered to 1,872 individuals, both Chileans and Colombians. Descriptive analyses of frequency distribution and logistic regressions were performed, and odds ratios were calculated. Results: there are significant differences in the majority of eating behaviors, both daily and anomalous, between Chileans and Colombian migrants. Chileans tend to follow more regular schedules and "snack" more between meals than migrants. Migrants have twice the risk of eating alone because they feel ashamed of their eating amount and speed, tend to show fewer behaviors related to better quality in their diet, and tend to be less worried about their diet than Chileans; however, Chileans are almost twice as likely to binge on food and use food as a method to calm anxiety. Conclusion: there are significant differences in most of the evaluated eating behaviors that must be addressed in depth considering cultural differences.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la migración se ha asociado al desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como obesidad, diabetes, hipertensión y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Del mismo modo, la transición de la alimentación durante la migración se ha relacionado con un consumo elevado de alimentos altos en azúcares refinados y grasas saturadas. Existen características específicas del comportamiento alimentario que pueden influir en la calidad de la alimentación de la población migrante. Objetivo: comparar el comportamiento alimentario de la población colombiana y la chilena residentes en el norte y centro de Chile. Método: se aplicó a 1872 individuos, chilenos y colombianos, la entrevista estructurada E-TONA, enfocada en evaluar los componentes conductuales de los hábitos alimentarios cotidianos y anómalos. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos de distribución de frecuencias y regresiones logísticas, y se calcularon los odds ratios. Resultados: existen diferencias significativas en la mayoría de las conductas alimentarias, tanto cotidianas como anómalas, entre los chilenos y los colombianos migrantes. Los chilenos tienden a seguir horarios más regulares y a "picar" más entre comidas que los migrantes. Los migrantes tienen el doble de riesgo de comer solos por sentir vergüenza de la cantidad y velocidad con la que comen, tienden a ejecutar menos conductas relacionadas con una mejor calidad de la dieta y suelen estar menos preocupados por su alimentación que los chilenos; sin embargo, los chilenos tienen casi el doble de probabilidades de darse atracones de comida y utilizar los alimentos como método para calmar la ansiedad. Conclusión: existen diferencias significativas en la mayoría de los comportamientos alimentarios evaluados que deben ser abordadas en profundidad considerando las diferencias culturales.

[Sweetened solution intake in albino rats: taste versus calories]. / Consumo de soluciones endulzadas en ratas albinas: sabor vs calorías.

Animals display preferences for sweetened over unsweetened foods under diverse experimental procedures. No evidence has been provided of whether flavor or energetic content of sweeteners determine this preference. In this experiment, female and male rats were exposed to water and a solution sweetened with glucose (sweet taste and calories) and water and a solution sweetened with sucralose (sweet taste without calories). We observed that animals exposed to glucose solution increased the sweetened water intake gradually compared to water intake and animals exposed to sucralose solution maintained equal sweetened water and water intake. This suggests that caloric content affects the increase of intake of sweetened liquids. However, it is important to continue to investigate whether history of taste exposure modifies water-intake response.

Effect of the fatty acid composition of meals on postprandial energy expenditure: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The energy imbalance produced by an increase in caloric intake and/or decrease in energy expenditure induces obesity. However, the fatty acid composition of a diet can affect the metabolism in different ways, having a role in the development of obesity. AIM: To determine the effect of different fatty acids types and composition on Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) and postprandial energy expenditure in humans. METHODS: A search in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, yielded a total of 269 potential articles as a first result; 254 were excluded according to the criteria. RESULTS: Fifteen articles were used for this systematic review. The studies analyzed report different effects of the fatty acids of the treatment on the diet-induced thermogenesis. Evidence indicates that the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids causes a greater DIT than saturated fatty acids. Also, the consumption of medium-chain fatty acids compared to long-chain fatty acids has been shown to increase DIT. Likewise, the use of certain oils has shown positive effects on postprandial energy expenditure, as is the case of olive oil, compared to rapeseed oil. CONCLUSIONS: The use of specific types of fatty acids in the everyday diet can increase postprandial energy expenditure in humans. Nevertheless, longer-term studies are required.

