Prevalence and risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension in a large group of ß-thalassemia patients using right heart catheterization: a Webthal study.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a concern in patients with ß-thalassemia major (TM) and intermedia (TI); however, studies evaluating its prevalence and risk factors using systematic confirmation on right heart catheterization are lacking. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study of 1309 Italian ß-thalassemia patients (mean age 36.4±9.3 years; 46% men; 74.6% TM, 25.4% TI). Patients with a tricuspid-valve regurgitant jet velocity ≥3.2 m/s (3.6%) on transthoracic echocardiography further underwent right heart catheterization to confirm the diagnosis of PAH (mean pulmonary arterial pressure ≥25 mm Hg and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≤15mm Hg). The confirmed PAH prevalence on right heart catheterization was 2.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-3.0) and was higher in TI (4.8%; 95% CI, 3.0-7.7) than TM (1.1%; 95% CI, 0.6-2.0). The positive predictive value for the tricuspid-valve regurgitant jet velocity ≥3.2 m/s threshold for the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension was 93.9%. Considerable functional limitation and decrease in the 6-minute walk distance were noted in patients with confirmed PAH. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent risk factors for confirmed PAH were age (odds ratio, 1.102 per 1-year increase; 95% CI, 1.06-1.15) and splenectomy (odds ratio, 9.31; 95% CI, 2.57-33.7). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of PAH in ß-thalassemia patients as confirmed on right heart catheterization was 2.1%, with an ≈5-fold higher prevalence in TI than TM. Advanced age and splenectomy are risk factors for PAH in this patient population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01496963.

A genetic score for the prediction of beta-thalassemia severity.

Clinical and hematologic characteristics of beta(ß)-thalassemia are determined by several factors resulting in a wide spectrum of severity. Phenotype modulators are: HBB mutations, HBA defects and fetal hemoglobin production modulators (HBG2:g.-158C>T polymorphism, HBS1L-MYB intergenic region and the BCL11A). We characterized 54 genetic variants at these five loci robustly associated with the amelioration of beta-thalassemia phenotype, to build a predictive score of severity using a representative cohort of 890 ß-thalassemic patients. Using Cox proportional hazard analysis on a training set, we assessed the effect of these loci on the age at which patient started regular transfusions, built a Thalassemia Severity Score, and validated it on a testing set. Discriminatory power of the model was high (C-index=0.705; R(2)=0.343) and the validation conducted on the testing set confirmed its predictive accuracy with transfusion-free survival probability (P<0.001) and with transfusion dependency status (Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve=0.774; P<0.001). Finally, an automatized on-line calculation of the score was made available at http://tss.unica.it. Besides the accurate assessment of genetic predictors effect, the present results could be helpful in the management of patients, both as a predictive score for screening and a standardized scale of severity to overcome the major-intermedia dichotomy and support clinical decisions.

IFNL3 polymorphisms and HCV infection in patients with beta thalassemia.

UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY: Genome-wide association studies have identified host genetic variation to be critical for spontaneous clearance and treatment response in patients infected with hepatitis C virus. Recently, the role of the IFNL3 polymorphisms in influencing the spontaneous clearance of HCV, the response to interferon and the progression of liver fibrosis, was also demonstrated in patients with thalassemia major infected by genotype 1b. In the present study we retrospectively analyzed 368 anti-HCV positive patients with beta-thalassemia at two Italian major centers in Cagliari and Torino. RESULTS: C/C variant of polymorphism rs12979860 was related to response to interferon treatment and, above all, to spontaneous clearance of the virus. However, the positive predictive power was stronger for viral persistence than spontaneous clearance and in such respect the TT allele was more predictive than CC. The methylation associated polymorphism rs4803221 had independent effects with respect to rs12979860 and the haplotype tagged by SNP rs12979860 and rs4803221 significantly could improve the viral clearance prediction in infected patients. Neither necroinflammation or bilirubin values in the chronic phase of the hepatitis C were related to IFNL3 polymorphisms. No relation among IFNL3 polymorphisms and fibrosis stage directly shown by the liver biopsy was found. CONCLUSIONS: Also in thalassemia the SNPs on chromosome 19q13 closely associates with spontaneous and treatment-induced HCV clearance. The viral clearance prediction is significantly improved by the haplotype tagged by SNP rs12979860 and rs4803221. Neither necroinflammation, bilirubin values or fibrosis stage seem to be related to IFNL3 polymorphisms.

