Sublimation Study of Six 5-Substituted-1,10-Phenanthrolines by Knudsen Effusion Mass Loss and Solution Calorimetry.

The vapor pressures of six solid 5-X-1,10-phenanthrolines (where X = Cl, CH3, CN, OCH3, NH2, NO2) were determined in suitable temperature ranges by Knudsen Effusion Mass Loss (KEML). From the temperature dependencies of vapor pressure, the molar sublimation enthalpies, ΔcrgHm0(⟨T⟩), were calculated at the corresponding average ⟨T⟩ of the explored temperature ranges. Since to the best of our knowledge no thermochemical data seem to be available in the literature regarding these compounds, the ΔcrgHm0(⟨T⟩) values obtained by KEML experiments were adjusted to 298.15 K using a well known empirical procedure reported in the literature. The standard (p0 = 0.1 MPa) molar sublimation enthalpies, ΔcrgHm0(298.15 K), were compared with those determined using a recently proposed solution calorimetry approach, which was validated using a remarkable amount of thermochemical data of molecular compounds. For this purpose, solution enthalpies at infinite dilution of the studied 5-chloro and 5-methylphenantrolines in benzene were measured at 298.15 K. Good agreement was found between the values derived by the two different approaches, and final mean values of ΔcrgHm0(298.15 K) were recommended. Finally, the standard molar entropies and Gibbs energies of sublimation were also derived at T = 298.15 K. The volatilities of the six compounds were found to vary over a range of three orders of magnitude in the explored temperature range. The large difference in volatility was analyzed in the light of enthalpies and entropies of sublimation. The latter was tentatively put in relation to the rotational contribution of the substituent group on the phenanthroline unit.

On the Coordination Chemistry of the lanthanum(III) Nitrate Salt in EAN/MeOH Mixtures.

A thorough structural characterization of the La(NO3)3 salt dissolved into several mixtures of ethyl ammonium nitrate (EAN) and methanol (MeOH) with EAN molar fraction χEAN ranging from 0 to 1 has been carried out by combining molecular dynamics (MD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The XAS and MD results show that changes take place in the La3+ first solvation shell when moving from pure MeOH to pure EAN. With increasing the ionic liquid content of the mixture, the La3+ first-shell complex progressively loses MeOH molecules to accommodate more and more nitrate anions. Except in pure EAN, the La3+ ion is always able to coordinate both MeOH and nitrate anions, with a ratio between the two ligands that changes continuously in the entire concentration range. When moving from pure MeOH to pure EAN, the La3+ first solvation shell passes from a 10-fold bicapped square antiprism geometry where all the nitrate anions act only as monodentate ligands to a 12-coordinated icosahedral structure in pure EAN where the nitrate anions bind the La3+ cation both in mono- and bidentate modes. The La3+ solvation structure formed in the MeOH/EAN mixtures shows a great adaptability to changes in the composition, allowing the system to reach the ideal compromise among all of the different interactions that take place into it.

Unraveling the solvation geometries of the lanthanum(III) bistriflimide salt in ionic liquid/acetonitrile mixtures.

A synergic approach combining molecular dynamics (MD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been used to investigate the structural properties of the La(Tf2N)3 salt (where Tf2N = bistriflimide or bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl)imide) dissolved into several mixtures of acetonitrile and the 1,8-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl)octane bistriflimide (C8(mim)2(Tf2N)2) ionic liquid (IL), with the IL molar fraction (χIL) ranging from 0 to 1. The XAS and MD results show that major changes take place in the La3+ first solvation shell when moving from pure acetonitrile to pure C8(mim)2(Tf2N)2. With increasing the IL concentration of the mixture, the La3+ first shell complex progressively loses acetonitrile molecules to accommodate more and more oxygen atoms of the Tf2N- anions. Except in pure C8(mim)2(Tf2N)2, La3+ is always able to coordinate both acetonitrile and Tf2N- anions, with a ratio between the two different ligands strongly dependent on the IL content. Moreover, the La3+ ion prefers to form a 10-coordinated first shell complex in all the investigated systems, with a slightly different geometry of the cluster depending on the composition of the La3+ first solvation shell. In particular, when moving from pure acetonitrile to pure C8(mim)2(Tf2N)2, the La3+ first solvation shell passes from a bicapped square antiprism geometry where all the Tf2N- anions act only as monodentate ligands, to a "1 + 5 + 4" structure in which the Tf2N- anion binds La3+ both in a monodentate and bidentate fashion. The great adaptability shown by the La3+ solvation structure allows it to reach the optimal balance among many different forces at play involving all of the different species present in the mixtures.

