Facile Design of Flexible, Strong, and Highly Conductive MXene-Based Composite Films for Multifunctional Applications.

Strong, conductive, and flexible materials with improving ion accessibility have attracted significant attention in electromagnetic interference (EMI) and foldable wearable electronics. However, it still remains a great challenge to realize high performance at the same time for both properties. Herein, a microscale structural design combined with nanostructures strategy to fabricate TOCNF(F)/Ti3 C2 Tx (M)@AgNW(A) composite films via a facile vacuum filtration process followed by hot pressing (TOCNF = TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils, NW = nanowires) is described. The comparison reveals that different microscale structures can significantly influence the properties of thin films, especially their electrochemical properties. Impressively, the ultrathin MA/F/MA film with enhanced layer in the middle exhibits an excellent tensile strength of 107.9 MPa, an outstanding electrical conductivity of 8.4 × 106 S m-1 , and a high SSE/t of 26 014.52 dB cm2 g-1 . The assembled asymmetric MA/F/MA//TOCNF@CNT (carbon nanotubes) supercapacitor leads to a significantly high areal energy density of 49.08 µWh cm-2 at a power density of 777.26 µW cm-2 . This study proposes an effective strategy to circumvent the trade-off between EMI performance and electrochemical properties, providing an inspiration for the fabrication of multifunctional films for a wide variety of applications in aerospace, national defense, precision instruments, and next-generation electronics.

Promoting enzymatic saccharification of organosolv-pretreated poplar sawdust by saponin-rich tea seed waste.

Organosolv pretreatment with two ethanol concentrations (25% and 50%, v/v) was performed to improve enzymatic saccharification of poplar sawdust. It was found that lower ethanol concentration (25%, v/v) pretreatment resulted in a higher enzymatic digestibility of poplar (38.1%) due to its higher xylan removal and similar lignin removal ratios, compared to that pretreated with 50% (v/v) ethanol pretreatment (27.5%). However, the residual lignin still exhibited a strong inhibition on enzymatic hydrolysis of organosolv-pretreated poplar (OP). Bio-surfactant preparations including tea saponin (TS), TS crude extract, and tea seed waste were applied in enzymatic hydrolysis of OP, due to their potential ability of reducing enzyme non-productive binding on lignin. Their optimal loadings in enzymatic hydrolysis of OP were optimized, which indicated that adding 0.075 g/g glucan of TS improved the 72-h glucose yield of OP by 48.3%. Moreover, adding TS crude extract and tea seed waste exhibited the better performance than TS for improving enzymatic hydrolysis of OP. It was verified that the presence of protein in TS crude extract and tea seed waste accounted for the higher improvement. More importantly, the directly application of tea seed waste in enzymatic hydrolysis could achieve the similar improvement on enzymatic hydrolysis of OP, where chemosynthetic surfactant (PEG6000) was added. The residual enzyme activities in supernatant of enzymatic hydrolysis were also determined to reveal the changes on enzyme adsorption after adding surfactants. Generally, tea seed waste could be directly applied as an alternative to chemosynthetic surfactants to promote enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses.

Tween 80 reversed adverse effects of combined autohydrolysis and p-toluenesulfonic acid pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of poplar.

In this study, a combined pretreatment involving autohydrolysis and p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) was performed on poplar to coproduce xylooligosaccharides (XOSs) and monosaccharides. The autohydrolysis (180 °C, 30 min) yielded 53.2 % XOS and enhanced the delignification efficiency in the subsequent p-TsOH treatment. Furthermore, considerably high glucan contents (64.1 %∼83.1 %) were achieved in the combined pretreated substrates. However, their enzymatic digestibilities were found to be extremely poor (9.6 %∼14.2 %), which were even lower than the single p-TsOH pretreated substrates (10.2 %∼35.8 %). The underlying reasons were revealed by systematically investigating the effects of the single and combined pretreatment strategies on substrate properties. Moreover, the Tween 80 addition successfully reversed the adverse effects of combined pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis, achieving a high glucose yield of 99.3 % at an enzyme loading of 10 filter paper units/g (FPU/g) glucan. These results deepen the understanding of the synergy of combined pretreatment on biomass fractionation and enzymatic saccharification.

