A "test in-train out" program versus a "go home and walk" intervention for home-based exercise therapy in patients with peripheral artery disease: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: In this single-blinded randomized controlled trial, we compared the "Test in-Train Out" structured home-based exercise program (TiTo-SHB) with the traditional "go home and walk" exercise intervention in people with peripheral artery disease (PAD). METHODS: Peripheral artery disease patients at Leriche-Fontaine's stage II were randomized to receive TiTo-SHB or walking advice (C-WA). The TiTo-SHB group performed two daily 8-min sessions of pain-free interval walking at progressive low-to-moderate speed maintained with a metronome. The C-WA group was recommended to walk for 30 min at least three times per week and to endure claudication pain. Outcomes collected at baseline and at the end of the program (6 months) included: 6-min and pain-free walking distance (6MWD, PFWD), ankle-brachial index (ABI), 5-time sit-to-stand test (5STS), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by the VascuQoL-6 questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 68 patients were randomized (males n = 50; aged 73 ± 9; TiTo-SHB n = 34). At the end of the program, patients in the TiTo-SHB group compared with the C-WA group had significantly improved 6MWD (Δ + 60 ± 32 m vs. Δ - 5 ± 37 m; p < 0.001) and PFWD (Δ + 140 ± 92 m vs. Δ - 7 ± 87 m; p < 0.001). A significant between-group difference in favor of the TiTo-SHB group was also recorded for all the secondary outcomes, including 5STS (Δ - 2.6 ± 1.8 s vs. Δ + 0.8 ± 2.6 s; p < 0.001), ABI of the more impaired limb (Δ + 0.10 ± 0.11 vs. Δ + 0.02 ± 0.08; p = 0.003), and VascuQoL-6 score (Δ +2 ± 2 vs. -1 ± 4; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In PAD patients with claudication, the pain-free in-home TiTo-SHB program was more effective in improving exercise capacity and HRQoL than the traditional walking advice recommendation.

SARS-COV-2 Pandemic for Patients with Chronic Obstructive Peripheral Arterial Disease: Impact of Interruption to Access According to Gender in a Single Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study aims to evaluate the impact of interrupted services for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients and especially women in a single north-eastern Italian center over a period of 3 months prior to the pandemic, during the first (2020) and the second (2021) wave of contagion in northern Italy. METHODS: Patients with PAD at Rutherford stages 3 to 6 that required revascularization between March 2019 and March 2021 were classified into 3 groups, according to the period of treatment: the prepandemic period, the pandemic-20 period, and the pandemic-21 period. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were treated in the prepandemic period, 21 in the pandemic-20 period, and 39 in the pandemic-21 period. It was observed that in the both pandemic periods patients presented with more severe stages of limb ischemia, Rutherford 5 and 6 stages. During pandemic-20, patients underwent mostly open surgery, followed by hybrid procedures. No differences were observed between the 3 groups in major amputations, length of hospital stay, type of discharge, limb salvage and mortality. During long-term follow-up, limb salvage appeared to be significantly better in the pandemic-21 group. The gender analysis revealed a significantly reduced female proportion of overall treated patients in 2020 and 2021 compared to the prepandemic period. In the pandemic-20 this difference appears even more evident since treatments on females represented 19% of the total while in the same period of the previous year the male/female percentage was comparable (54% vs. 46%). The women admitted presented higher stages of disease and tended to have a longer hospital stay than men. At 12-month follow-up, limb salvage was similar between the 2 genders but was slightly worse in women. CONCLUSIONS: An efficient reorganization of the vascular surgery services during the pandemic period guaranteed the quality and standard of treatment offered in the preceding periods. Among patients suffering from PAD the impact of the pandemic was greater for the female gender. It is therefore important that in addition to a reorganization of hospital services to provide adequate care for patients with ACOP in the pandemic period, greater information and awareness of women.

Quantitative Comparison of Hand Kinematics Measured with a Markerless Commercial Head-Mounted Display and a Marker-Based Motion Capture System in Stroke Survivors.