N-Hydroxyphthalimide: A Hydrogen Atom Transfer Mediator in Hydrocarbon Oxidations Promoted by Nonheme Iron(IV)-Oxo Complexes.

The oxidation of a series of hydrocarbons by the nonheme iron(IV)-oxo complex [(N4Py)FeIV═O]2+ is efficiently mediated by N-hydroxyphthalimide. The increase of reactivity is associated to the oxidation of the mediator to the phthalimide N-oxyl radical, which efficiently abstracts a hydrogen atom from the substrates, regenerating the mediator in its reduced form.

Evaluation of Polar Effects in Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions from Activated Phenols.

Evaluation of polar effects in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes is made difficult by the fact that in most cases substrates characterized by lower bond dissociation energies (BDEs), activated from an enthalpic point of view, are also more activated by polar effects. In search of an exception to this general rule, we found that the introduction of a methoxy substituent in the 3-position of 2,6-dimethylphenol results in a small increase in the O-H BDE and a decrease of the ionization potential of the phenol. These findings suggest that the enthalpic effect associated with the addition of the m-methoxy group to 2,6-dimethylphenol will decrease reaction rates, while the polar effects will increase reaction rates. Our model analysis of polar effects has been experimentally validated by comparing the reactivity of 2,6-dimethylphenol with that of 2,6-dimethyl-3-methoxyphenol in HAT promoted by a series of radicals (cumyloxyl, galvinoxyl, 2,2-diphenylpycrylhydrazyl, phthalimide- N-oxyl, and benzotriazole- N-oxyl radicals). In line with our predictions, the ratio of HAT rate constants ( kH mOMe/ kHH) is larger in cases where there is a greater contribution of polar effects in the HAT reaction, i.e., in HAT promoted by N-oxyl radicals containing electron-withdrawing groups or when more polar solvents are employed.

Solvation structure of lanthanide(iii) bistriflimide salts in acetonitrile solution: a molecular dynamics simulation and EXAFS investigation.

A synergic approach combining molecular dynamics (MD) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy has been used to investigate weak-concentrated (0.1 M) acetonitrile solutions of La(Tf2N)3 and Dy(Tf2N)3 salts (where Tf2N is the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide). The MD simulations show that contact ion pairs between the Ln3+ cations and the Tf2N- anions are formed in the solutions. This finding has been experimentally confirmed by the analysis of the Ln K-edge EXAFS experimental signals of the two solutions. Both La3+ and Dy3+ ions preferentially form a 10-fold first shell complex composed of acetonitrile molecules and Tf2N- counterions with a bicapped square antisprism (BSAP) geometry. As a consequence of lanthanide contraction, the Dy3+ cation binds the inner shell solvent molecules at shorter distances as compared to La3+ and the high charge density of Dy3+ allows the coordination with additional ligands at longer distances. On the other hand, the bigger La3+ ion forms a very crowded coordination shell with a larger average distance and with the capped molecules at distances from the ion more similar to the inner shell ones. This peculiar coordination structure could explain the high catalytic activity of the Ln-Tf2N complexes and the high Lewis acidity of the lanthanide center.

On the coordination of Zn2+ ion in Tf2N- based ionic liquids: structural and dynamic properties depending on the nature of the organic cation.