Green, recyclable and high latent heat form-stable phase change composites supported by cellulose nanofibers for thermal energy management.

Efficiently addressing the challenge of leakage is crucial in the advancement of solid-liquid phase change thermal storage composite materials; however, numerous existing preparation methods often entail complexity and high energy consumption. Herein, a straightforward blending approach was adopted to fabricate stable phase change nanocomposites capitalizing on the interaction between TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules. By adjusting the ratio of TOCNF to PEG and the molecular weights of PEG, TOCNF/PEG phase change composites (TPCC) with customizable phase transition temperature (40.3-59.1 °C) and high phase transition latent heat (126.3-172.1 J/g) were obtained. The TPCC of high-loaded PEG (80-95 wt%) ensured a leakage rate of less than 1.7 wt% after 100 heating-cooling cycles. Moreover, TPCC exhibits excellent optical properties with a transmittance of over 90 % at room temperature and up to 96 % after heating. The thermal response analysis of TPCC demonstrates exceptional thermal-induced flexibility and good thermal stability, as well as recyclability and reshaping ability. This study may inspire others to design bio-based phase change composites with potential applications in thermal energy storage and management of smart-energy buildings, photothermal response devices, and waste heat-generating electronics.

Impacts of monosaccharide composition on immunomodulation by cello-pentaose, manno-pentaose, and xylo-pentaose: Unraveling the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Different types of functional oligosaccharides exhibit varying degrees of immune-enhancing effects, which might be attributable to differences in their glycosyl structures. The differences in the immunomodulatory action of three functional oligosaccharides with distinct glycosyl compositions: cello-oligosaccharides (COS), manno-oligosaccharides (MOS), and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), were investigated in mouse-derived macrophage RAW264.7. Moreover, the immune enhancement mechanism of oligosaccharides with diverse glycosyl compositions was investigated from a molecular interaction perspective. The TLR4-dependent immunoregulatory effect of functional oligosaccharides was shown by measuring the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in RAW264.7 cells treated with different functional oligosaccharides, both with and without Resatorvid [TAK-242] (a Toll-like receptor 4 [TLR4] inhibitor). Western blot analysis showed that binding of the three oligosaccharides to TLR4 activated the downstream signaling pathway and consequently enhanced the immune response. The fluorescence spectra and molecular docking results revealed that the main mechanisms by which these oligosaccharides attach to the TLR4 active pocket are hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. Functional oligosaccharides were ranked according to their affinity for TLR4, as follows: MOS > COS > XOS, indicating that oligosaccharides or polysaccharides containing mannose units may confer significant advantages for immune enhancement.

Effect of H2O2-VC degradation on structural characteristics and immunomodulatory activity of larch arabinogalactan.

The arabinogalactan in the representative softwood biomass of larch was degraded using an environmentally friendly hydrogen peroxide and vitamin C (H2O2-VC) system to improve its immunomodulatory activity. Through the H2O2-VC degradation mechanism, hydroxyl radicals are generated, which then target the hydrogen atoms within polysaccharides, resulting in the breaking of glycosidic bonds. Given the impact of oxidative degradation on polysaccharides, we identified three specific arabinogalactan degradation products distinguished by their arabinosyl side chain compositions. The primary structures of the degradation products were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Congo red staining showed that the degradation products were absent in the triple-helix structure. The results of the in vitro immunological experiments indicated that an appropriate reduction in the molar ratio of arabinose to galactose enhanced the immunostimulatory effects on RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the immunostimulatory pathway mediated by arabinogalactan was explored by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor (TAK-242) These findings provide novel insights into the understanding of the relationship between the structure of arabinogalactan and its biological activity.

A multiple cross-linking strategy to develop an environment-friendly and water resistance wheat gluten protein wood adhesive.