Profibrogenic chemokines and viral evolution predict rapid progression of hepatitis C to cirrhosis.

Chronic hepatitis C may follow a mild and stable disease course or progress rapidly to cirrhosis and liver-related death. The mechanisms underlying the different rates of disease progression are unknown. Using serial, prospectively collected samples from cases of transfusion-associated hepatitis C, we identified outcome-specific features that predict long-term disease severity. Slowly progressing disease correlated with an early alanine aminotransferase peak and antibody seroconversion, transient control of viremia, and significant induction of IFN-γ and MIP-1ß, all indicative of an effective, albeit insufficient, adaptive immune response. By contrast, rapidly progressive disease correlated with persistent and significant elevations of alanine aminotransferase and the profibrogenic chemokine MCP-1 (CCL-2), greater viral diversity and divergence, and a higher rate of synonymous substitution. This study suggests that the long-term course of chronic hepatitis C is determined early in infection and that disease severity is predicted by the evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis C virus and the level of MCP-1, a chemokine that appears critical to the induction of progressive fibrogenesis and, ultimately, the ominous complications of cirrhosis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma in thalassaemia: an update of the Italian Registry.

The risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with thalassaemia is increased by transfusion-transmitted infections and haemosiderosis. All Italian Thalassaemia Centres use an ad hoc form to report all diagnoses of HCC to the Italian Registry. Since our last report, in 2002, up to December 2012, 62 new cases were identified, 52% of whom were affected by thalassaemia major (TM) and 45% by thalassaemia intermedia (TI). Two had sickle-thalassaemia (ST). The incidence of the tumour is increasing, possibly because of the longer survival of patients and consequent longer exposure to the noxious effects of the hepatotropic viruses and iron. Three patients were hepatitis B surface antigen-positive, 36 patients showed evidence of past infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Fifty-four patients had antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV), 43 of whom were HCV RNA positive. Only 4 had no evidence of exposure either to HCV or HBV. The mean liver iron concentration was 8 mg/g dry weight. Therapy included chemoembolization, thermoablation with radiofrequency and surgical excision. Three patients underwent liver transplant, 21 received palliative therapy. As of December 2012, 41 patients had died. The average survival time from HCC detection to death was 11·5 months (1·4-107·2 months). Ultrasonography is recommended every 6 months to enable early diagnosis of HCC, which is crucial to decrease mortality.

Feasibility, reproducibility, and reliability for the T*2 iron evaluation at 3 T in comparison with 1.5 T.

This study aimed to determine the feasibility, reproducibility, and reliability of the multiecho T*(2) Magnetic resonance imaging technique at 3 T for myocardial and liver iron burden quantification and the relationship between T*(2) values at 3 and 1.5 T. Thirty-eight transfusion-dependent patients and 20 healthy subjects were studied. Cardiac segmental and global T*(2) values were calculated after developing a correction map to compensate the artifactual T*(2) variations. The hepatic T*(2) value was determined over a region of interest. The intraoperator and interoperator reproducibility for T*(2) measurements at 3 T was good. A linear relationship was found between patients' R *2 (1000/T*(2) ) values at 3 and 1.5 T. Segmental correction factors were significantly higher at 3 T. A conversion formula returning T*(2) values at 1.5 T from values at 3 T was proposed. A good diagnostic reliability for T*(2) assessment at 3 T was demonstrated. Lower limits of normal for 3 T T*(2) values were 23.3 ms, 21.1 ms, and 11.7 ms, for the global heart, mid-ventricular septum, and liver, respectively. In conclusion, T*(2) quantification of iron burden in the mid-ventricular septum, global heart, and no heavy-moderate livers resulted to be feasible, reproducible, and reliable at 3 T. Segmental heart T*(2) analysis at 3 T may be challenging due to significantly higher susceptibility artifacts.

Genetic modifiers of ß-thalassemia and clinical severity as assessed by age at first transfusion.