Upper-limb paresis is common after stroke. An important tool to assess motor recovery is to use marker-based motion capture systems to measure the kinematic characteristics of patients' movements in ecological scenarios. These systems are, however, very expensive and not readily available for many rehabilitation units. Here, we explored whether the markerless hand motion capabilities of the cost-effective Oculus Quest head-mounted display could be used to provide clinically meaningful measures. A total of 14 stroke patients executed ecologically relevant upper-limb tasks in an immersive virtual environment. During task execution, we recorded their hand movements simultaneously by means of the Oculus Quest's and a marker-based motion capture system. Our results showed that the markerless estimates of the hand position and peak velocity provided by the Oculus Quest were in very close agreement with those provided by a marker-based commercial system with their regression line having a slope close to 1 (maximum distance: mean slope = 0.94 ± 0.1; peak velocity: mean slope = 1.06 ± 0.12). Furthermore, the Oculus Quest had virtually the same sensitivity as that of a commercial system in distinguishing healthy from pathological kinematic measures. The Oculus Quest was as accurate as a commercial marker-based system in measuring clinically meaningful upper-limb kinematic parameters in stroke patients.

The legacy effect of a home walking exercise programme in kidney failure patients on dialysis.

BACKGROUND: The EXerCise Introduction To Enhance performance (EXCITE) trial (J Am Soc Nephrol 28: 1259-1268, 2017) in dialysis patients showed that a 6-month home walking exercise programme improves physical function and two dimensions of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form (KDQOLSF-SF™) questionnaire. Whether improvements in physical function achieved by exercise interventions are maintained in the long term has never been tested in the dialysis population. METHODS: In this post-trial study embedded in the EXCITE trial, we tested the response to the 6 min walking test (6MWT) and the 5-time Sit-To-Stand (5STS) tests and the KDQOLSF-SF™ from the 6th month (end of the trial) to the 36th month. RESULTS: Among the 227 patients of the EXCITE trial cohort, 162 underwent at least three out of four testing visits (baseline, 6, 18 and/or 36 months) contemplated by the study protocol and 89 during all four testing visits. In the primary analysis by the linear mixed model, the gain in walking distance achieved in the 6th month in the exercise group [between-arms difference: +36 m, 95% confidence interval (CI): 22-51, P < .001] was maintained at the 18th month (between-arms difference: +37 m, 95% CI: 19-57, P < .001) and reduced to 23 m (95% CI: -4 to 49 meters, P = .10) at the 36th month. Overall, the post-trial difference in walking distance trajectories between the two study arms was highly significant (P = .004). Furthermore, the walking distance changes at the 6th (r = 0.34, P = .018) and 18th month (r = 0.30, P = .043) were directly related to the number of structured exercise sessions completed during the trial (i.e. the first 6 month). No such effect was registered in the response to the 5STS or in quality of life as measured by the KDQOLSF-SF™. CONCLUSIONS: In dialysis patients, the benefits of a 6-month structured walking programme outlast the duration of the intervention and postpone the loss of walking performance which naturally occurs in this population, but does not affect the quality of life (QoL) and the response to the STS test.

Beneficial Effects of Robot-Assisted Gait Training on Functional Recovery in Women after Stroke: A Cohort Study.

Background and Objectives: Robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) could be a rehabilitation option for patients after experiencing a stroke. This study aims to determine the sex-related response to robot-assisted gait training in a cohort of subacute stroke patients considering mixed results previously reported. Materials and Methods: In this study, 236 participants (145 males, 91 females) were admitted to a rehabilitation facility after experiencing a stroke and performed RAGT within a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Functional Ambulatory Category (FAC) were assessed at admission and discharge to determine sex-related outcomes. Results: At the baseline, no significant difference among sexes was observed. At the end of rehabilitation, both males and females exhibited significant improvements in FIM (71% of males and 80% of females reaching the MCID cut-off value) and FAC (∆score: men 1.9 ± 1.0; women 2.1 ± 1.1). A more remarkable improvement was observed in women of the whole population during the study, but statistical significance was not reached. When analysing the FAC variations with respect to the total number of RAGT sessions, a more significant improvement was observed in women than men (p = 0.025). Conclusion: In conclusion, among subacute stroke patients, benefits were observed following RAGT during a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program in both sexes. A greater significant recovery for women with an ischemic stroke or concerning the number of sessions attended was also highlighted. The use of gait robotics for female patients may favour a selective functional recovery after stroke.