Wheat gluten (WG) shows great promise to synthesize environment-friendly wood adhesives. However, their weak bonding strength and poor water resistance have limited its application in the commercial wood-based panel industry. In this study, a novel WG-based adhesive was developed by constructing a multiple cross-linking network generated by covalent and non-covalent bonds. The potential mechanism was revealed by FT-IR analysis. Furthermore, their surface morphology, thermal stability, viscosity, and residual rate of adhesives with different compositions were systematically characterized and compared. The results showed that the hydrogen bonding, reactions between amine groups and tannin, and ring opening reaction of epoxy, synergistically contributed to generate a highly crosslinked network. The wet/boil water strength of the plywood prepared from WG/tannin/ethylene imine polymer (PEI)-glycerol triglycidyl ether (GTE) adhesive with the addition of 15 % GTE could reach 1.21 MPa and 1.20 MPa, respectively, and a mildew resistance ability was observed. This study provides a facile strategy to fabricate high-performance plant protein-based adhesives with desirable water resistance for practical application.

Highly elastic, fatigue-resistant, antibacterial, conductive, and nanocellulose-enhanced hydrogels with selenium nanoparticles loading as strain sensors.

The fabrication of highly elastic, fatigue-resistant and conductive hydrogels with antibacterial properties is highly desirable in the field of wearable devices. However, it remains challenging to simultaneously realize the above properties within one hydrogel without compromising excellent sensing ability. Herein, we fabricated a highly elastic, fatigue-resistant, conductive, antibacterial and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) enhanced hydrogel as a sensitive strain sensor by the synergistic effect of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles (BioSeNPs), MXene and nanocellulose. The structure and potential mechanism to generate biologically synthesized SeNPs (BioSeNPs) were systematically investigated, and the role of protease A (PrA) in enhancing the adsorption between proteins and SeNPs was demonstrated. Additionally, owing to the incorporation of BioSeNPs, CNC and MXene, the synthesized hydrogels showed high elasticity, excellent fatigue resistance and antibacterial properties. More importantly, the sensitivity of hydrogels determined by the gauge factor was as high as 6.24 when a high strain was applied (400-700 %). This study provides a new horizon to synthesize high-performance antibacterial and conductive hydrogels for soft electronics applications.

Superoxide Dismutase Catalyzed Size-Adjustable Selenium Nanoparticles in Saccharomyces boulardii.

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are important and safe food and feed additives that can be used for dietary supplementation. In this study, a mutagenic strain of Saccharomyces boulardii was employed to obtain biologically synthesized SeNPs (BioSeNPs) with the desired particle size by controlling the dosage and duration of sodium selenite addition, and the average particle size achieved was 55.8 nm with protease A encapsulation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that increased expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in the mutant strain effectively promoted the synthesis of BioSeNPs and the formation of smaller nanoparticles. Under sodium selenite stress, the mutant strain exhibited significantly increased expression of glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPx2), which was significantly greater in the mutant strain than in the wild type, facilitating the synthesis of glutathione selenol and providing abundant substrates for the production of BioSeNPs. Furthermore, based on the experimental results and transcriptomic analysis of relevant genes such as sod1, gpx2, the thioredoxin reductase 1 gene (trr1) and the thioredoxin reductase 2 gene (trr2), a yeast model for the size-controlled synthesis of BioSeNPs was constructed. This study provides an important theoretical and practical foundation for the green synthesis of controllable-sized BioSeNPs or other metal nanoparticles with potential applications in the fields of food, feed, and biomedicine.

Elucidating the inhibiting mechanism of pseudo-lignin on the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose by surface plasmon resonance.

To explore the interaction mechanism of pseudo-lignin (PL) with cellulase and its influence on cellulose hydrolysis, different PLs were extracted from pretreated bamboo holocellulose (HC) using different organic solvents. Meanwhile, the real-time interaction of PL and cellulase was analyzed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The results showed that the extraction effect of the tetrahydrofuran and 1, 4-dioxane/water solution on PL was more effective than the ethanol/water solution. The inhibition of PL fraction obtained from HC by acid pretreatment with higher temperature showed less effect on Avicel's enzymatic hydrolysis. SPR analysis revealed that PL formed at higher pretreatment temperature had a lower dissociation rate after adsorption with cellulase. Besides, the binding affinity of PL (160 °C) to cellulase was much greater than that of PL obtained from 180 °C, indicating PL extracted at higher temperature treated biomass is more easily dissociated from cellulase after binding.

