Loss of Bone Mineral Density Associated with Age in Male Rats Fed on Sunflower Oil Is Avoided by Virgin Olive Oil Intake or Coenzyme Q Supplementation.

The role of dietary fat unsaturation and the supplementation of coenzyme Q have been evaluated in relation to bone health. Male Wistar rats were maintained for 6 or 24 months on two diets varying in the fat source, namely virgin olive oil, rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, or sunflower oil, rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Both dietary fats were supplemented or not with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated in the femur. Serum levels of osteocalcin, osteopontin, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and parathyroid hormone (PTH), as well as urinary F2-isoprostanes were measured. Aged animals fed on virgin olive oil showed higher BMD than those fed on sunflower oil. In addition, CoQ10 prevented the age-related decline in BMD in animals fed on sunflower oil. Urinary F2-isoprostanes analysis showed that sunflower oil led to the highest oxidative status in old animals, which was avoided by supplementation with CoQ10. In conclusion, lifelong feeding on virgin olive oil or the supplementation of sunflower oil on CoQ10 prevented, at least in part mediated by a low oxidative stress status, the age-related decrease in BMD found in sunflower oil fed animals.

Omega-3 LCPUFA supplement: a nutritional strategy to prevent maternal and neonatal oxidative stress.

There is controversy about fish-oil supplementation and oxidative damage. This ambiguity should be explored to elucidate its role as modulator of oxidative stress, especially during gestation and postnatal life. This is the objective of this study. One hundred ten pregnant women were divided in two groups: control group CT (400 mL/day of the control dairy drink); supplemented group FO (400 mL/day of the fish oil-enriched dairy drink (±400-mg EPA-DHA/day)). Different biomarkers of oxidative damage were determined in the mother's at enrolment, at delivery and at 2.5 and 4 months postpartum and newborns at delivery and at 2.5 months postpartum. Omega-3 LC-PUFA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation decreased plasma hydroperoxides especially in newborn at delivery (P = 0.001) and 2.5 months (P = 0.006), increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in mothers at delivery (P = 0.024 (SOD)) and after 2.5 months (P = 0.040 (CAT)) and in newborns at 2.5 months (P = 0.035 (SOD); P = 0.021 (CAT)). Also, supplementation increased α-tocoferol in mothers at 2.5 months (P = 0.030) and in umbilical cord artery (P = 0.039). Higher levels of CoQ10 were found in mothers at delivery (P = 0.039) as well as in umbilical cord vein (P = 0.024) and artery (P = 0.036). Our supplementation prevents the oxidative stress in the mother and neonate during the first months of postnatal life, being a potential preventive nutritional strategy to prevent functional alterations associated with oxidative stress that have an important repercussion for the neonate development in the early postnatal life.

A new insight to bone turnover: role of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Background. Evidence has shown that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), especially the ω -3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are beneficial for bone health and turnover. Objectives. This review summarizes findings from both in vivo and in vitro studies and the effects of LC PUFA on bone metabolism, as well as the relationship with the oxidative stress, the inflammatory process, and obesity. Results. Some studies in humans indicate that LCPUFA can increase bone formation, affect peak bone mass in adolescents, and reduce bone loss. However, the cellular mechanisms of action of the LCPUFA are complex and involve modulation of fatty acid metabolites such as prostaglandins, resolvins and protectins, several signaling pathways, cytokines, and growth factors, although in certain aspects there is still some controversy. LCPUFA affect receptor activator of nuclear factor κ ß (RANK), a receptor found on the osteoclast, causing bone resorption, which controls osteoclast formation. Conclusions. Since fatty acids are an endogenous source of reactive oxygen species, free radicals alter the process of bone turnover; however, although there are clinical evidences linking bone metabolism and dietary lipids, more clinical trials are necessary to prove whether ω -3 PUFA supplementation plays a major role in bone health.

Severe nutritional iron-deficiency anaemia has a negative effect on some bone turnover biomarkers in rats.