IgG Anti-ghrelin Immune Complexes Are Increased in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Under Biologic Therapy and Are Related to Clinical and Metabolic Markers.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic alterations. The mechanisms underlying these alterations remain unclear. Ghrelin is a gastrointestinal hormone with potent effects on food intake, body weight, metabolism, and immune response. Recent studies reported the presence of anti-ghrelin autoantibodies in healthy subjects and the levels and affinity of these autoantibodies were altered in anorectic and obese individuals. In this cross-sectional study we analyzed anti-ghrelin autoantibodies in RA patients and evaluated its relationship with clinical, body-composition and metabolic parameters. Clinical measurements of RA patients included the disease activity score-28 (DAS-28), inflammatory biomarkers, autoantibodies (RF and anti-CCP), body composition, glucose and lipid profile. Serum ghrelin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Free and total anti-ghrelin autoantibodies quantification (IgG and IgA isotypes) was performed by in-house ELISA. RA patients had lower IgG anti-ghrelin autoantibodies levels and higher immune complexes percentage (IgG+ghrelin) compared to the control group, while the IgA anti-ghrelin autoantibodies showed no significant differences. In the bivariate analysis, the percentage of IgG anti-ghrelin immune complexes positively correlated with BMI and ghrelin whereas in the multivariate regression model, the variables associated were DAS-28, body weight, visceral fat, LDL-C and TG (R 2 = 0.72). The percentage of IgA anti-ghrelin immune complexes positively correlated with RF and anti-CCP and the multivariate regression model showed an association with RF and body fat percentage (R 2 = 0.22). Our study shows an increased percentage of IgG anti-ghrelin immune complexes in RA patients despite ghrelin levels were similar in both groups, suggesting an increase in the affinity of these autoantibodies toward ghrelin. The associations found in the multiple regression analysis for anti-ghrelin immune complexes support the previously reported functions of these natural autoantibodies as carriers and modulators of the stability and physiological effect of the hormone. However, in RA both the disease activity and the RF appear to influence the formation of these anti-ghrelin immune complexes.

[Effect of feeding frequency and schedules on diet induced thermogenesis in humans, a systematic review]. / Efecto de la frecuencia y horario de alimentación sobre la termogénesis inducida por la dieta en humanos, una revisión sistemática.

Total energy expenditure (TEE) has three components: basal expenditure, physical activity expenditure, and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). This last component, although represents 10% of TEE, if is altered, could have a long-term effect on body weight. Different factors have been shown to influence DIT, including diet composition. However, other factors such as feeding frequency and schedules have been studied for their role in altering DIT. This systematic review explores the research regarding the frequency and timing of feeding and its effect on DIT in humans. A search was made in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, which gave a total of 542 potential articles; 528 were excluded and 14 articles were used for this systematic review in accordance with the inclusion criteria. Although the results are still incipient, the effect of the circadian rhythms that influence the increase of the DIT in response to the morning meal when comparing it with night, as well as the increase in the DIT after the implementation of regular feeding frequencies and decreased DIT after the variable feeding frequencies, stand out. Finally, a tendency to increase in the DIT when the interprandial periods are equal to or greater than two hours and a decrease when these periods are less than two hours were also observed. These results point to a research field with therapeutic potential in the prevention and control of overweight and obesity.

El gasto energético total (GET) tiene tres componentes: el gasto basal, el gasto por actividad física (GAF) y la termogénesis inducida por la dieta (TID). Este último, aunque representa alrededor del 10% del GET, al ser alterado, podría tener efectos a largo plazo sobre el peso corporal. Diferentes factores han mostrado influir sobre la TID, entre ellos la composición de la dieta. Sin embargo, otros factores como la frecuencia y los horarios de alimentación han sido investigados por su papel en la alteración de la TID. Esta revisión sistemática analiza las investigaciones respecto a la frecuencia y los horarios de alimentación y su efecto sobre la TID en humanos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science, que dio como resultado un total de 542 artículos potenciales. De ellos, se excluyeron 528 en concordancia con los criterios de inclusión, utilizando 14 artículos para esta revisión sistemática. Aunque los resultados son aún incipientes, destacan el efecto de los ritmos circadianos con un incremento de la TID en respuesta a las ingestas matutinas en comparación con las nocturnas, un incremento en la TID posterior a la implementación de frecuencias regulares de alimentación y disminución de la TID posterior a las frecuencias variables. Por último, se observó una tendencia a incremento en la TID cuando los periodos interprandiales son iguales o mayores a dos horas y a disminución cuando son menores. Estos resultados señalan un área de investigación con potencial terapéutico en la prevención y el control del sobrepeso y la obesidad.