A synergic approach combining molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been used to investigate diluted solutions of zinc bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Zn(Tf2N)2) in Tf2N- based ionic liquids (ILs) having different organic cations, namely the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C4(mim)]+), 1,8-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl)octane ([C8(mim)2]2+), N,N,N-trimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium ([Choline]+) and butyltrimethylammonium ([BTMA]+) ions. All of the ILs tend to dissolve the Zn(Tf2N)2 species giving rise to a different structural arrangement around the Zn2+ as compared to that of the salt crystallographic structure. A quantitative analysis of the Zn K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra of the solutions has been carried out based on the microscopic description of the systems derived from the MD simulations. A very good agreement between theoretical and experimental EXAFS signals has been obtained, allowing us to assess the reliability of the MD structural results for all the investigated solutions. The Zn2+ ion has been shown to be coordinated by six oxygen atoms of the Tf2N- anions arranged in an octahedral geometry in all the Tf2N- based ILs, regardless of the organic cation of the IL solvent. However, the nature of the organic cation has a small influence on the overall spatial arrangement of the Tf2N- anions in the Zn2+ first solvation shell: two different Zn-Tf2N complexes are found in solution, a 5-fold one, with one bidentate and four monodentate Tf2N- anions, and a 6-fold one with only monodentate ligands, with the ratio between the two species being slightly dependent on the IL cation. The IL ion three-dimensional arrangements in the different IL solutions were also investigated by carrying out a thorough analysis of the MD simulations, highlighting similarities and differences between imidazolium and ammonium based IL systems.

Aerobic Oxidation of 4-Alkyl-N,N-dimethylbenzylamines Catalyzed by N-Hydroxyphthalimide: Protonation-Driven Control over Regioselectivity.

A change in regioselectivity has been observed in the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions from 4-alkyl-N,N-dimethylbenzylamines (alkyl = ethyl, isopropyl, and benzyl) to the phthalimide N-oxyl radical (PINO) by effect of protonation. This result can be rationalized on the basis of an acid-induced deactivation of the C-H bonds α to nitrogen toward HAT to PINO as evidenced by the 104-107-fold decrease in the HAT rate constants in acetonitrile following addition of 0.1 M HClO4. This acid-induced change in regioselectivity has been successfully applied for selective functionalization of the less activated benzylic C-H bonds para to the CH2N(CH3)2 group in the aerobic oxidation of 4-alkyl-N,N-dimethylbenzylamines catalyzed by N-hydroxyphthalimide in acetic acid.

Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) Processes Promoted by the Quinolinimide-N-oxyl Radical. A Kinetic and Theoretical Study.

A kinetic study of the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions from a series of organic compounds to the quinolinimide-N-oxyl radical (QINO) was performed in CH3CN. The HAT rate constants are significantly higher than those observed with the phthalimide-N-oxyl radical (PINO) as a result of enthalpic and polar effects due to the presence of the N-heteroaromatic ring in QINO. The relevance of polar effects is supported by theoretical calculations conducted for the reactions of the two N-oxyl radicals with toluene, which indicate that the HAT process is characterized by a significant degree of charge transfer permitted by the π-stacking that occurs between the toluene and the N-oxyl aromatic rings in the transition state structures. An increase in the HAT reactivity of QINO was observed in the presence of 0.15 M HClO4 and 0.15 M Mg(ClO4)2 due to the protonation or complexation with the Lewis acid of the pyridine nitrogen that leads to a further decrease in the electron density in the N-oxyl radical. These results fully support the use of N-hydroxyquinolinimide as a convenient substitute for N-hydroxyphthalimide in the catalytic aerobic oxidations of aliphatic hydrocarbons characterized by relatively high C-H bond dissociation energies.

Electron Transfer Mechanism in the Oxidation of Aryl 1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl Sulfides Promoted by Nonheme Iron(IV)-Oxo Complexes: The Rate of the Oxygen Rebound Process.

The oxidation of aryl 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl sulfides promoted by the nonheme iron(IV)-oxo complexes [(N4Py)FeIV═O]2+ and [(Bn-TPEN)FeIV═O]2+ occurs by an electron transfer-oxygen rebound (ET-OT) mechanism leading to aryl 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl sulfoxides accompanied by products derived from Cα-S fragmentation of sulfide radical cations (2-phenyl-2-propanol and diaryl disulfides). For the first time, the rate constants for the oxygen rebound process (kOT), which are in the range of <0.8 × 104 to 3.5 × 104 s-1, were determined from the fragmentation rate constants of the radical cations (kf) and the S oxidation/fragmentation product ratios.