BACKGROUND: The role of iron (Fe) in bone formation and disease have not received much attention, a fact that is interesting given the known biochemical role that this mineral has upon collagen maturation together with the high prevalence of Fe-deficiency anaemia worldwide. AIM: To investigate the changes in bone formation, resorption and mineral content in developing rats with induced nutritional Fe-deficiency anaemia. METHODS: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups, a control group receiving AIN-93G diet with normal-Fe content and an anaemic group receiving AIN-93G diet with low-Fe content for 40 days. Both diets were prepared with an adequate calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) content. The most representative serum bone turnover biomarkers and femur and sternum calcium and phosphorus content, together with sternum Fe content were determined in both experimental groups. RESULTS: In anaemic rats, bone matrix formation diminished as revealed by the lower amount of procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide. Bone resorption process increased in Fe deficiency as shown by the increase of serum parathyroid hormone, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and levels of degradation products from C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen released to the serum. In addition, mineralization process was affected by Fe deficiency, because Ca and P content in femur decreased markedly. CONCLUSIONS: Fe-deficiency anaemia had a significant impact upon bone, affecting bone mineralization, decreasing the matrix formation and increasing bone resorption, therefore it is of great interest to assess bone status in situation of Fe-deficiency anaemia.

[Benefits of telematic monitoring for weight loss in overweight and obese patients in times of confinement]. / Beneficios del seguimiento telemático en la pérdida de peso de pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad en tiempos de confinamiento.

Introduction: Introduction: the pandemic originated by SARS-Cov-2 in 2019 led to eating habits and physical exercise changes due to home confinement measures. The follow-up of patients in treatment for weight loss through telematic consultation could be a useful tool to prevent treatment failure. Objective: to describe the evolution of anthropometric parameters of patients under follow-up for weight loss through telematic consultation. Methods: a two-stage prospective study (before and after confinement) with a telematic intervention in adult patients under regular follow-up for overweight and obesity. Demographic variables and body composition parameters were analyzed by bioimpendance. In addition, the differences in the presence of drug treatment with GLP-1 hormone (liraglutide or semaglutide) adjuvants were also analyzed. The variables were studied using Wilcoxon's test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Spearman's correlation. Significance was considered for p ≤ 0.05. Results: a total of 97 patients were included, before confinement 42.3 % were overweight (BMI < 30 kg/m2), 36.1 % were obese grade I (BMI = 30-34.9 kg/m2), 16.4 % were obese grade II (BMI = 35-39.9 kg/m2), and 5.2 % had BMI > 40 kg/m2. In all, 30.9 % had prediabetes and 9.3 % had type-2 diabetes. Between both consultations, 81.4 % of patients lost 4.2 ± 3.4 % of their weight, with a significant mean decrease in fat mass of 3.16 ± 4.4 kg. The group on pharmacological treatment with GLP-1 hormone analogs presented a significantly higher average fat loss without significant loss of skeletal muscle mass. Conclusions: telematic monitoring seems to be a useful tool to prevent weight gain in patients with restricted mobility. A telematic intervention that contains dietary advice and exercise, as a reinforcement to hypocaloric diet, helps to achieve weight loss with a predominant fat component. The presence of drug treatment with GLP-1 hormone analogues appears to significantly help maintain skeletal muscle mass during weight loss.

Introducción: Introducción: la pandemia originada en 2019 por el SARS-CoV-2 supuso un cambio en los hábitos de alimentación y ejercicio físico por causa de las medidas de confinamiento domiciliario. El seguimiento de pacientes en tratamiento de pérdida de peso mediante una consulta telemática podría ser una herramienta útil para prevenir el fracaso terapéutico. Objetivo: describir la evolución de los parámetros antropométricos de pacientes en seguimiento para pérdida de peso mediante una consulta telemática. Métodos: estudio prospectivo en 2 tiempos (antes y después del confinamiento) de una intervención telemática sobre pacientes adultos en seguimiento habitual por sobrepeso y obesidad. Se analizaron las variables demográficas y los parámetros de composición corporal mediante bioimpendancia. Además se analizaron las diferencias en cuanto a presencia de tratamiento farmacológico adyuvante del tipo de los análogos de la hormona GLP1 (liraglutida o semaglutida). Las variables se estudiaron mediante la prueba de Wilcoxon, la U de Mann-Whitney y la correlación de Spearman. Se consideró la significación si p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: se incluyeron 97 pacientes. Antes del confinamiento, el 42,3 % presentaban sobrepeso (IMC < 30 kg/m2), el 36,1 % tenían obesidad de grado I (IMC = 30-34,9 kg/m2), el 16,4 % la tenían de grado II (IMC = 35-39,9 kg/m2) y el 5,2 % tenían un IMC > 40 kg/m2. El 30,9 % presentaban prediabetes y el 9,3 % tenían diabetes de tipo 2. Entre ambas visitas presenciales, el 81,4 % de los pacientes perdieron un 4,2 ± 3,4 % del peso, con una disminución media significativa de la masa grasa de 3,16 ± 4,4 kg. El grupo en tratamiento farmacológico con análogos de la hormona GLP-1 presentó una pérdida de masa grasa media significativamente superior sin pérdida de masa muscular esquelética significativa. Conclusiones: el seguimiento telemático parece una herramienta útil para prevenir la ganancia de peso en los pacientes con restricción de la movilidad. Una intervención telemática que contenga consejo dietético y ejercicio como refuerzo de la dieta hipocalórica ayuda a conseguir perder peso, predominando el componente graso. La presencia de un tratamiento farmacológico con análogos de la hormona GLP-1 parece ayudar significativamente al mantenimiento de la masa muscular esquelética durante la pérdida de peso.