Robot-assisted gait training is not superior to intensive overground walking in multiple sclerosis with severe disability (the RAGTIME study): A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation may attenuate the impact on mobility of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) and severe gait disabilities. OBJECTIVE: In this randomized controlled trial, we compared robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) with conventional therapy (CT) in terms of gait speed, mobility, balance, fatigue and quality of life (QoL). METHODS: Seventy-two patients with MS (expanded disability status scale score 6.0-7.0) were randomized to receive 12 training sessions over a 4-week period of RAGT (n = 36) or overground walking therapy (n = 36). The primary outcome was gait speed, assessed by the timed 25-foot walk test. Secondary outcome measures were walking endurance, balance, depression, fatigue and QoL. Tests were performed at baseline, intermediate, at the end of treatment and at a 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients completed the treatments. At the end of treatment with respect to baseline, both groups significantly improved gait speed (p < 0.001) and most secondary outcomes without between-group differences. Outcome values returned to baseline at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: RAGT was not superior to CT in improving gait speed in patients with progressive MS and severe gait disabilities where a positive, even transitory, effect of rehabilitation was observed.

Effects of a Robot-Assisted Arm Training Plus Hand Functional Electrical Stimulation on Recovery After Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of unilateral, proximal arm robot-assisted therapy combined with hand functional electrical stimulation with intensive conventional therapy for restoring arm function in survivors of subacute stroke. DESIGN: This was a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Inpatient rehabilitation university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N=40) diagnosed as having ischemic stroke (time since stroke <8wk) and upper limb impairment were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS: Participants randomized to the experimental group received 30 sessions (5 sessions/wk) of robot-assisted arm therapy and hand functional electrical stimulation (RAT+FES). Participants randomized to the control group received a time-matched intensive conventional therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was arm motor recovery measured with the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment. Secondary outcomes included motor function, arm spasticity, and activities of daily living. Measurements were performed at baseline, after 3 weeks, at the end of treatment, and at 6-month follow-up. Presence of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) was also measured at baseline. RESULTS: Both groups significantly improved all outcome measures except for spasticity without differences between groups. Patients with moderate impairment and presence of MEPs who underwent early rehabilitation (<30d post stroke) demonstrated the greatest clinical improvements. CONCLUSIONS: RAT+FES was no more effective than intensive conventional arm training. However, at the same level of arm impairment and corticospinal tract integrity, it induced a higher level of arm recovery.

Effectiveness of blood flow-restricted slow walking on mobility in severe multiple sclerosis: A pilot randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the safety, feasibility, and effectiveness of blood flow restriction-empowered low-intensity interval walking exercise (BFR-W) compared with conventional intensive overground walking (CON-W) at improving gait speed and functional capacity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and severe gait disabilities. METHODS: 24 patients (58 ± 5 years; 7 males) with progressive MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale 5.5 - 6.5) were randomized to receive 12 rehabilitation sessions over 6 weeks. The BFR-W group (n = 12) performed interval walking (speed paced by a metronome that increased weekly) with BFR bands at the thighs. The CON-W group (n = 12) received physiotherapist-assisted overground walking therapy. The primary outcome was gait speed, measured by the timed 25-foot walk test. Secondary outcomes included walking endurance, balance, strength, fatigue, and quality of life. The measurements were collected at baseline, at the end of training, and a 6-week follow-up. RESULTS: The two groups did not present any baseline difference. BFR-W group safely walked without limitations due to sleeve compression, with lower increase in perceived exertion (RPE) (P < .001) and heart rate (P = .031) compared with the CON-W. Gait speed improved significantly in both groups (BFR-W + 13%; CON-W + 5%) with greater increases in the BFR-W group at end of the training (P = .001) and at the follow-up (P = .041). Most of the secondary outcomes significantly improved in the two groups, without between-group differences. CONCLUSIONS: Slow interval walking with moderate BFR to the lower limbs was superior to overground walking in improving gait speed in patients with MS with a lower training load and a more durable clinical benefit.

Altered erythroid-related miRNA levels as a possible novel biomarker for detection of autologous blood transfusion misuse in sport.