Calidad global de la alimentación y preferencias alimentarias en escolares chilenos y migrantes residentes en el norte de Chile

RESUMEN Durante las últimas décadas la migración aumentó considerablemente en Chile generando preocupación por la salud de los migrantes. Respecto de la alimentación en escolares, la evidencia no es concluyente, por un lado, las preferencias alimentarias orientadas al territorio de acogida han sido asociadas a una menor calidad de la alimentación sumado a indicadores de malnutrición y por otro, escolares migrantes que presentaron menor riesgo de malnutrición por exceso. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar la calidad global de la alimentación y las preferencias alimentarias de escolares chilenos y migrantes residentes en Chile. Se realizó un estudio transversal de tipo descriptivo, el cual incluyó una muestra de 534 escolares migrantes y no migrantes, de ambos sexos, los cuales fueron seleccionados por conveniencia, completando un cuestionario sobre calidad de la alimentación y preferencias alimentarias. Se analizaron distribuciones de frecuencias mediante la prueba de Chi2 por grupos. Escolares migrantes reportaron una mejor calidad global de la alimentación que escolares chilenos (p= 0,002), con mejores indicadores. Respecto a la calidad global de la alimentación por tiempo de residencia, se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p= 0,025) en favor de aquellos migrantes con más de 5 años de residencia. La calidad global de la alimentación aumentó en migrantes cuando las preferencias alimentarias estuvieron orientadas al territorio de origen. En escolares chilenos la calidad global de la alimentación aumentó, cuando prefirieron alimentos que no son tradicionales de Chile. En conclusión, escolares migrantes reportaron una mayor calidad global de la alimentación que chilenos, y esta aumenta cuando el tiempo de residencia es de 5 o más años. Es necesario seguir indagando sobre la calidad global de la alimentación y las preferencias alimentarias en escolares migrantes.

ABSTRACT During the last decades, migration increased considerably in Chile, generating concern for the health of migrants. On the one hand, food preferences oriented to the host territory have been associated with lower food quality and indicators of malnutrition; on the other hand, migrant schoolchildren present a lower risk of excess malnutrition. The objective of this research was to compare the overall food quality and food preferences of Chilean and migrant schoolchildren residing in Chile. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, which included a sample of 534 migrant and non-migrant schoolchildren, of both sexes, who were selected by convenience, completing a questionnaire on food quality and food preferences. Frequency distributions were analyzed using the chi-square test by groups. Migrant schoolchildren reported better overall food quality compared to Chilean schoolchildren (p= 0.002), with better indicators in the dimensions of healthy, unhealthy food, and meal times. We observed statistically significant differences in overall food quality by time of residence (p= 0.025) in favor of those migrants with more than 5 years of residence. It is noteworthy that the healthy category reached its highest proportion (41.4%) among those with five or more years of residence in Chile. The overall quality of food increased in migrants when food preferences were oriented to the territory of origin. In Chilean schoolchildren, overall food quality increased when they preferred foods not characteristic of Chile. In conclusion, migrant schoolchildren reported a higher overall food quality compared to Chilean schoolchildren, and this increased when the time of residence was 5 or more years. Further research is needed on the overall food quality and food preferences of migrant schoolchildren.

Effects of green tea and its epigallocatechin (EGCG) content on body weight and fat mass in humans: a systematic review / Efectos del té verde y su contenido de galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) sobre el peso corporal y la masa grasa en humanos. Una revisión sistemática.

The prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity worldwide continues to increase, as well as diseases related to these conditions. This is attributed to an increase in energy intake and a decrease in energy expenditure. Consumption of green tea has been linked to a reduction in body fat and body weight. However, research on green tea has been very diverse. This review assesses the investigations that have been made with green tea and its epigallocatechin gallato (EGCG) content, evaluating its effect on body fat and body weight in humans. A search was made in the PubMed and Web of the Science databases that gave a first total result of 424 potential articles; 409 were excluded and 15 articles were used for this systematic review. Research has been very varied, however, daily consumption of green tea with doses of EGCG between 100 and 460 mg/day has shown greater effectiveness on body fat and body weight reduction in intervention periods of 12 weeks or more. In addition, the use of caffeine doses between 80 and 300 mg/day has been shown to be an important factor for this effects, when the participants did not have a high caffeine intake (> 300 mg/day) prior to the intervention.

La prevalencia e incidencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad continúan en aumento a nivel mundial, así como las enfermedades relacionadas con estas condiciones. Ello se atribuye a un incremento en la ingesta de energía y una disminución en el gasto de la misma. El consumo de té verde se ha relacionado con una reducción en la grasa y el peso corporal. Sin embargo, las investigaciones realizadas con el té verde han sido muy diversas. Esta revisión sistemática explora las investigaciones que se han realizado con té verde y su contenido de galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) evaluando su efecto sobre la grasa y el peso corporal en humanos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science que dio como primer resultado un total de 424 artículos potenciales. Fueron excluidos 409, por lo que se utilizaron 15 artículos para esta revisión sistemática. Las investigaciones han sido muy diversas; sin embargo, el consumo diario de té verde con dosis de EGCG entre los 100 y los 460 mg/día ha mostrado mayor efectividad sobre la reducción de masa grasa y peso corporal en periodos de intervención de 12 semanas o más. Además, la utilización de dosis de cafeína entre 80 y 300 mg/día ha mostrado ser un factor de importancia para los efectos obtenidos, siempre y cuando los participantes no tuviesen previo a la intervención una ingesta habitual de cafeína alta (> 300 mg/día).

Uso de la técnica de economía de fichas para incrementar conductas de tratamiento en adultos mayores con sarcopenia / Use of a token economy to increase target behaviors in older people with sarcopenia

La sarcopenia está caracterizada por la baja masa y fuerza muscular en los adultos mayores. La implementación de técnicas de modificación de la conducta como la técnica de economía de fichas (TEF) puede fungir como estrategia para mejorar la adherencia al tratamiento. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la TEF sobre las conductas de tratamiento: realizar la rutina de ejercicio de resistencia, consumir el suplemento de proteína y consumir el suplemento de vitamina D. Se realizó un estudio de caso de múltiples sujetos en ocho adultos mayores con sarcopenia. El estudio estuvo conformado por tres fases: pre-intervención, intervención conductual y post-intervención conductual. Se evaluó la frecuencia de las conductas de tratamiento en las tres fases, además de los cambios en masa y fuerza muscular. El análisis de los datos se realizó por medio de estadística descriptiva. Los resultados mostraron que la frecuencia de las conductas de tratamiento aumentó en el 100% de los participantes en la etapa de intervención conductual al comparar con la fase pre-intervención, valores que no regresaron a cero en la fase post-intervención conductual. El 83.3 % de los participantes dejaron de tener el diagnóstico de sarcopenia con base en los cambios de masa y fuerza muscular.

Sarcopenia is characterized by low muscle mass and strength in older adults. It is caused by decreased physical activity and quality of dietary intake. Therefore, the implementation of behavior modification techniques such as the token economy technique can serve as a strategy to improve treatment. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of the token economy technique on treatment behaviors. A multiple case studies with an ABC-type design was conducted in eight older adults with sarcopenia. The intervention consisted of modification of treatment-related behaviors; in addition, changes in muscle mass and strength were assessed. The results showed that the frequency of target behaviors increased in 100% of the participants in the intervention stage compared to baseline. The frequency of the target behaviors did not return to the obtained baseline compared to the maintenance stage. 83.3% of the participants changed their sarcopenia diagnosis.

Voluntary vs forced physical activity, which is more effective in reducing body weight gain from sucrose consumption?