Has COVID-19 Changed the Lifestyle and Dietary Habits in the Spanish Population after Confinement?

Since 2020, the world has been immersed in a change in lifestyle (social, lifestyle, nutri-tion and physical activity patterns), due to the appearance of COVID-19 and the strict mobility measures which were implemented to prevent its spread. All these changes had a nutritional impact on people, modifying their dietary guidelines. This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess whether dietary habits, lifestyle, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet among the Spanish adult population (25-65 years old) during confinement was modified during the post-confinement period, using an e-survey through social networks, involving 510 subjects. A decrease in the intake of ultra-processed products, with a correlation between weekly food delivery orders at home and the consumption of salty snacks, sugary drinks, and processed pastries was also recorded. Most of the subjects performed physical exercise on a regular basis, maintaining the body weight in half of the participants. During the post-confinement period a substantial proportion of the population had healthy lifestyle and dietary habits, including the adequate consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes; adequate time was spent preparing meals and the population did not regularly order food at home, which in the long term, reduced the risk of several diseases.

Impact of Early Nutrition, Physical Activity and Sleep on the Fetal Programming of Disease in the Pregnancy: A Narrative Review.

Early programming is the adaptation process by which nutrition and environmental factors alter development pathways during prenatal growth, inducing changes in postnatal metabolism and diseases. The aim of this narrative review, is evaluating the current knowledge in the scientific literature on the effects of nutrition, environmental factors, physical activity and sleep on development pathways. If in utero adaptations were incorrect, this would cause a mismatch between prenatal programming and adulthood. Adequate caloric intake, protein, mineral, vitamin, and long-chain fatty acids, have been noted for their relevance in the offspring brain functions and behavior. Fetus undernutrition/malnutrition causes a delay in growth and have detrimental effects on the development and subsequent functioning of the organs. Pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable period for the development of food preferences and for modifications in the emotional response. Maternal obesity increases the risk of developing perinatal complications and delivery by cesarean section and has long-term implications in the development of metabolic diseases. Physical exercise during pregnancy contributes to overall improved health post-partum. It is also interesting to highlight the relevance of sleep problems during pregnancy, which influence adequate growth and fetal development. Taking into account these considerations, we conclude that nutrition and metabolic factors during early life play a key role of health promotion and public health nutrition programs worldwide to improve the health of the offspring and the health costs of hospitalization.

Is a Gluten-Free Diet Enough to Maintain Correct Micronutrients Status in Young Patients with Celiac Disease?

The current study assesses whether the use of a gluten-free diet (GFD) is sufficient for maintaining correct iron status in children with celiac disease (CD). The study included 101 children. The celiac group (n = 68) included children with CD, with long (> 6 months) (n = 47) or recent (< 6 months) (n = 21) adherence to a GFD. The control group (n = 43) included healthy children. Dietary assessment was performed by a food frequency questionnaire and a 3-day food record. Celiac children had lower iron intake than controls, especially at the beginning of GFD (p < 0.01). The group CD-GFD >6 months showed a higher intake of cobalamin, meat derivatives and fish compared to that of CD-GFD <6 months (all, p < 0.05). The control group showed a higher consumption of folate, iron, magnesium, selenium and meat derivatives than that of children CD-GFD >6 months (all, p < 0.05). Control children also showed a higher consumption of folate and iron compared to that of children CD-GFD <6 months (both, p < 0.05). The diet of celiac children was nutritionally less balanced than that of the control. Participation of dietitians is necessary in the management of CD to guide the GFD as well as assess the inclusion of iron supplementation and other micronutrients that may be deficient.