BACKGROUND: The clinical and hematologic features of ß-thalassemia are modulated by different factors, resulting in a wide range of clinical severity. The main factors are the type of disease-causing mutation and the ability to produce α-globin and γ-globin chains. In the present study we investigated the respective contributions of known modifiers to the prediction of the clinical severity of ß-thalassemia as assessed by the patients' age at first transfusion. DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied the effect of seven loci in a cohort of 316 Sardinian patients with ß(0)-thalassemia. In addition to characterizing the ß-globin gene mutations, α-globin gene defects and HBG2:g.-158C>T polymorphism, we genotyped two different markers in the BCL11A gene and three in the HBS1L-MYB intergenic region using single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays, imputation and direct genotyping. We performed Cox proportional hazard analysis of the time to first transfusion. RESULTS: According to the resulting model, we were able to explain phenotypic severity to a large extent (Harrell's concordance index=0.72; Cox & Snell R(2)=0.394) and demonstrated that most of the model's discriminatory ability is attributable to the genetic variants affecting fetal hemoglobin production (HBG2:g.-158C>T, BCL11A and HBS1L-MYB loci: C-index=0.68, R(2)=0.272), while the remaining is due to α-globin gene defects and gender. Consequently, significantly distinct survival curves can be described in our population. CONCLUSIONS: This detailed analysis clarifies the impact of genetic modifiers on the clinical severity of the disease, measured by time to first transfusion, by determining their relative contributions in a homogeneous cohort of ß(0)-thalassemia patients. It may also support clinical decisions regarding the beginning of transfusion therapy in patients with ß-thalassemia.

Renal function in patients with ß-thalassaemia major: a long-term follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Little information is available about the kidney's involvement in patients with ß-thalassaemia major (TM). In particular, there are no studies reporting the outcome of renal function over time. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in 81 adult patients with TM followed for 10 years. Only patients who had an eGFR of >90 mL/min/1.73 m(2) at presentation were admitted to the study. All patients were regularly followed for at least 10 years. RESULTS: At 10 years, 66 patients showed a mild decline in eGFR that remained, however, within a normal range (from 119.9 to 113.6 mL/min/1.73 m(2), P = 0.636). In the remaining 15 patients (18.5%), eGFR decreased to <90 mL/min (from 98.1 to 78.2 mL/min/1.73 m(2); P = 0.004). The repeated-measures models showed that the decline in eGFR over time was significantly higher (P = 0.0068) in patients with baseline phosphaturia >1000 mg/24 h (P = 0.0068), while eGFR tended to decline more rapidly in patients with baseline uricuria >700 mg/24 h than in those with lower uricuria (P = 0.0783). Univariate Cox's proportional regression models showed that abnormal levels of calcaemia were associated with the risk of kidney damage [hazard ratio (HR) 0.30, 95% confidence interval 0.09-0.97 for calcaemia 8.4-10.2 mg/dL versus HR not estimable for calcaemia <8.4 or >10.2 mg/dL]. CONCLUSIONS: In most adults with TM, the eGFR tends to remain within a normal range after 10 years. However, patients with elevated phosphaturia, elevated uricuria and/or abnormal levels of calcaemia show a significant decline in eGFR over time, suggesting that tubular damage acquired in childhood caused by either TM or its treatment may eventually result in abnormal eGFR. Further studies in a larger cohort of TM patients are needed to further elucidate the long-term impact of TM on renal function.

Thalassemia intermedia is associated with a proatherogenic biochemical phenotype.

OBJECTIVE: Unlike beta thalassemia major (ß-TM) in which cardiac siderosis represents the leading cause of mortality and morbidity, in beta thalassemia intermedia (ß-TI), pulmonary hypertension (PHT) and thrombosis seems to be the major cardiovascular complications. However, the mechanism underlying these complications in ß-TI is still unclear. Endothelial dysfunction, the key early event in atherogenesis, is now emerging as an important cardiovascular risk determiner in ß-TI patients. Among the factors known to affect endothelial function, iron and cholesterol merit particular consideration in ß-TI patients. Therefore, with the aim to extend our knowledge on the mechanisms connecting atherosclerosis to ß-TI, in this study, we compared lipid and iron metabolism in serum and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ß-TI and ß-TM patients and controls. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study the iron status and the lipid profile in serum and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 22 adult ß-TI patients were examined, and compared with 70 adult ß-TM, and 50 age-matched controls. Despite the great variability, levels of serum iron and transferrin saturation were significantly higher in ß-TI compared to both controls and ß-TM. By contrast, transferrin and hepcidin levels were lower in ß-TI patients. Changes in serum indicators in ß-TI patients were associated with altered expressions in PBMCs of hepcidin and IL-1α, involved in some way in the regulation of iron homeostasis. In addition ß-TI exhibited a reduction of total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum and of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase in PBMCs, and an increase of cytoplasmic neutral lipids and mRNA levels of acetyl-coenzymeA:cholesterol acyltransferase. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings provide experimental support for the idea that ß-TI patients exhibit a proatherogenic biochemical phenotype which may contribute to enhance cardiovascular risk in these subjects.

Amelioration of Sardinian beta0 thalassemia by genetic modifiers.

Sardinian beta-thalassemia patients all are homozygotes for the same null allele in the beta-globin gene, but the clinical manifestations are extremely variable in severity. Previous studies have shown that the coinheritance of alpha-thalassemia or the presence of genetic variants that sustain fetal hemoglobin production has a strong impact on ameliorating the clinical phenotype. Here we evaluate the contribution of variants in the BCL11A, and HBS1L-MYB genes, implicated in the regulation of fetal hemoglobin, and of alpha-thalassemia coinheritance in 50 thalassemia intermedia and 75 thalassemia major patients. We confirm that alpha-thalassemia and allele C of single nucleotide polymorphism rs-11886868 in BCL11A were selectively represented in thalassemia intermedia patients. Moreover, allele G at single nucleotide polymorphism rs9389268 in the HBS1L-MYB locus was significantly more frequent in the thalassemia intermedia patients. This trio of genetic factors can account for 75% of the variation differences in phenotype severity.

Evidence for a proatherogenic biochemical phenotype in beta thalassemia minor and intermedia.

The purpose of this study was to focus on pathophysiological mechanisms linking ß-thalassemia intermedia (ß-TI) and minor (ß-TMI) with cardiovascular risk. Iron status, prooxidant-antioxidant balance and lipid profiles in serum, and lipid content in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated in 20 ß-TMI subjects, 22 ß-TI patients and in 30 nonthalassemic blood donors. The mRNA levels of some genes involved in the regulation of iron and cholesterol metabolism were also determined. In ß-TI and in ß-TMI, serum iron, prooxidant-antioxidant ratio, transferrin saturation and erythropoietin levels were higher, while transferrin and hepcidin were lower compared to controls. Hepcidin and interleukin-1α mRNA levels were found to be reduced in ß-TI- and ß-TMI-PBMCs, while those of tumor necrosis factor alpha were increased. A reduction in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum and an accumulation of neutral lipids coupled with increased mRNA levels of acetyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase and decreased neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase in PBMCs were also observed in ß-TI and ß-TMI compared to controls. Taken together, these findings provide experimental support for the idea that not only ß-TI patients but also ß-TMI have a proatherogenic biochemical phenotype which may contribute to increase their cardiovascular disease risk.

ß-thalassemia and thyroid failure: is there a role for thyroid autoimmunity?

Autoimmunity is not believed to be involved in tissue damage of Β-Thalassemia (Β-Thal), although nonspecific triggering of autoimmunity by iron overload has been suggested. We recently re-evaluated thyroid function and autoimmunity in 132 Β-Thal patients born and living in Sardinia Island, where a high prevalence of both Β-Thal and autoimmune disease is well documented and in 1002 age and sex-matched euthyroid individuals from the general population. The prevalence of primary hypothyroidism in Β-Thal patients was 28.7% (38/132), without significant difference between males (M) and females (F). Hypothyroidism was associated with smaller and hypoechoic glands, while no difference in the prevalence of anti-thyroid antibodies (ATA) was found between Β-Thal patients with or without thyroid failure. Interestingly, the prevalence of ATA in Β-Thal women (9.2%) was significantly lower than that found in age-matched euthyroid women (20.0%). Our study confirms that thyroid autoimmunity has no role in the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism in b-Thal. Moreover, the lower ATA prevalence in Β-Thal women suggests that iron overload may inhibit rather then trigger thyroid autoimmunity.

Case report: thalassemia intermedia patient with hypertension non-responsive to combined medical treatment.

Pheochromocytoma is a rare disease in the general population and, to the best of our knowledge, only one case has been reported so far in patients with hemoglobinopathies. We describe the occurrence of pheochromocytoma in a patient with thalassemia intermedia associated with Gilbert's disease and Crigler- Najjar Type 2 syndrome.

Increased survival and reversion of iron-induced cardiac disease in patients with thalassemia major receiving intensive combined chelation therapy as compared to desferoxamine alone.

Myocardial iron overload is the leading cause of death in patients with beta-thalassemia major. An intensification monotherapy with deferoxamine (DFO) as well as a combination therapy with DFO and deferiprone (DFP) reduces myocardial iron and improves cardiac function. However, the prognosis for thalassemia major patients with established cardiac disease switched from DFO monotherapy to combined DFP/DFO chelation is unknown. Twenty-eight thalassemia major patients with cardiac disease were enrolled in a prospective study lasting 42+/-6 months. Fifteen (9 high-ferritin and 6 low-ferritin) were placed on DFP/DFO (DFP, 75 mg/kg t.i.d.; DFO, 40-50mg/kg over 8-12h at night 5-7 days/week), while 13 (5 high- and 8 low-ferritin) received DFO alone. No cardiac events were observed among high-ferritin patients on combination therapy, whereas 4 cardiac events (p=0.0049), including three deaths, occurred in high-ferritin patients on DFO monotherapy. These findings demonstrate that in thalassemia major patients with well-established cardiac disease combined iron-chelation therapy with DFP/DFO is superior to DFO monotherapy.

Anemia in beta-thalassemia patients targets hepatic hepcidin transcript levels independently of iron metabolism genes controlling hepcidin expression.

Thalassemia associates anemia and iron overload, two opposite stimuli regulating hepcidin gene expression. We characterized hepatic hepcidin expression in 10 thalassemia major and 13 thalassemia intermedia patients. Hepcidin mRNA levels were decreased in the thalassemia intermedia group which presented both lower hemoglobin and higher plasma soluble transferrin receptor levels. There was no relationship between hepcidin mRNA levels and those of genes controlling iron metabolism, including HFE, hemojuvelin, transferrin receptor-2 and ferroportin. These results underline the role of erythropoietic activity on hepcidin decrease in thalassemic patients and suggest that mRNA modulations of other studied genes do not have a significant impact.

Prospective evaluation of patient-reported outcomes during treatment with deferasirox or deferoxamine for iron overload in patients with beta-thalassemia.

BACKGROUND: Iron chelation therapy (ICT) with deferoxamine (DFO), the current standard for the treatment of iron overload in patients with transfusion-dependent disorders such as beta-thalassemia, requires regular subcutaneous or intravenous infusions. This can lead to reduced quality of life and poor adherence, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in iron-overloaded patients with beta-thalassemia. Deferasirox is an orally administered iron chelator that has been approved for use in the United States, Switzerland, and other countries. OBJECTIVE: This analysis was conducted to compare patient-reported outcomes (PROs) during receipt of DFO infusions or once-daily oral therapy with deferasirox (ICL670). METHODS: PROs were prospectively evaluated as part of a randomized, Phase III study comparing the efficacy and safety profile of DFO 20 to 60 mg/kg per day with those of deferasirox 5 to 30 mg/kg per day in patients (age > or =2 years) with beta-thalassemia who were receiving regular transfusions and had a liver iron concentration of > or =2 mg/g dry weight. PRO questionnaires were completed by patients or a parent or legal guardian at baseline, week 4, week 24, and end of study (EOS). Patients assessed their level of satisfaction with study treatment (very satisfied, satisfied, neutral, dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied) and rated its convenience (very convenient, convenient, neutral, inconvenient, or very inconvenient). Time lost from normal activities due to ICT in the previous 4 weeks was recorded using a single global assessment. At week 4, patients who had previous experience with DFO were asked to indicate their preference for treatment (ICT received before the study, ICT received during the study, no preference, or no response) and the reason for that preference. At EOS, all patients were asked if they would be willing to continue using the ICT they had received during the study. All study analyses were performed in all patients who received at least 1 dose of study medication. RESULTS: Five hundred eighty-six patients (304 females, 282 males; age range, 2-53 years) received treatment with DFO (n = 290) or deferasirox (n = 296). Significantly more patients treated with deferasirox reported being very satisfied or satisfied with treatment compared with those treated with DFO (week 4: 92.0% vs 50.4%, respectively; week 24: 89.6% vs 44.0%; EOS: 85.1% vs 38.7%; all, P < 0.001). At the same time points, the majority of those treated with deferasirox reported that treatment was very convenient or convenient compared with those treated with DFO (95.5% vs 21.3%, 91.7% vs 17.4%, and 92.7% vs 11.3%, respectively; all, P < 0.001). Among patients who had previously taken DFO and were randomized to receive deferasirox during the study, 96.9% reported a preference for deferasirox over DFO. At EOS, the proportion of patients indicating a willingness to continue study therapy was significantly greater in those receiving deferasirox than in those receiving DFO (85.8% vs 13.8%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, patient-reported satisfaction and convenience were significantly higher for the once-daily, oral ICT deferasirox than for DFO infusions. Among patients who had received DFO before the study, the majority indicated a preference for deferasirox over DFO. Most patients receiving deferasirox indicated that they would be willing to continue taking it. These results suggest that deferasirox had a positive impact on patients' daily lives.