Kinetic Study of the Reaction of the Phthalimide-N-oxyl Radical with Amides: Structural and Medium Effects on the Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactivity and Selectivity.

A kinetic study of the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions from a series of secondary N-(4-X-benzyl)acetamides and tertiary amides to the phthalimide-N-oxyl radical (PINO) has been carried out. The results indicate that HAT is strongly influenced by structural and medium effects; in particular, the addition of Brønsted and Lewis acids determines a significant deactivation of C-H bonds α to the amide nitrogen of these substrates. Thus, by changing the reaction medium, it is possible to carefully control the regioselectivity of the aerobic oxidation of amides catalyzed by N-hydroxyphthalimide, widening the synthetic versatility of this process.

Oxidation of Aryl Diphenylmethyl Sulfides Promoted by a Nonheme Iron(IV)-Oxo Complex: Evidence for an Electron Transfer-Oxygen Transfer Mechanism.

The oxidation of a series of aryl diphenylmethyl sulfides (4-X-C6H4SCH(C6H5)2, where X = OCH3 (1), X = CH3 (2), X = H (3), and X = CF3 (4)) promoted by the nonheme iron(IV)-oxo complex [(N4Py)Fe(IV)═O](2+) occurs by an electron transfer-oxygen transfer (ET-OT) mechanism as supported by the observation of products (diphenylmethanol, benzophenone, and diaryl disulfides) deriving from α-C-S and α-C-H fragmentation of radical cations 1(+•)-4(+•), formed besides the S-oxidation products (aryl diphenylmethyl sulfoxides). The fragmentation/S-oxidation product ratios regularly increase through a decrease in the electron-donating power of the aryl substituents, that is, by increasing the fragmentation rate constants of the radical cations as indicated by a laser flash photolysis (LFP) study of the photochemical oxidation of 1-4 carried out in the presence of N-methoxyphenanthridinium hexafluorophosphate (MeOP(+)PF6(-)).

Structural properties of geminal dicationic ionic liquid/water mixtures: a theoretical and experimental insight.

The structural behavior of geminal dicationic ionic liquid 1,n-bis[3-methylimidazolium-1-yl] alkane bromide ([Cn(mim)2]Br2)/water mixtures has been studied using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy in combination with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The properties of the mixtures are investigated as a function of both water concentration and alkyl-bridge chain length. The very good agreement between the EXAFS experimental data and the theoretical curves calculated from the MD structural results has proven the validity of the theoretical framework used for all of the investigated systems. In all the solutions the water molecules are preferentially coordinated with the Br(-) ion, even if a complex network of interactions among dications, anions and water molecules takes place. The local molecular arrangement around the bromide ion is found to change with increasing water content, as more and more water molecules are accomodated in the Br(-) first coordination shell. Moreover, with the decrease of the alkyl-bridge chain length, the interactions between dications and anions increase, with Br(-) forming a bridge between the two imidazolium rings of the same dication. On the other hand, in [Cn(mim)2]Br2/water mixtures with long alkyl-bridge chains peculiar internal arrangements of the dications are found, leading to different structural features of geminal dicationic ionic liquids as compared to their monocationic counterparts.

Photosensitized oxidation of aryl benzyl sulfoxides. Evidence for nucleophilic assistance to the C-s bond cleavage of aryl benzyl sulfoxide radical cations.

The radical cations of a series of aryl benzyl sulfoxides (4-X-C6H4CH2SOC6H4Y(+•)) have been generated by photochemical oxidation of the parent sulfoxides sensitized by 3-cyano-N-methylquinolinium perchlorate (3-CN-NMQ(+)ClO4(-)). Steady-state photolysis experiments showed the prevailing formation of benzylic products deriving from the C-S fragmentation in the radical cations, together with sulfur-containing products. Formation of sulfoxide radical cations was unequivocally established by laser flash photolysis experiments showing the absorption bands of 3-CN-NMQ(•) (λmax = 390 nm) and of the radical cations (λmax = 500-620 nm). The decay rate constants of radical cations, determined by LFP experiments, decrease by increasing the electron-donating power of the arylsulfinyl Y substituent and to a smaller extent by increasing the electron-withdrawing power of the benzylic X substituent. A solvent nucleophilic assistance to the C-S bond cleavage has been suggested, supported by the comparison of substituent effects on the same process occurring in aryl tert-butyl sulfoxide radical cations. DFT calculations, performed to determine the bond dissociation free energy in the radical cations, the transition state energies associated with the unimolecular C-S bond cleavage, and the charge and spin delocalized on their structures, were also useful to endorse the nucleophilic assistance to the C-S scission.

C-H Bond Oxidation Catalyzed by an Imine-Based Iron Complex: A Mechanistic Insight.

A family of imine-based nonheme iron(II) complexes (LX)2Fe(OTf)2 has been prepared, characterized, and employed as C-H oxidation catalysts. Ligands LX (X = 1, 2, 3, and 4) stand for tridentate imine ligands resulting from spontaneous condensation of 2-pycolyl-amine and 4-substituted-2-picolyl aldehydes. Fast and quantitative formation of the complex occurs just upon mixing aldehyde, amine, and Fe(OTf)2 in a 2:2:1 ratio in acetonitrile solution. The solid-state structures of (L1)2Fe(OTf)(ClO4) and (L3)2Fe(OTf)2 are reported, showing a low-spin octahedral iron center, with the ligands arranged in a meridional fashion. (1)H NMR analyses indicate that the solid-state structure and spin state is retained in solution. These analyses also show the presence of an amine-imine tautomeric equilibrium. (LX)2Fe(OTf)2 efficiently catalyze the oxidation of alkyl C-H bonds employing H2O2 as a terminal oxidant. Manipulation of the electronic properties of the imine ligand has only a minor impact on efficiency and selectivity of the oxidative process. A mechanistic study is presented, providing evidence that C-H oxidations are metal-based. Reactions occur with stereoretention at the hydroxylated carbon and selectively at tertiary over secondary C-H bonds. Isotopic labeling analyses show that H2O2 is the dominant origin of the oxygen atoms inserted in the oxygenated product. Experimental evidence is provided that reactions involve initial oxidation of the complexes to the ferric state, and it is proposed that a ligand arm dissociates to enable hydrogen peroxide binding and activation. Selectivity patterns and isotopic labeling studies strongly suggest that activation of hydrogen peroxide occurs by heterolytic O-O cleavage, without the assistance of a cis-binding water or alkyl carboxylic acid. The sum of these observations provides sound evidence that controlled activation of H2O2 at (LX)2Fe(OTf)2 differs from that occurring in biomimetic iron catalysts described to date.

Chiral N-hydroxybenzamides as potential catalysts for aerobic asymmetric oxidations.

Chiral N-hydroxybenzamides (1H-3H) have been synthesized as precursors of chiral short-lived N-oxyl radicals 1(•)-3(•). The latter species have been generated by oxidation of 1H-3H with Pb(OAc)4 or hydrogen abstraction from 1H-3H by the tert-butoxyl radical and characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry and EPR spectroscopy. Through a kinetic study of the hydrogen atom transfer processes promoted by 1(•)-3(•) from three chiral benzylic substrates (1-phenylethylamine, 1-phenylethanol, and α-vinylbenzyl alcohol), a moderate chiral discrimination has been found, with selectivity factors 0.5 ≤ k(H)(S)/k(H)(R) ≤ 2.

Vaporization of the prototypical ionic liquid BMImNTf2 under equilibrium conditions: a multitechnique study.