New technologies in the evaluation of bone fragility and its application in Endocrinology. / Nuevas tecnologías en la evaluación de la fragilidad ósea y su aplicación en Endocrinología.

Bone mineral density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is the gold standard for the assessment of bone and an important predictor of fracture risk. However, most fragility fractures occur in people without densitometric osteoporosis, especially in endocrinological diseases. Fracture risk estimation tools such as FRAX have improved diagnostic sensitivity but do not include additional skeletal features. Bone microarchitecture research represents an improvement in the treatment of these patients. In this document members of the Mineral and Bone Metabolism Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition review new advances in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and other complex techniques for the study of bone microarchitecture as well as the available data on type 2 diabetes and parathyroid pathology.

Evaluating the effectiveness of a weight-loss program for perimenopausal women.

In this study, we set out to perform a comparative evaluation of variations in body weight and volume between two groups of women, one young adult and the other perimenopausal, each of which followed a specific weight loss program for the same period of time. The evaluation was based on the weight and volume data obtained from a clinical and anthropometric study. From the anthropometric values obtained, we conclude that in both groups of women, the diet followed was found to be effective in reducing weight and volume, but with respect to time, the weight loss was more noticeable among the younger women, while among the menopausal women it took place more slowly. The difference between the two groups might be explained by diverse hormonal effects, such that metabolism (and therefore caloric expenditure) is higher among the younger women.

Fermented goat milk consumption improves iron status and evokes inflammatory signalling during anemia recovery.

In spite of the crucial role of the inflammatory state under anemic conditions, to date, no studies have directly tested the modulation of cytokines during iron overload. The aim of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology and recovery from iron deficiency, by studying how fermented goat milk consumption affects inflammatory signalling during iron repletion. Eighty male Wistar rats were used for a pre-experimental period of 40 days, by dividing them into two groups (the control group receiving a normal-Fe diet and the Fe-deficient group receiving a low-Fe diet). Later, the rats were fed with a fermented goat or cow milk-based diet, with a normal-Fe content or Fe-overload (450 mg kg-1) for 30 days. After feeding the fermented milk, the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines were assessed. The anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-13, IL-10 and IL-4) were higher in both groups of animals (control and anemic) fed fermented goat milk either with normal Fe or Fe-overload with respect to the fermented cow milk. With regard to pro-inflammatory signalling, fermented goat milk consumption decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-12p70 and IP-10). The Fe overload increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines together with IL-1ß and IP-10. Fermented goat milk consumption improves the hematological status and promotes the beneficial metabolic responses related to the inflammatory signaling in nutritional ferropenic anemia recovery, which may be a dietary strategy to lessen the evoked inflammation during iron repletion. Additionally, the parameters of inflammation should therefore be incorporated as routine biomarkers of iron deficiency or overload severity.

Effect of lifelong coenzyme Q10 supplementation on age-related oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in liver and skeletal muscle of rats fed on a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich diet.

This study investigates aging-related changes in lipid peroxidation and functionality in liver and skeletal-muscle mitochondria in rats fed a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), depending on supplementation or not with coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)). Two groups of rats were fed for 24 months on a PUFA-rich diet, differing in supplementation or not with CoQ(10). At 6 and 24 months mitochondria were analyzed for fatty acid profile; hydroperoxides; alpha-tocopherol; CoQ(9;) CoQ(10;) cytochromes b, c+c(1), and a+a(3) contents; cytochrome c oxidase activity; and catalase activity in cytosol. Results of this study showed for the supplemented group an age-associated decrease in the peroxidizability index, an increase in catalase activity in skeletal muscle, and modulation of the aging-related changes in different mitochondrial electron-transport-chain components in skeletal muscle. These findings provide mechanisms to explain the effect of CoQ(10) in extending the life span of animals fed a PUFA-rich diet.

Body composition in an adult population in southern Spain: influence of lifestyle factors.