ABSTRACT The organoleptic characteristics of sucrose encourage its consumption in excessive amounts that result in increased body weight and possible involvement of other health indicators. In contrast, physical activity reduces body weight and promotes health and well-being, however the question remains as to what type of physical activity is the most effective to achieve those goals. The objective of the current study was to compare the effect of voluntary (VA) vs forced physical activity (FA) on body weight in organisms that consume sucrose daily. Twenty, three-month-old Wistar female rats were assigned either VA or FA; both groups were exposed to beverages with 8% sucrose concentration. The results showed that consuming sucrose daily increased body weight, despite being an active organism. However, this increase was by 11% in the VA group and 8.4% among the FA group. Therefore, although neither type of physical activity proposed in this study was effective to reduce body weight, FA influenced body weight gain less. Another interesting result was that VA registered a greater effect by reducing the consumption of sucrose. In conclusion, performing physical activity delays, but does not reverse, body weight gain from sucrose consumption.

RESUMEN Las características organolépticas de la sacarosa incentivan su consumo en cantidades excesivas que tienen como resultado el incremento del peso corporal y la posible afectación de otros indicadores de salud. En contraparte, la realización de actividad física reduce el peso corporal y favorece la salud y bienestar, pero ¿cuál es la manera más efectiva de realizar actividad física para lograr esos objetivos? Se planteó como objetivo comparar el efecto de la actividad física voluntaria (AV) contra el de la actividad física forzada (AF) sobre el peso corporal en organismos que consumen diariamente sacarosa. Se utilizaron veinte ratas hembras de la cepa Wistar de tres meses de edad, agrupadas en: (1) actividad voluntaria; (2) actividad forzada. Ambos expuestos a una bebida al 8% de concentración de sacarosa. Los resultados mostraron que consumir sacarosa diariamente incrementa el peso corporal, a pesar de ser un organismo activo. Sin embargo, este aumento fue en un 11% en AV y del 8.4% en AF. Por lo que, si bien ningún tipo de actividad física propuesto en este estudio fue efectivo para reducir el peso corporal, realizar actividad física de forma forzada influye en que la ganancia de el peso corporal sea menor. Otro resultado de interés, fue que realizar actividad física voluntaria registró un mayor efecto al reducir el consumo de sacarosa. En conclusión, realizar actividad fisica retrasa, pero no revierte la ganancia de peso corporal ante el consumo de sacarosa.

Evaluation of Taste Aversion Learning Procedure for the Generalization of Aversion Using Palatable Foods / Evaluación del procedimiento aprendizaje aversivo gustativo para la generalización de la aversión con dos alimentos palatables

Abstract An experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the taste aversion conditioning paradigm in the generalization of aversion with palatable foods was performed. Ten experimentally naive females Wistar rats and three types of foods were used: a) standard purina rodent chow, b) vanilla flavor cookies and c) chocolate-flavored cookies. Subjects were divided into two groups, five subjects per group. Using the taste aversion conditioning paradigm protocol, subjects were exposed to the types of food keeping an intake record. The experiment demonstrated that rats can acquire an aversion to palatable foods accompanied by a tendency to generalize, when using elements that share characteristics such as nutritional content and texture. In addition, the intake of a food that does not share the characteristics of texture, taste, smell and energy content with the one used for conditioning was not been affected. These findings indicate that the aversion generalization seems to depend on the properties of the food used.

Resumen Se evaluó experimentalmente la efectividad del paradigma de aprendizaje aversivo gustativo en la generalización de la aversión utilizando alimentos palatables. Se utilizaron diez ratas Wistar hembras experimentalmente ingenuas y tres tipos de alimentos: a) purina comida estándar para roedores, b) galletas con sabor a vainilla y c) galletas con sabor a chocolate. Los sujetos fueron divididos en dos grupos, cinco sujetos en cada uno. Usando el paradigma de condicionamiento de aversión al sabor, los sujetos fueron expuestos a los tipos de alimentos manteniendo un registro de ingesta. El experimento demostró que las ratas pueden adquirir una aversión a los alimentos palatables acompañados por una tendencia a generalizarse, cuando se utilizan elementos que comparten características como el contenido nutricional y la textura. Además, la ingesta de un alimento que no comparte características como la textura, sabor, olor y contenido energético como el utilizado para el condicionamiento no se vio afectada. Estos hallazgos demuestran que la generalización de la aversión parece depender de las propiedades de los alimentos utilizados.