Layer-by-layer assembly induced strong, hydrophobic and anti-bacterial TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofibrils films for highly efficient UV-shielding and oil-water separation.

Anti-ultraviolet material with cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and multifunction is urgently needed to address the serious problem of ultraviolet radiation. However, traditional anti-ultraviolet products based on plastics are unsustainable and harmful to the environment. Herein, the cellulose films with a sandwich structure using a surface assembly technique were reported. Natural L-phenylalanine was grafted onto cellulose nanofibrils via amidation to enhance their UV-shielding property. To address the hydrophilic nature and limited mechanical strength of cellulose films, we employed octadecyltrichlorosilane and 4ARM-PEG-NH2 for hydrophobic coating and mechanical reinforcement, respectively. In addition to providing complete UV resistance in the wavelength range of 200-320 nm, sample OPT5 exhibited significantly improved tensile stress, Young's modulus, and toughness, measuring 174.09 MPa, 71.11 MPa, and 295.33 MJ/m3, respectively. Furthermore, due to the presence of antibacterial amine groups, the modified film demonstrated a satisfactory inhibitory effect on the growth of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Compared to natural cellulose films, the hydrophobically modified material achieved a contact angle of up to 121.1°, which enabled efficient separation of oil-water mixtures with a maximum separation efficiency of 93.87 %. In summary, the proposed TOCNF-based UV-shielding film with multifunctionality holds great potential for replacing petrochemical-derived plastics and serving as an applicable and sustainable membrane material.

Comparison of structure and neuroprotective ability of low molecular weight galactomannans from Sesbania cannabina obtained by different extraction technologies.

Low-molecular-weight-galactomannan (LMW-GM) is an edible polysaccharide with various biological activities. However, it is used in the field of neuroprotection. In this study, two types of LMW-GMs from Sesbania cannabina were obtained by gluconic acid extraction (GA-LMW-GM) and enzymatic hydrolysis (GMOS). The structure of GA-LMW-GM and GMOS were identified using different nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of GA-LMW-GM and GMOS were evaluated in vitro/vivo. The results showed that both GA-LMW-GM and GMOS possess good free radicals scavenging ability in vitro with IC50 values of 1.9 mg/mL and 4.9 mg/mL for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals 2.8 mg/mL and 4.4 mg/mL for O2•- radicals, respectively. However, GA-LMW-GM was more effective at scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo and protecting the fundamental growth (with a recovery capability of 62.5%) and locomotor functions (with recovery capability of 193.7%) of zebrafish with neurological damage induced by Bisphenol AF.

Skin-mimicking strategy to fabricate strong and highly conductive anti-freezing cellulose-based hydrogels as strain sensors.

Conductive hydrogels have attracted increasing attention for applications in wearable and flexible strain sensors. However, owing to their relatively weak strength, poor elasticity, and lack of anti-freezing ability, their applications have been limited. Herein, we present a skin-mimicking strategy to fabricate cellulose-enhanced, strong, elastic, highly conductive, and anti-freezing hydrogels. Self-assembly of cellulose to fabricate a cellulose skeleton is essential for realizing a skin-mimicking design. Furthermore, two methods, in situ polymerization and solvent replacement, were compared and investigated to incorporate conductive and anti-freezing components into hydrogels. Consequently, when the same ratio of glycerol and lithium chloride was used, the anti-freezing hydrogels prepared by in situ polymerization showed relatively higher strength (1.0 MPa), while the solvent-replaced hydrogels exhibited higher elastic recovery properties (94.6 %) and conductivity (4.5 S/m). In addition, their potential as strain sensors for monitoring human behavior was analyzed. Both hydrogels produced reliable signals and exhibited high sensitivity. This study provides a new horizon for the fabrication of strain sensors that can be applied in various environments.

Strain-induced orientation facilitates the fabrication of highly stretchable and tough xylan-based hydrogel for strain sensors.

Stretchable and tough polysaccharide-based functional hydrogels have gained popularity for various applications. However, it still remains a great challenge to simultaneously own satisfactory stretchability and toughness, particularly when incorporating renewable xylan to offer sustainability. Herein, we describe a novel stretchable and tough xylan-based conductive hydrogel utilizing the natural feature of rosin derivative. The effect of different compositions on the mechanical properties and the physicochemical properties of corresponding xylan-based hydrogels were systematically investigated. Owing to the multiple non-covalent interactions among different components to dissipate energies and the strain-induced orientation of rosin derivative during the stretching, the highest tensile strength, strain, and toughness of xylan-based hydrogels could reach 0.34 MPa, 2098.4 %, and 3.79 ± 0.95 MJ/m3, respectively. Furthermore, by incorporating MXene as the conductive fillers, the strength and toughness of hydrogels were further enhanced to 0.51 MPa and 5.95 ± 1.19 MJ/m3. Finally, the synthesized xylan-based hydrogels were able to serve as a reliable and sensitive strain sensor to monitor the movements of human beings. This study provides new insights to develop stretchable and tough conductive xylan-based hydrogel, especially utilizing the natural feature of bio-based resources.

Using One-pot Fermentation Technology to Prepare Enzyme Cocktail to Sustainably Produce Low Molecular Weight Galactomannans from Sesbania cannabina Seeds.

Enzymatic hydrolysis using ß-mannanase and α-galactosidase is necessary to produce low molecular weight galactomannan (LMW-GM) from galactomannans (GM) in the leguminous seeds. In this study, different ratios of avicel and melibiose were used as the inductors (carbon sources) for Trichoderma reesei to metabolize the enzyme cocktail containing ß-mannanase and α-galactosidase using one-pot fermentation technology. The obtained enzyme cocktail was used to efficiently produce LMW-GM from GM in Sesbania cannabina seeds. Results showed that 15 g/L avicel and 10 g/L melibiose were the best carbon sources to prepare enzyme cocktail containing ß-mannanase and α-galactosidase with activities of 3.69 ± 0.27 U/mL and 0.51 ± 0.02 U/mL, respectively. Specifically, melibiose could effectively induce the metabolite product of α-galactosidase by T. reesei, which showed good performance in degrading the galactose substituent from GM backbone. The degradation of galactose alleviated the spatial site-blocking effect for enzymatic hydrolysis by ß-mannanase and improved the yield of LMW-GM. This research can lay the foundation for the industrial technology amplification of LMW-GM production for further application.

Efficient utilization of waste wheat straw through humic acid and ferric chloride co-assisted hydrothermal pretreatment for fermentation to produce bioethanol.

The adsorbed ash and lignin contained in waste wheat straw (WWS) have been the essential factors restricting its high-value utilization in biorefinery. Hence, humic acid (HA) and FeCl3 as the additives of hydrothermal pretreatment were applied to simultaneously enhance the removal of lignin and eliminate the acid buffering of ash in WWS, respectively. The results showed that the xylan and lignin removal of WWS pretreated with 10 g/L HA and 20 mM FeCl3 could be efficiently increased from 61.4% to 72.9% and from 14.7% to 38.7%, respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and ethanol yield of WWS were increased this way from 44.4% to 82.7% and from 20.55% to 36.86%, respectively. According to the characterization of WWS, the synergistic interaction between HA and FeCl3 was beneficial to the cellulose accessibility and surface lignin area of WWS changed in positive directions, leading to the improvement of hydrolysis efficiency.

Production of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides from industrial-derived xylan residue by organic acid treatment.

In order to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS) with excellent prebiotics properties from industrial-derived xylan residue (IDXR), maleic acid (MA) and citric acid (CA) were used as catalysts under different treatment conditions. Under the identified optimum conditions (0.1 M of MA and 0.5 M of CA at 150 °C for 40 min), CA showed a better ability than MA to maximumly produce XOS. The yields of XOS from MA and CA treatments were 48.9% and 52.3%, which were comprised of X2-X6 proportions of 69.47% and 66.70%, respectively. Anaerobic fermentation results demonstrated that both XOS-CA and XOS-MA exhibited pronounced prebiotic activity for proliferating Bifidobacterium adolescentis (B. adolescentis) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). XOS-CA possessed the better ability for B. adolescentis to produce the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), while XOS-MA outperformed XOS-CA for L. acidophilus to produce SCFA. These results imply organic acid treatments can be applied to produce XOS with excellent prebiotic properties from IDXR.

Valorization of bamboo shoot shell waste for the coproduction of fermentable sugars and xylooligosaccharides.

In this work, hydrothermal pretreatment (autohydrolysis) was coupled with endo-xylanase enzymatic hydrolysis for bamboo shoot shell (BSS) to produce glucose and valuable xylooligosaccharides (XOS) rich in xylobiose (X2) and xylotriose (X3). Results showed that the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of pretreated BSS residue reached 88.4% with addition of PEG during the hydrolysis process. To enrich the portions of X2-X3 in XOS, endo-xylanase was used to hydrolyze the XOS in the prehydrolysate, which was obtained at the optimum condition (170°C, 50 min). After enzymatic hydrolysis, the yield of XOS reached 25.6%, which contained 76.7% of X2-X3. Moreover, the prehydrolysate contained a low concentration of fermentation inhibitors (formic acid 0.7 g/L, acetic acid 2.6 g/L, furfural 0.7 g/L). Based on mass balance, 32.1 g of glucose and 6.6 g of XOS (containing 5.1 g of X2-X3) could be produced from 100.0 g of BSS by the coupled technology. These results indicate that BSS could be an economical feedstock for the production of glucose and XOS.

In-situ lignin modification with polyethylene glycol-epoxides to boost enzymatic hydrolysis of combined-pretreated masson pine.

Acid pretreatment was insufficient to disrupt the recalcitrance derived from lignins in softwood, thus a lignin-targeting post-treatment was required. In this study, a combined acid and alkali pretreatment with polyethylene glycol-epoxides (PEG-epoxides) was developed on masson pine. Results showed although the combined pretreatment achieved a limited delignification, but a remarkably increment of 15.9-34.9% on hydrolysis yields was achieved. This was ascribed to the successful incorporation of hydrophilic PEG chains to residual lignins. Moreover, the improvement on enzymatic digestibility varied with the PEG chain lengths in modifiers. The underlying reasons for this improvement were primarily investigated by monitoring the lignin properties as well as water retention values variation after in-situ lignin modification by PEG-epoxides with varied molecular weights. It indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysis improvement was mainly due to both reduced enzyme nonspecific adsorption and increased fiber swelling. Results will give new insights to resolve the challenge on softwood biorefinery.

Grafting natural nicotinamide on tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils to prepare flexible and transparent nanocomposite films with fascinating mechanical strength and UV shielding performance.

Light pollution from ultraviolet (UV) radiation is gaining growing concerns, as the emissions and burning of fossil fuels destroyed the ozone layer. Seeking a solution against skin exposure to excessive radiation is an urgent requirement. In this study, nicotinamide (NA), the main component of vitamin B3, was introduced as a new modifier into Tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNFs) together with the physical cross-linking with tannin acid (TA) to improve anti-UV performance of the nanocomposite films. Incorporation of NA into the films presents distinguished UV shielding capability UVB wavelength range from 200 nm to 320 nm (NTA1-5) due to the introduced functional groups like CO and benzene rings. Moreover, mechanical properties were notably enhanced, which overcome the low strength of common nanocellulosic materials. The stress increased from 69.8 MPa to 116.3 MPa, and the toughness can reach 131.58 MJ/m3 by tuning the additional amount of NA. Meanwhile, TGA and DTG analysis demonstrated that the incorporation of amide bonds and TA into the composite films greatly improved the thermal stability. Thus, the proposed materials fabricated from natural biomolecules show great potential in serving as new kinds of UV-resistant products in the application areas of sunscreen, protective clothing, and building materials.