The aim of the present study was to assess the body composition in an adult Mediterranean population by two methods, to identify groups at risk for obesity and lifestyle factors that might influence this risk. A cross-sectional study was carried out in Andalusia, a western Mediterranean region in southern Spain. Body composition was studied with anthropometric methods and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) in a random sample of 394 subjects (169 men, 225 women) between 20 and 60 years of age. When anthropometric methods were used, we found that 19.4% of the individuals had a body mass index (BMI) > or = 30 kg/m(2). In 46.2% of the men, more than 25% of the body weight consisted of fat, and in 74.1% of the women, more than 30% of the body weight consisted of fat. When BIA data were used, these values rose to 34.7% and 60.6% for men and women respectively. After controlling for sex, age correlated directly with percentage of body fat when skinfold thickness (r = 0.58) or BIA (r = 0.40) was used. In smokers, the number of cigarettes/day correlated directly with waist circumference (r = 0.76), after controlling for both age and sex. We found high percentages of obesity regardless of the indicator or method used, particularly in women. Factors such as sex, age, leisure-time physical exercise, educational level, and smoking appeared to influence obesity. The factors that made the greatest contribution to the rates of obesity and high waist-hip ratio were the age, time spent exercising, and educational level. In contrast, the risk of high body fat (as determined with both methods) was associated only with sex and age.

Risk factors related with lifestyle in patients with musculoskeletal disorders / Factores de riesgo relacionados con los hábitos de vida en pacientes con patología osteomuscular

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) encompass a series of debilitating diseases with high incidence and prevalence, representing a high economic and social cost. Prevention is crucial, so is of great interest to determine modifiable risk factors, such as those related to lifestyle. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 91 patients selected by systematic random sampling and were divided into three experimental groups according to the cause and evolution of its MSD (neck pain, knee pain and back pain). A biometric measurement, nutritional assessment, physical and occupational activity, muscle balance and oxidative status was performed. Results: The female is the most affected gender by the presence of musculoskeletal injuries such as neck pain and back pain. Overall, most patients (67.4%) had normal weight, overweight 24.41% and only 8.1% were obese type I. Patients with neck pain are the group doing less physical activity and worse muscular balance present. Oxidative stress was higher in patients with knee pain than in the other groups. Regarding the consumed diet, differences between experimental groups on the mineral content (Zn, Mn, Se and I) and vitamins (folate and ascorbic acid) are observed. Conclusions: Cholecalciferol intake and vitamins A and D is less than those recommended in all subjects, which promotes muscle disease. Folate intake was below recommendations, increasing susceptibility to oxidative stress. Obesity and oxidative stress related to the prevalence of the different types of MSDs studied.

Introducción: las enfermedades osteomusculares (EOM) engloban una serie de patologías discapacitantes con alta incidencia y prevalencia, representando un alto costo económico y social. Es fundamental su prevención, por lo que es de gran interés determinar factores de riesgo modificables, como son los relacionados con los hábitos de vida. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y trasversal en 91 pacientes seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio sistemático y que fueron distribuidos en tres grupos experimentales según la causa y evolución de su EOM (cervicalgia, gonalgia y lumbalgia). Se realizó una medición biométrica, evaluación nutricional, de la actividad física y laboral, del balance muscular y del estado oxidativo. Resultados: el sexo femenino es el más afectado por la presencia de lesiones osteomusculares como cervicalgia y lumbalgia. En conjunto, la mayor parte de los pacientes (67,4%) tiene normopeso, el 24,41% sobrepeso y tan solo un 8,1% obesidad tipo I. Los pacientes con cervicalgia son el grupo que realiza menos actividad física y peor balance muscular presentan. El estrés oxidativo fue superior en pacientes con gonalgia que en los otros grupos. Con respecto a la dieta consumida, se observan diferencias entre grupos experimentales en el contenido mineral (Zn, Mn, Se y I) y vitamínico (folato y ácido ascórbico). Conclusiones: la ingesta de colecalciferol y vitaminas A y D es inferior a las recomendadas en todos los sujetos, lo que favorece la dolencia muscular. La ingesta de folato está por debajo de las recomendaciones, incidiendo en la mayor susceptibilidad al estrés oxidativo. La obesidad y estrés oxidativo se relacionan con la prevalencia de los diferentes tipos de EOM estudiados.

Age-Related Loss in Bone Mineral Density of Rats Fed Lifelong on a Fish Oil-Based Diet Is Avoided by Coenzyme Q10 Addition.

