Effective pharmacological treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy by nurse practitioners: results of an algorithm-based experience.

OBJECTIVE: To improve the care of patients with painful diabetic polyneuropathy (PDP) by a specialized outpatient clinic for individuals referred by general practitioners and to determine the effects on pain, quality of life, and patient satisfaction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred twenty-one patients were prospectively enrolled. At baseline and after 12 months at end of treatment, patients filled in a set of validated questionnaires on severity and interference of pain, quality of life, anxiety and depression, and patient satisfaction with the service offered. SETTING: The outpatient clinic is part of a regional chronic care management program, which includes both hospital-based endocrinologists and general practitioners. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients (27%) did not need any further treatment after one visit to the outpatient clinic. As initial drug, pregabalin was the most commonly prescribed drug (65%); amitriptyline was prescribed in only 30% due to its contraindications. Improvements were found in all pain scores (P < 0.05). Pain interference was improved in sleep (P < 0.01), general activity, and mood (P < 0.05). More than half of the patients (65%) were satisfied with the treatment and wished no further medication changes; 52% had a treatment success defined as pain relief ≥ 30%. Medication was stopped due to inefficacy in 9% of patients and changed due to adverse effects in 20% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: A specialized outpatient clinic for patients with PDP is an effective health care service. Using diagnostic instruments and a defined treatment algorithm, significant pain reduction was achieved in the majority of patients in a relative short period of time.

The cost-effectiveness of substituting physicians with diabetes nurse specialists: a randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up.

AIMS: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of an intervention substituting physicians with nurse specialists. BACKGROUND: Increasing populations of people with diabetes in most Western countries require creative solutions that give high-quality chronic care while controlling costs. Instigating nurse specialists as a substitute for physicians yields positive results in this area. Research about such interventions in a hospital-based setting is limited. METHODS: This paper is a report of a study of a randomized, non-blinded clinical trial including people with diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2. In the intervention group nurse specialists were the central carers, providing care that conformed to a preset protocol. Patients were included between 2004 and 2007. Costs, quality of life and adverse events were measured, cost-effect ratios and incremental cost-effect ratios were calculated based on health-resource utilization rates, corresponding market prices and national tariffs from 2007. RESULTS: Health related quality of life scores did not differ significantly between the control and the intervention group. In the intervention group, fewer patients were hospitalized and fewer side effects from drugs were reported compared to controls. Nurse specialists as central care givers generated a modest reduction in costs per quality adjusted life year gained compared to usual care. CONCLUSION: Nurse specialists give diabetes care that is similar to care provided by physicians in terms of quality of life and economic value. Instigating a nurse specialist as central carer yields opportunities to generate cost savings. Developing interventions which also focus on prevention of complications is recommended when aiming for long-term organisational cost savings.

Second-Trimester Constituents of the Metabolic Syndrome and Pregnancy Outcome: An Observational Cohort Study.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women in later life. In the general population, metabolic syndrome (MetS) shows identical associations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between GDM, constituents of MetS and pregnancy outcomes. Methods: Of 2041 pregnant women undergoing an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 22 and 30 weeks of gestation, data were collected to evaluate the constituents of MetS. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to determine the associations between MetS and pregnancy outcomes. Results: GDM and obesity did not affect the risk of fetal growth abnormalities (SGA/LGA), preterm birth or preeclampsia (PE). Hypertension significantly increased the risk of SGA (OR­1.59), PE (OR­3.14), and preterm birth <37 weeks (OR­2.17) and <34 weeks (OR­2.96) and reduced the occurrence of LGA (OR­0.46). Dyslipidemia increased the risk of PE (OR­2.25), while proteinuria increased the risk of PE (OR­12.64) and preterm birth (OR­4.72). Having ≥2 constituents increased the risk of PE and preterm birth. Conclusions: Constituents of metabolic syndrome, rather than treating impaired glucose handling, increased the risk of preeclampsia, altered fetal growth and preterm birth. Obesity was not related to adverse outcomes.

Prevalence and clinical determinants of low bone mineral density in anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of low bone mass in anorexia nervosa (AN) and the association with clinical parameters. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on 286 Caucasian women with AN. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured with DXA. Low BMD was defined as a Z-score