BACKGROUND: Autologous blood transfusion (ABT) is a performance-enhancing method prohibited in sport; its detection is a key issue in the field of anti-doping. Among novel markers enabling ABT detection, microRNAs (miRNAs) might be considered a promising analytical tool. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied the changes of erythroid-related microRNAs following ABT, to identify novel biomarkers. Fifteen healthy trained males were studied from a population of 24 subjects, enrolled and randomized into a Transfusion (T) and a Control (C) group. Seriated blood samples were obtained in the T group before and after the two ABT procedures (withdrawal, with blood refrigerated or cryopreserved, and reinfusion), and in the C group at the same time points. Traditional hematological parameters were assessed. Samples were tested by microarray analysis of a pre-identified set of erythroid-related miRNAs. RESULTS: Hematological parameters showed moderate changes only in the T group, particularly following blood withdrawal. Among erythroid-related miRNAs tested, following ABT a pool of 7 miRNAs associated with fetal hemoglobin and regulating transcriptional repressors of gamma-globin gene was found stable in C and differently expressed in three out of six T subjects in the completed phase of ABT, independently from blood conservation. Particularly, two or more erythropoiesis-related miRNAs within the shortlist constituted of miR-126-3p, miR-144-3p, miR-191-3p, miR-197-3p, miR-486-3p, miR-486-5p, and miR-92a-3p were significantly upregulated in T subjects after reinfusion, with a person-to-person variability but with congruent changes. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes a signature of potential interest for ABT detection in sports, based on the analysis of miRNAs associated with erythroid features.

A near-infrared spectroscopy-assisted test discriminates patients with peripheral arterial disease and venous insufficiency with changes of foot oxygenation following light elastic compression therapy.

Background: Elastic compression therapy (CT) in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) may compromise arterial perfusion. We evaluated the feasibility of a toe-flexion test, which quantifies dynamic foot perfusion by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), for the assessment of hemodynamic sustainability of CT in PAD patients with CVI. Patients and methods: In this prospective observational study, PAD patients aged 50-85 with combined CVI at CEAP stages II-IV were studied. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) was measured, and foot perfusion was determined after 10 consecutive toe-flexion movements with NIRS sensors placed on the dorsum of each foot. Knee-high open-toe compression stockings were applied, and the degree of compression was measured. Toflex-area was determined by calculating the area under the curve of the oxygenated hemoglobin track recorded by NIRS. A toflex-area reduction > 20 % following CT was arbitrarily defined to identify limbs of patients with improved foot perfusion. These subjects received CT to be worn and a diary to report adherence and symptoms. Results: Forty-seven PAD patients (74 ± 9 years; ABI 0.67 ± 0.24) with CVI were enrolled. For all legs, superimposable toflex-areas were observed for the first two attempts (ICC 0.92). Following application of CT (17 ± 2 mmHg), the toflex-area improved (from -162 ± 110 a.u. to -112 ± 104 a.u.; p < .001). Sixty-two limbs (n = 32 patients) exhibited improved foot perfusion after CT, with a mean variation of 80 ± 47 a.u., while 32 limbs (n = 23 patients) showed stable or worsened values. In a regression model, favorable variations in toflex-area after CT were linked to a worse baseline toflex-area (R2 = 0.18; p < 0.001; rpartial = -0.42) while the percentage improvement directly correlated with CEAP class (p = 0.033). Conclusions: The NIRS-assisted test, which is feasible in a laboratory context, objectively discriminates the hemodynamic tolerability of the treatment and identifies subjects with combined PAD and CVI with improved perfusion after CT, in spite of the presence of PAD.

Exercise in Patients on Dialysis: A Multicenter, Randomized Clinical Trial.

Previous studies have suggested the benefits of physical exercise for patients on dialysis. We conducted the Exercise Introduction to Enhance Performance in Dialysis trial, a 6-month randomized, multicenter trial to test whether a simple, personalized walking exercise program at home, managed by dialysis staff, improves functional status in adult patients on dialysis. The main study outcomes included change in physical performance at 6 months, assessed by the 6-minute walking test and the five times sit-to-stand test, and in quality of life, assessed by the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form (KDQOL-SF) questionnaire. We randomized 296 patients to normal physical activity (control; n=145) or walking exercise (n=151); 227 patients (exercise n=104; control n=123) repeated the 6-month evaluations. The distance covered during the 6-minute walking test improved in the exercise group (mean distance±SD: baseline, 328±96 m; 6 months, 367±113 m) but not in the control group (baseline, 321±107 m; 6 months, 324±116 m; P<0.001 between groups). Similarly, the five times sit-to-stand test time improved in the exercise group (mean time±SD: baseline, 20.5±6.0 seconds; 6 months, 18.2±5.7 seconds) but not in the control group (baseline, 20.9±5.8 seconds; 6 months, 20.2±6.4 seconds; P=0.001 between groups). The cognitive function score (P=0.04) and quality of social interaction score (P=0.01) in the kidney disease component of the KDQOL-SF improved significantly in the exercise arm compared with the control arm. Hence, a simple, personalized, home-based, low-intensity exercise program managed by dialysis staff may improve physical performance and quality of life in patients on dialysis.