During aging, bone mass declines increasing osteoporosis and fracture risks. Oxidative stress has been related to this bone loss, making dietary compounds with antioxidant properties a promising weapon. Male Wistar rats were maintained for 6 or 24 months on diets with fish oil as unique fat source, supplemented or not with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), to evaluate the potential of adding this molecule to the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA)-based diet for bone mineral density (BMD) preservation. BMD was evaluated in the femur. Serum osteocalcin, osteopontin, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, ostroprotegerin, parathyroid hormone, urinary F2-isoprostanes, and lymphocytes DNA strand breaks were also measured. BMD was lower in aged rats fed a diet without CoQ10 respect than their younger counterparts, whereas older animals receiving CoQ10 showed the highest BMD. F2-isoprostanes and DNA strand breaks showed that oxidative stress was higher during aging. Supplementation with CoQ10 prevented oxidative damage to lipid and DNA, in young and old animals, respectively. Reduced oxidative stress associated to CoQ10 supplementation of this n-3 PUFA-rich diet might explain the higher BMD found in aged rats in this group of animals.

Beneficios del seguimiento telemático en la pérdida de peso de pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad en tiempos de confinamiento / Benefits of telematic monitoring for weight loss in overweight and obese patients in times of confinement

Introducción: la pandemia originada en 2019 por el SARS-CoV-2 supuso un cambio en los hábitos de alimentación y ejercicio físico por causa de las medidas de confinamiento domiciliario. El seguimiento de pacientes en tratamiento de pérdida de peso mediante una consulta telemática podría ser una herramienta útil para prevenir el fracaso terapéutico.Objetivo:describir la evolución de los parámetros antropométricos de pacientes en seguimiento para pérdida de peso mediante una consulta telemática.Métodos:estudio prospectivo en 2 tiempos (antes y después del confinamiento) de una intervención telemática sobre pacientes adultos en seguimiento habitual por sobrepeso y obesidad. Se analizaron las variables demográficas y los parámetros de composición corporal mediante bioimpendancia. Además se analizaron las diferencias en cuanto a presencia de tratamiento farmacológico adyuvante del tipo de los análogos de la hormona GLP1 (liraglutida o semaglutida). Las variables se estudiaron mediante la prueba de Wilcoxon, la U de Mann-Whitney y la correlación de Spearman. Se consideró la significación si p ≤ 0,05.Resultados:se incluyeron 97 pacientes. Antes del confinamiento, el 42,3 % presentaban sobrepeso (IMC < 30 kg/m2), el 36,1 % tenían obesidad de grado I (IMC = 30-34,9 kg/m2), el 16,4 % la tenían de grado II (IMC = 35-39,9 kg/m2) y el 5,2 % tenían un IMC > 40 kg/m2. El 30,9 % presentaban prediabetes y el 9,3 % tenían diabetes de tipo 2. Entre ambas visitas presenciales, el 81,4 % de los pacientes perdieron un 4,2 ± 3,4 % del peso, con una disminución media significativa de la masa grasa de 3,16 ± 4,4 kg. El grupo en tratamiento farmacológico con análogos de la hormona GLP-1 presentó una pérdida de masa grasa media significativamente superior sin pérdida de masa muscular esquelética significativa. (AU)

Introduction: the pandemic originated by SARS-Cov-2 in 2019 led to eating habits and physical exercise changes due to home confinement measures. The follow-up of patients in treatment for weight loss through telematic consultation could be a useful tool to prevent treatment failure.Objective:to describe the evolution of anthropometric parameters of patients under follow-up for weight loss through telematic consultation.Methods:a two-stage prospective study (before and after confinement) with a telematic intervention in adult patients under regular follow-up for overweight and obesity. Demographic variables and body composition parameters were analyzed by bioimpendance. In addition, the differences in the presence of drug treatment with GLP-1 hormone (liraglutide or semaglutide) adjuvants were also analyzed. The variables were studied using Wilcoxon's test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Spearman's correlation. Significance was considered for p ≤ 0.05.Results:a total of 97 patients were included, before confinement 42.3 % were overweight (BMI < 30 kg/m2), 36.1 % were obese grade I (BMI = 30-34.9 kg/m2), 16.4 % were obese grade II (BMI = 35-39.9 kg/m2), and 5.2 % had BMI > 40 kg/m2. In all, 30.9 % had prediabetes and 9.3 % had type-2 diabetes. Between both consultations, 81.4 % of patients lost 4.2 ± 3.4 % of their weight, with a significant mean decrease in fat mass of 3.16 ± 4.4 kg. The group on pharmacological treatment with GLP-1 hormone analogs presented a significantly higher average fat loss without significant loss of skeletal muscle mass. Conclusions: telematic monitoring seems to be a useful tool to prevent weight gain in patients with restricted mobility. A telematic intervention that contains dietary advice and exercise, as a reinforcement to hypocaloric diet, helps to achieve weight loss with a predominant fat component. (AU)