The vaporization behaviour and thermodynamics of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonylimide (BMImNTf2) were studied by combining the Knudsen Effusion Mass Loss (KEML) and Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry (KEMS) techniques. KEML studies were carried out in a large temperature range (398-567) K by using effusion orifices with 0.3, 1, and 3 mm diameters. The vapor pressures so measured revealed no kinetically hindered vaporization effects and provided second-law vaporization enthalpies at the mean experimental temperatures in close agreement with literature. By exploiting the large temperature range covered, the heat capacity change associated with vaporization was estimated, resulting in a value of -66.8 J K(-1) mol(-1), much lower than that predicted from calorimetric measurements on the liquid phase and theoretical calculations on the gas phase. The conversion of the high temperature vaporization enthalpy to 298 K was discussed and the value Δ(l)(g)H(m)(298 K) = (128.6 ± 1.3) kJ mol(-1) assessed on the basis of data from literature and present work. Vapor pressure data were also processed by the third-law procedure using different estimations for the auxiliary thermal functions, and a Δ(l)(g)H(m)(298 K) consistent with the assessed value was obtained, although the overall agreement is sensitive to the accuracy of heat capacity data. KEMS measurements were carried out in the lower temperature range (393-467) K and showed that the largely prevailing ion species is BMIm(+), supporting the common view of BMImNTf2 vaporizing as individual, neutral ion pairs also under equilibrium conditions. By monitoring the mass spectrometric signal of this ion as a function of temperature, a second-law Δ(l)(g)H(m)(298 K) of 129.4 ± 7.3 kJ mol(-1) was obtained, well consistent with KEML and literature results. Finally, by combining KEML and KEMS measurements, the electron impact ionization cross section of BMIm(+) was estimated.

Bioderived, chiral and stable 1-dimensional light-responsive nanostructures: Interconversion between tubules and twisted ribbons.

HYPOTHESIS: Self-assembling molecular structures responding to light stimulus are appealing for applications as sensing and drug delivery. Supramolecular nanotubes have a relevant potential in nanotechnology as they can be used to encapsulate different loads like drugs, biological macromolecules, and nanomaterials. In addition, they are suitable elements for novel supracolloidal materials. Structural responses of supramolecular nanotubes to non-invasive stimuli are very much desired to enable controlled release of the encapsulated guests and to provide these recently developed new materials with an external trigger. Here, we describe the formation of well-defined, single wall tubules that interconvert into twisted ribbons upon UV-light exposure in aqueous environment. The structures are provided by self-assembly of an azobenzene substituted cholic acid, a biological surfactant belonging to the family of bile acids. The azobenzene group allows for the light responsiveness of the molecular packing. Concurrently the steroidal moieties assure both chiral features and extensive hydrophobic interactions for time and temperature resistant aggregates. EXPERIMENTS: The molecular packing interconversion was followed by circular dichroism. Microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering and light scattering measurements demonstrated the drastic morphological variation upon irradiation. A model of the molecular arrangement within the tubular walls was suggested based on the circular dichroism spectra simulation. FINDINGS: Innovatively, the molecular design reported in our work allows for encoding in the same light responsive system multiple desirable features (e.g. bio-origin, temperature resistance and chirality of the aggregates). Such combination of properties, never reported before for a single molecule, might be relevant for the realization of robust, stimuli-responsive bio-vectors.

One-electron oxidation of ferrocenes by short-lived N-oxyl radicals. The role of structural effects on the intrinsic electron transfer reactivities.

A kinetic study of the one electron oxidation of substituted ferrocenes (FcX: X = H, COPh, COMe, CO(2)Et, CONH(2), CH(2)OH, Et, and Me(2)) by a series of N-oxyl radicals (succinimide-N-oxyl radical (SINO), maleimide-N-oxyl radical (MINO), 3-quinazolin-4-one-N-oxyl radical (QONO) and 3-benzotriazin-4-one-N-oxyl radical (BONO)), has been carried out in CH(3)CN. N-oxyl radicals were produced by hydrogen abstraction from the corresponding N-hydroxy derivatives by the cumyloxyl radical. With all systems, the rate constants exhibited a satisfactory fit to the Marcus equation allowing us to determine self-exchange reorganization energy values (λ(NO˙/NO(-))) which have been compared with those previously determined for the PINO/PINO(-) and BTNO/BTNO(-) couples. Even small modification of the structure of the N-oxyl radicals lead to significant variation of the λ(NO˙/NO(-)) values. The λ(NO˙/NO(-)) values increase in the order BONO < BTNO < QONO < PINO < SINO < MINO which do not parallel the order of the oxidation potentials. The higher λ(NO˙/NO(-)) values found for the MINO and SINO radicals might be in accordance with a lower degree of spin delocalization in the radicals MINO and SINO and charge delocalization in the anions MINO(-) and SINO(-) due to the absence of an aromatic ring in their structure.