Association of chronic hepatitis C with major depressive disorders: irrespective of interferon-alpha therapy.

BACKGROUND: Mood and anxiety symptoms in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) may be related to the patient awareness of the diagnosis and prognosis, to side effects induced by interferon (IFN)-alpha treatment, as well as to substance abuse. However, the observation of metabolic alterations in patients with CHC has led to hypothesize a direct effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) on brain function. This study was aimed at elucidating whether CHC is associated with specific anxiety or mood disorders independently of confounding factors. METHODS: Patient cohort: consecutive patients, 135 with CHC and 76 with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). EXCLUSION CRITERIA: previous treatment with IFN-alpha, co-infection with HCV and hepatitis B virus, infection with human immunodeficiency virus, drug or alcohol abuse, or malignancies. CONTROLS: subjects without evidence of hepatitis randomly extracted from the database of a previous epidemiological study; they were divided into two groups of 540 (332 males) and 304 (220 males) as controls for patients with CHC and CHB, respectively. The psychiatric diagnosis was formulated by means of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Simplified carried out by a physician according to DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS: A higher lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) was observed among CHC compared to CHB or controls. The risk of MDD was not statistically different between CHB and controls. Both the CHC and CHB groups showed a significantly higher frequency of panic disorder when compared to controls. No statistical differences were observed in the prevalence of general anxiety disorder and social phobia when CHC or CHB were compared to controls. CONCLUSION: The present study provides the first evidence of an association between CHC and MDD, diagnosed on the basis of well-defined international criteria. This association is independent of treatment with IFN-alpha and is not influenced by substance or alcohol abuse. By contrast, anxiety disorders do not appear to be specifically associated with CHC.

Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with chronic hepatitis C during treatment with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin.

Peginterferon (Peg-IFN) alfa in combination with ribavirin represents the gold standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C, but is associated with various side effects, especially hematological abnormalities. We report here a case of severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) complicated by symptomatic myocardial ischemia in a patient with chronic hepatitis C during combination therapy. The worsening hemolysis after ribavirin withdrawal and exclusion of other causes implicated Peg-IFN alfa as the cause of AIHA. Our study demonstrates that in patients without preexisting immunological abnormalities Peg-IFN can de novo induce autoimmune complications that, albeit rarely, may be life-threatening.

Fetal HLA typing in beta thalassaemia: implications for haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation.

Stem-cell transplantation can cure beta thalassaemia. We aimed to assess whether fetal HLA typing done early in the pregnancy of couples who were at risk of beta thalassaemia could provide an alternative to pregnancy termination if the prospect of a bone-marrow transplantation from a family member was available. In our clinic in Sardinia, we did fetal HLA typing for 49 couples at risk of having a baby with beta thalassaemia. Two affected children were born and successfully received a transplantation from a family donor. Five non-affected fetuses were HLA compatible with an affected sibling and their cord blood was harvested for a future transplantation.

Association of chronic hepatitis C with recurrent brief depression.

BACKGROUND: Depressive syndromes, including recurrent brief depression (RBD), have frequently been observed in association with chronic diseases characterized by immune activation, such as autoimmune thyroiditis or celiac disease. However, the association of RBD with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), a disease with an increased incidence of major depressive disorders, is unknown. CASES: 135 (83 males, 52 females) consecutive treatment-naïve patients with CHC. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: previous treatment with IFN-alpha, co-infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus, infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), drug or alcohol abuse, or malignancy. CONTROLS: 540 (332 males, 208 females) subjects without evidence of hepatitis, randomly extracted from the database of a previous epidemiological study. The psychiatric diagnosis was based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Simplified (CIDI-S), containing a specific section on RBD. RESULTS: A significantly higher rate of RBD was observed among both male and female patients with CHC (n=21, 15.5%) as compared to controls (n=34, 6.3%) (OR=2.6, CI 95% from 1.37 to 4.93). CONCLUSION: The present study provides the first evidence of an association between CHC and RBD, independent of treatment with IFN-alpha and not influenced by substance or alcohol abuse. The results are similar to those found in other conditions with immune activation. RBD may be another expression of mood disorders in such conditions.