Diets rich in Maillard reaction products affect protein digestibility in adolescent males aged 11-14 y.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents are nutritionally at risk because of their physiologic needs and dietary habits. Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are widely consumed by this population, mainly as a result of their high intake of fast food and snacks. OBJECTIVE: We compared the effects of diets with different MRP contents on dietary protein utilization in adolescent males aged 11-14 y. The brown diet (BD) was rich and the white diet (WD) was poor in MRP content (hydroxymethylfurfural: 3.87 and 0.94 mg/kg; fluorescence intensity: 21.04% and 7.31%, respectively). DESIGN: In a 2-period crossover trial, 18 healthy adolescent males were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The first group consumed the WD for 2 wk, observed a 40-d washout period, and then consumed the BD for 2 wk. The second group received the diets in the opposite order. Subjects collected urine and feces on the last 3 d of each dietary period. Fasting blood samples were collected after both periods. RESULTS: Compared with consumption of the WD, consumption of the BD resulted in 47% higher fecal nitrogen fecal excretion (P = 0.002), 12% lower apparent nitrogen absorption (P = 0.000), and a 6% lower nitrogen digestibility (P = 0.000). The apparent nitrogen retention and the utilization of ingested nitrogen did not differ significantly between the diets, although values after the BD tended to decrease. Serum biochemical variables related to nitrogen metabolism did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of a diet rich in MRPs negatively affects protein digestibility. The possible effects of an excessive intake of MRPs during adolescence warrant attention, and long-term effects should be considered.

Nutrient intake adequacy in schoolchildren from a Mediterranean area (southern Spain). Influence of the use of the school canteen.

The aim of the present study was to compare dietary adequacy in 521 schoolchildren in Granada (Spain) with national recommendations and to determine possible differences regarding gender or the use of the school canteen. A food record was used for four consecutive days to evaluate the intake of nutrients and foods. With regard to boys' and girls' intake of the main groups of foods, we observed a tendency for the boys to consume greater quantities of dairy products, cereals, potatoes, and fruit, although the differences were not statistically significant. The children who lunched at school consumed fish, eggs, dairy products, vegetables, and cereals more frequently than those who did so at home. The mean daily intake of energy and nutrients indicates that the studied population exceeded the recommended limits in the proportion of energy derived from protein and fat, while carbohydrate intake was slightly deficient. The children who lunched at school showed a more favorable profile for energy and nutrient intake, with a significantly higher intake of energy, carbohydrates, total fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), vitamins B, and E, and calcium, with respect to the children who had lunch at home.

Effect of different soaking solutions on nutritive utilization of minerals (calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium) from cooked beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in growing rats.

The effects of the commonly used processing techniques of soaking (at different pH values) and cooking on the digestive and nutritive utilization of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium from common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were studied. Before the cooking step, the beans were soaked in solutions of acid (2.6 and 5.3) or basic (8.4) pH. Chemical and biological methods were used to determine nutritional parameters in growing rats, and the fiber content of the beans was established. As the pH of the soaking solution increased, so did mineral absorption and the apparent digestibility coefficient, which reached suitable values for growing rats, due to the reduced losses of soluble minerals and the increased food intake. Metabolic utilization also improved with increased pH of the soaking solution, although the values were, in general, low as a result of urinary losses under the experimental conditions. For the experimental period of 10 days, the femur and the muscle seem to be good metabolic indicators for calcium, but not for phosphorus or magnesium. The increased amount of cellulose in the soaked seed did not have a negative effect on the digestive utilization of minerals.

[Advances in ostheochlast biology: the osteoprotegerin-RANK ligand system]. / Avances en el conocimiento de la biología del osteoclasto: el sistema osteoprotegerina-ligando del RANK.

The differentiation and activation of osteoclasts specialized cells that degrade the bone matrix are decisively regulated by the osteoprotegerin (OPG)-RANK ligand (RANKL) paracrine system. The OPG is a soluble protein, similar to other members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, which works as a decoy receptor of RANKL. The biologic activity of OPG counteracts the effects of RANKL by competing with the receptor activator of the nuclear factor *B (RANK); subsequently, the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts is inhibited and bone resorption reduced. The critical role of this pathway in the regulation of bone metabolism has been signalled by the finding of extreme phenotypes (osteoporosis vs. osteopetrosis) in animal models. Further studies with these factors will provide the development of drugs to treat osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases.