Sex disparities in diagnosis of bladder cancer after initial presentation with hematuria: a nationwide claims-based investigation.

BACKGROUND: Women have disproportionately higher mortality rates relative to incidence for bladder cancer. Multiple etiologies have been proposed, including delayed diagnosis and treatment. Guidelines recommend ruling out malignancy in men and women presenting with hematuria. This study sought to determine the difference in timing from presentation with hematuria to diagnosis of bladder cancer in women versus men. METHODS: This is a retrospective population-based study examining the timing from presentation with hematuria to diagnosis of bladder cancer, based on data from the MarketScan databases, which include enrollees of more than 100 health insurance plans of approximately 40 large US employers from 2004 through 2010. All study patients presented with hematuria and were subsequently diagnosed with bladder cancer. The primary outcome measure was number of days between initial presentation with hematuria and diagnosis of bladder cancer by sex. RESULTS: A total of 5416 men and 2233 women met inclusion criteria. Mean days from initial hematuria claim to bladder cancer claim was significantly longer in women (85.4 versus 73.6 days, P < .001), and the proportion of women with >6 month delay in bladder cancer diagnosis was significantly higher (17.3% versus 14.1%, P < .001). Women were more likely to be diagnosed with urinary tract infection (odds ratio = 2.32, 95% confidence interval = 2.07-2.59) and less likely to undergo abdominal or pelvic imaging (odds ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval = 0.71-0.89). CONCLUSIONS: Both men and women experience significant delays between presentation with hematuria and diagnosis of bladder cancer, with longer delays for women. This may be partly responsible for the sex-based discrepancy in outcomes associated with bladder cancer.

Early removal of urethral catheter with suprapubic tube drainage versus urethral catheter drainage alone after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: Retrospective single institution data suggest that postoperative pain after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is decreased by early removal of the urethral catheter with suprapubic tube drainage. In a randomized patient population we determined whether suprapubic tube drainage with early urethral catheter removal would improve postoperative pain compared with urethral catheter drainage alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Men with a body mass index of less than 40 kg/m(2) who had newly diagnosed prostate cancer and elected robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy were included in analysis. Block randomization by surgeon was used and randomization assignment was done after completing the urethrovesical anastomosis. In patients assigned to suprapubic tube drainage the urethral catheter was removed on postoperative day 1 and all catheters were removed on postoperative day 7. Visual analog pain scale and satisfaction questionnaires were administered on postoperative days 0, 1 and 7. RESULTS: A total of 29 patients were randomized to the urethral catheter vs 29 to the suprapubic tube plus early urethral catheter removal at the time of interim futility analysis. Mean visual analog pain scale scores did not differ between the groups at any time point and a similar percent of patients cited the catheter as the greatest bother with nonsignificant differences in treatment related satisfaction. Complications during postoperative week 1 did not vary between the groups. Based on interim results the trial was terminated due to lack of effect. CONCLUSIONS: Patients randomized to suprapubic tube vs urethral catheter drainage for the week after prostatectomy had similar pain, catheter related bother and treatment related satisfaction in the perioperative period. We no longer routinely offer suprapubic tube drainage with early urethral catheter removal at our institution.

Cystectomy and urinary diversion as management of treatment-refractory benign disease: the impact of preoperative urological conditions on perioperative outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate perioperative outcomes associated with cystectomy and urinary diversion for treatment-refractory benign urological disease. METHODS: A cohort of patients who underwent cystectomy for infection, fistula, bleeding, incontinence, neurogenic bladder or pain between January 2004 and June 2012 was established. Data included baseline demographics, indications for cystectomy and prior treatments, and complications at 30 and 90 days. Primary outcome measures were 30-day and 30 to 90-day complications. RESULTS: The study group comprised eight males and 18 females. The mean age was 57.8 years (95% CI 50.8-64.7). A total of 19 patients (73%) had resolution of their underlying urological pathology at 90 days. A total of 19 patients (73%) experienced a complication in the first 30 days, of which nine (47%) were Clavien grade III or higher. The most common 30-day complications were urinary tract infection (n = 6, 23%) and wound infection (n = 6, 23%). A total of 44% (4/9) of patients with neurogenic bladder experienced a complication within the first 30 days of cystectomy compared with 100% (8/8) of patients with radiation-induced fistula (P = 0.03) and 78% (7/9) of non-neurogenic, non-radiation-induced fistula patients (P = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS: Cystectomy with urinary diversion for benign disease might be successful, but is associated with a high rate of perioperative complications. Those with radiation-induced fistula are more likely to experience complications, whereas those with neurogenic bladder carry a lower risk. Patients should be counseled appropriately regarding expected postoperative outcomes.

