RESUMEN
Youths with high (N = 52) or low cognitive vulnerability (N = 48) for depression were selected from a larger sample (N = 515) of students (7-10 years old), based on their attributional style (AS), negative cognitions (NC), and/or self-competence (SC). Long-term effects of cognitive vulnerabilities on depressive symptoms were examined in a 3-year, three-wave, multiinformant, longitudinal design. Three findings emerged. First, some empirical overlap exists among these three types of cognitive diatheses, especially between NC and SC. Second, the combination of AS, NC, and SC had a significant (but diminishing) relationship to depressive symptoms at 6, 18, and 30 months, primarily due to NC and SC, not AS. Third, interactions between cognitive risk and life events were not significant, suggesting an additive type of diathesis-stress model for depression in young adolescents.
RESUMEN
The development of depressive attributional style (AS) and its role as a cognitive diathesis for depression were examined in children and adolescents (Grades 2-9). In a 4-wave longitudinal study of 3 overlapping age cohorts, AS, negative life events, and depressive symptoms were evaluated every 12 months. Consistency of children's attributions across situations was moderately high at all ages. The cross-sectional structure of AS changed with age, as stability became a more salient aspect of AS than internality and globality. The structure of AS also changed, becoming more traitlike as children grew older. In longitudinal analyses, evidence of a Cognitive Diathesis x Stress interaction did not emerge until Grades 8 and 9, suggesting that AS may not serve as a diathesis for depression at younger ages. Results suggest that attributional models of depression may require modification before they are applied across developmental levels.
Asunto(s)
Actitud , Depresión/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Depresión/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Sudeste de Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
As part of a longitudinal study, the Cognitive Triad Inventory for Children (CTI-C; N. J. Kaslow, K. D. Stark, B. Printz, R. Livingston, & S. L. Tsai, 1992) as well as other measures of cognitive style and depressive symptoms were administered annually to 3 cohorts of children starting in Grades 2, 4, and 6. Developmentally based analyses revealed 4 things: (a) The factor structure of the CTI-C changed over the course of middle childhood and then stabilized in early adolescence; (b) the CTI-C correlated significantly with measures of depression, self-perceived competence, self-worth, perceived controllability, and perceived contingency, but not with measures of attributional style; (c) 1-year stability correlations increased substantially from Grade 2 to Grade 8; and (d) the CTI-C did not generally predict self-reported depressive symptoms 1 year later. Implications emerge regarding developmental changes in the structure of children's depressive cognitions.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Infantil , Trastornos del Conocimiento/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/epidemiología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adolescente , Niño , Trastornos del Conocimiento/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Community, demographic, familial, and personal risk factors of childhood depressive symptoms were examined from an ecological theoretical approach using hierarchical linear modeling. Individual-level data were collected from an ethnically diverse (73% African-American) community sample of 197 children and their parents; community-level data were obtained from the U.S. Census regarding rates of community poverty and unemployment in participants' neighborhoods. Results indicated that high rates of community poverty and unemployment, children's depressive attributional style, and low levels of self-perceived competence predict children's depressive symptoms, even after accounting for demographic and familial risk factors, such as parental education and negative parenting behaviors. The effect of negative parenting behaviors on depressive symptoms was partially mediated by personal variables like children's self-perceived competence. Recommendations for future research, intervention and prevention programs are discussed.
RESUMEN
Learned helplessness behavior and cognitions were assessed in 95 kindergarten-age children during a series of impossible puzzle trials followed by a solvable puzzle trial. Latent growth curve analysis revealed reliable individual differences in the trajectories of children's affect, motivation, and self-cognitions over time. Parents' reports of negative life events, harsh/negative parenting, and warm/positive parenting were associated with their children's learned helplessness behavioral trajectories and outcomes over the course of the puzzle trials. Results support speculations about the developmental origins of depressive explanatory or attributional style in children.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Infantil , Trastorno Depresivo/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo/psicología , Desamparo Adquirido , Pensamiento , Niño , Trastorno Depresivo/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
In a sample of 299 children (grades 2, 4, and 6), we examined parenting and negative life events as predictors of depressive cognitions, specifically low self-perceived competence, depressive cognitive schemas, and depressogenic attributional style. We also examined developmental trends in these relations. Children completed measures of parenting, negative life events, and depressive cognitions. Parents also completed measures of parenting and negative life events. Consistent with our hypotheses, negative parenting and negative life events corresponded with higher levels of depressive cognitions, whereas positive parenting corresponded with lower levels of depressive cognitions. The relations between negative parenting and negative automatic thoughts were stronger for older children. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Cognición , Depresión/epidemiología , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Responsabilidad Parental , Adolescente , Niño , Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
In a four-wave, cohort-longitudinal design with a community sample of 515 children and adolescents (grades 2 through 9), this study examined the longitudinal structure of and prospective interrelations between maladaptive cognitions and depressive symptoms. Multigroup structural equation modeling generated four major findings. First, the longitudinal structures of maladaptive cognitions and depressive symptoms consist of a single time-invariant factor and a series of time-varying factors. Second, evidence supported a model in which depressive symptoms predicted negative cognitions but not the reverse. Third, the time-invariant components of cognition and depression were highly correlated. Fourth, the strength of the depression-to-cognition relation increased with age. Implications regarding the mechanisms underlying clinical interventions with depressed children are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Cognición , Depresión/psicología , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Niño , Depresión/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
This study examined the combined and cumulative effects of supportive-positive and harsh-negative parenting behaviors on children's depressive symptoms. A diverse sample of 515 male and female elementary and middle school students (ages 7 to 11) and their parents provided reports of the children's depressive symptoms. Parents provided self-reports of supportive-positive and harsh-negative parenting behaviors. Structural equation modeling indicated that supportive-positive and harsh-negative parenting behaviors were nearly orthogonal dimensions of parenting and both related to children's depressive symptoms. Supportive-positive parenting behaviors did not moderate the relation between harsh-negative parenting behaviors and children's depressive symptoms. Results have implications for family intervention and prevention strategies.