Home-based exercise for elderly patients with intermittent claudication limited by osteoarticular disorders - feasibility and effectiveness of a low-intensity programme.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common cardiovascular pathology affecting mobility in elderly. Osteoarticular diseases (ODs), responsible for functional limitations and confounding leg symptoms, may interfere with exercise therapy. This study evaluates the feasibility and effectiveness of a structured home-based exercise programme on rehabilitative outcomes in a cohort of elderly PAD patients with and without coexisting ODs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were enrolled from 2002 to 2016 in an exercise programme prescribed and controlled at the hospital and based on two daily 10-minute home walking sessions below the self-selected speed. The presence and localization of ODs at baseline were derived from consultation of medical documents. The ankle-brachial index and functional outcomes, defined as speed at the onset of claudication and attainable maximal speed by an incremental treadmill test, were assessed at baseline and discharge. Feasibility was determined according to dropout rate, number of visits, duration of the programme, and adherence. RESULTS: A total of 1,251 PAD patients were enrolled (931 men; 71 ± 9 years; 0.63 ± 0.19 ankle-brachial index). Eight hundred sixty-four patients were free of ODs (ODfreePAD, 69 %), whereas 387 were affected by ODs (ODPAD, 31 %), predominantly located in the spine (72 %). In the logistic regression models, the presence of ODs was associated with female sex, overweight, sedentary and/or driving professions. At discharge, ODPAD and ODfreePAD did not differ in dropout rates (12 % each), programme duration (378 ± 241 vs. 390 ± 260 days), number of visits (7 ± 3 each), and adherence (80 % each). Similar improvements for ODPAD and ODfreePAD were observed for the ankle-brachial index (0.06 ± 0.12 each), the speed at onset of claudication (0.7 ± 0.7 vs. 0.7 ± 0.8 kmh-1; p = 0.70), and maximal speed (0.4 ± 0.6 vs. 0.4 ± 0.6 kmh-1; p = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS: Equally satisfactory rehabilitative outcomes were observed in elderly patients with claudication limited by ODs who completed a well-tolerated, low-impact structured exercise programme.

Renal Transplantation and Outcome.

Emergency surgery represents an independent risk factor for death and postoperative complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the literature data regarding outcome of daytime or nighttime renal transplantation surgery. Relevant papers, focused on renal transplantation surgery, time of the day, and complications, were searched across the PubMed database. We used the following search terms: "renal", "transplantation", "surgery", "daytime", "nighttime", and "outcome". A total of five papers, including 6,991 adult patients were evaluated. All patients received renal transplantation from deceased donor. Daytime or nighttime surgery do not seem to negatively impact on graft survival in renal transplantation. However, two out five studies reported higher odds of complications after nighttime operation. Since it is not possible to predict the availability of a deceased donor, nighttime surgery remains a valid option when necessary, maybe deserving a higher level of caution to reduce or avoid complications.

The role of deconditioning in the end-stage renal disease myopathy: physical exercise improves altered resting muscle oxygen consumption.

BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle dysfunction and poor exercise tolerance are hallmarks of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Noninvasively measured (near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS) resting muscle oxygen consumption (rmVO2) is a biomarker of muscle dysfunction, which can be applied to study the severity and the reversibility of ESRD myopathy. We tested the hypothesis that deconditioning is a relevant factor in ESRD myopathy. METHODS: The whole dialysis population (n = 59) of two of the eight centers participating into the EXCITE study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01255969), a randomized trial evaluating the effect of a home-based exercise program on the functional capacity of these patients was studied. Thirty-one patients were in the active arm (exercise group) and 28 in the control arm (no intervention). Normative data for rmVO2 were obtained from a group of 19 healthy subjects. RESULTS: rmVO2 was twice higher (p < 0.001) in ESRDs patients (0.083 ± 0.034 ml/100 g/min) than in healthy subjects (0.041 ± 0.020 ml/100 g/min) indicating substantial skeletal muscle dysfunction in ESRD. rmVO2 correlated with resting heart rate (r = 0.34, p = 0.009) but was independent of age, dialysis vintage, biochemical, vascular and nutrition parameters. After the 6-month exercise program, rmVO2 reduced to 0.064 ± 0.024 ml/100 g/min (-23%, p < 0.001) in the exercise group indicating that skeletal muscle dysfunction is largely reversible but remained identical in the control group (0.082 ± 0.032 to 0.082 ± 0.031 ml/100 g/min). CONCLUSION: Deconditioning has a major role in ESRD myopathy. rmVO2 is a marker of physical deconditioning and has the potential for monitoring re-conditioning programs based on physical exercise in the ESRD population.

Acute oxygenation changes on ischemic foot of a novel intermittent pneumatic compression device and of an existing sequential device in severe peripheral arterial disease.

BACKGROUND: Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) improves haemodynamics in peripheral arterial disease (PAD), but its effects on foot perfusion were scarcely studied. In severe PAD patients we measured the foot oxygenation changes evoked by a novel intermittent IPC device (GP), haemodynamics and compliance to the treatment. Reference values were obtained by a sequential foot-calf device (SFC). METHODS: Twenty ischemic limbs (Ankle-Brachial Index = 0.5 ± 0.2) of 12 PAD patients (7 male, age: 74.5 ± 10.8 y) with an interval of 48 ± 2 hours received a 35 minute treatment in supine position with two IPC devices: i) a Gradient Pump (GP), which slowly inflates a single thigh special sleeve and ii) an SFC (ArtAssist®, ACI Medical, San Marcos, CA, USA), which rapidly inflates two foot-calf sleeves. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: changes of oxygenated haemoglobin at foot (HbO2foot) by continuous near-infrared spectroscopy recording and quantified as area-under-curve (AUC) for periods of 5 minutes. Other measures: haemodynamics by echo-colour Doppler (time average velocity (TAV) and blood flow (BF) in the popliteal artery and in the femoral vein), patient compliance by a properly developed form. RESULTS: All patients completed the treatment with GP, 9 with SFC. HbO2foot during the working phase, considered as average value of the 5 minutes periods, increased with GP (AUC 458 ± 600 to 1216 ± 280) and decreased with SFC (AUC 231 ± 946 to -1088 ± 346), significantly for most periods (P < 0.05). The GP treatment was associated to significant haemodynamic changes from baseline to end of the treatment (TAV = 10.2 ± 3.3 to 13.5 ± 5.5 cm/sec, P = 0.004; BF = 452.0 ± 187.2 to 607.9 ± 237.8 ml/sec, P = 0.0001), not observed with SFC (TAV = 11.2 ± 3.4 to 11.8 ± 4.3 cm/sec; BF = 513.8 ± 203.7 to 505.9 ± 166.5 ml/min, P = n.s.). GP obtained a higher score of patient compliance (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A novel IPC thigh device, unlike a traditional SFC device, increased foot oxygenation in severe PAD, together with favourable haemodynamic response and high compliance to the treatment under the present experimental conditions.

Performance assessment of patient on dialysis.

Patients on dialysis are poorly active and show a low level of physical functioning. Questionnaires and objective measurements of spontaneous physical activity are available as well as complex-expensive or simple-unexpensive tests useful to assess the patient's exercise capacity. Performance assessment unravels patients' capabilities, enables a tailored exercise prescription and provides predictive information on main clinical outcomes and therefore this topic should be of interest for nephrologists. A routinary minimal pool of tests might be usefully performed in a dialysis centre to stratify the patient's risk and to recognize patients in need of exercise training in order to address them to community-based or rehabilitative programs.

Defining and reporting exercise intensity in interventions for older adults: a modified Delphi process.

BACKGROUND: Many exercise studies, including older adults, do not report all relevant exercise characteristics. Especially the description of exercise intensity is missing and mostly not controlled. This leads to difficulties in interpreting study results and summarizing the evidence in systematic reviews or meta-analyses. Therefore, the aim of the present Delphi study was to gain recommendations about the categorization of exercise intensity and for the conducting and reporting of characteristics in future intervention studies with older adults by experts in exercise science and physiology. METHODS: Two hundred ninety-seven international interdisciplinary participants from an EU COST action were invited to participate in three rounds of online questionnaires in April/May 2023. Up to N = 93 experts participated in each round. Round 1 included open-ended questions to solicit possible recommendations and categorizations for light, moderate, vigorous, and high intensity. In round 2, the experts rated their agreement using Likert scales (1-10) on the revealed categories and recommendations. Clusters with a higher average rating of M = 8.0 were summarized into round 3. In the final round, the results were presented for a final rating of agreement (based on a simple majority > 50%). RESULTS: In round 1 a total of 416 qualitative statements were provided from thirteen questions. From round 1 to round 3, a total of 38 items were excluded, with 205 items retained for the final consensus. In round three 37 participants completed the whole questionnaire. The experts showed overall agreement on the final categorizations with 6.7 to 8.8 out of 10 points on the Likert scale. They also showed broad consensus on the relevance of reporting exercise intensity and the recommendations for future conducting and reporting of study results. However, exercise types such as yoga, balance, and coordination training led to conflicting results for categorization into light or moderate. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The results of the current survey can be used to classify the intensity of exercise and suggest a practical approach that can be adopted by the scientific community and applied when conducting systematic reviews and meta-analysis articles when vital and objective information regarding exercise intensity is lacking from the original article.

The Effectiveness of Paired Associative Stimulation on Motor Recovery after Stroke: A Scoping Review.

Paired associative stimulation (PAS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation. PAS allows connections between cortical areas and peripheral nerves (C/P PAS) or between cortical regions (C/C PAS) to be strengthened or weakened by spike-timing-dependent neural plasticity mechanisms. Since PAS modulates both neurophysiological features and motor performance, there is growing interest in its application in neurorehabilitation. We aimed to synthesize evidence on the motor rehabilitation role of PAS in stroke patients. We performed a literature search following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews Framework. Eight studies were included: one investigated C/C PAS between the cerebellum and the affected primary motor area (M1), seven applied C/P PAS over the lesional, contralesional, or both M1. Seven studies evaluated the outcome on upper limb and one on lower limb motor recovery. Although several studies omit crucial methodological details, PAS highlighted effects mainly on corticospinal excitability, and, more rarely, an improvement in motor performance. However, most studies failed to prove a correlation between neurophysiological changes and motor improvement. Although current studies seem to suggest a role of PAS in post-stroke rehabilitation, their heterogeneity and limited number do not yet allow definitive conclusions to be drawn.

Traditional versus progressive robot-assisted gait training in people with multiple sclerosis and severe gait disability: study protocol for the PROGR-EX randomised controlled trial.

Gait disorders are the most frequent symptoms associated to multiple sclerosis (MS). Robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) in people with MS (PwMS) has been proposed as a possible effective treatment option for severe motor disability without significant superiority when compared to intensive overground gait training (OGT). Furthermore, RAGT at high intensity may enhance fatigue and spasticity. This study aims to evaluate the effects of a low-intensity RAGT at progressively increasing intensity compared to conventional RAGT and OGT in PwMS and moderate to severe walking impairment. 24 PwMS will be recruited and assigned to one of the three treatment groups: low-intensity RAGT at progressively increasing intensity, conventional RAGT and OGT. All participants will receive 3-weekly treatment sessions of 3 hours each for 4 weeks. In the first 2 hours of treatment, all participants will receive a rehabilitation programme based on stretching exercises, muscle strengthening and educational interventions. During the last hour, subjects will undergo specific gait training according to the assignment group. Outcomes will be assessed before and after treatment and at 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome is walking speed. Secondary outcomes include mobility and balance, psychological measures, muscle oxygen consumption, electrical and haemodynamic brain activity, urinary biomarkers, usability, and acceptability of robotic devices for motor rehabilitation. The results of this study will provide a safe, affordable and non-operator-dependent, intervention for PwMS. Results in terms of functional, psychological, neurophysiological and biological outcomes will confirm our hypothesis. The study's trial registration number: NCT06381440.