The impact of running versus interrupted anastomosis on ureterointestinal stricture rate after radical cystectomy.

PURPOSE: Benign ureterointestinal anastomotic stricture is not uncommon after radical cystectomy and urinary diversion. We studied the impact of the running vs the interrupted technique on the ureterointestinal anastomotic stricture rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 2007 to December 2008 interrupted end-to-side anastomoses were created and from January 2009 to July 2010 running anastomoses were created. The primary study end point was time to ureterointestinal anastomotic stricture. RESULTS: Of 266 consecutive patients 258 were alive 30 days after radical cystectomy, including 149 and 109 with an interrupted and a running anastomosis, respectively. The groups did not differ in age, gender, body mass index, age adjusted Charlson comorbidity index, receipt of chemotherapy or radiation, blood loss, operative time, diversion type or postoperative pathological findings. The stricture rate per ureter was 8.5% (25 of 293) and 12.7% (27 of 213) in the interrupted and running groups, respectively (p = 0.14). Univariate analysis suggested that postoperative urinary tract infection (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-4.1, p = 0.04) and Clavien grade 3 or greater complications (HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4-4.9, p <0.01) were associated with ureterointestinal anastomotic stricture. On multivariate analysis postoperative urinary tract infection (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-5.1, p = 0.02) and running technique (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.7, p = 0.05) were associated with ureterointestinal anastomotic stricture. Median time to stricture and followup was 289 (IQR 120-352) and 351 days (IQR 132-719) in the running cohort vs 213 (IQR 123-417) and 497 days (IQR 174-1,289) in the interrupted cohort, respectively. Of the 52 strictures 33 (63%) developed within 1 year. Kaplan-Meier analysis controlling for differential followup showed a trend toward higher freedom from stricture for the interrupted ureterointestinal anastomosis (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: A running anastomosis and postoperative urinary tract infection may be associated with ureterointestinal anastomotic stricture. Larger series with multiple surgeons are needed to confirm these findings.

Empiric antibiotics for an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level: a randomised, prospective, controlled multi-institutional trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of empiric antibiotics on men with an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. SUBJECTS/PATIENTS AND METHODS: Men of any age with a PSA level of >2.5 ng/mL and normal digital rectal examination undergoing their first prostate biopsy were recruited from five medical centres. Patients with previous biopsy, prostate cancer, urinary tract infection (UTI) or prostatitis within the prior year, antibiotic use within 1 month, 5α-reductase inhibitor use, allergy to fluoroquinolones or clinical suspicion of UTI were excluded. Men were randomised to 2 weeks of ciprofloxacin or no antibiotic. A PSA measurement was obtained 21-45 days after randomisation immediately before prostate biopsy. The primary endpoint was the change in PSA level between baseline and immediately before biopsy. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 77 men with a mean (interquartile range) age of 60.6 (53-66) years. In the control group of men not receiving antibiotic (39 men), the mean baseline and pre-biopsy PSA levels were 6.5 and 6.9 ng/mL, respectively (P = 0.8). In men receiving ciprofloxacin (38 men), the mean baseline PSA level was 7.6 ng/mL and after 2 weeks of ciprofloxacin was 8.5 ng/mL (P = 0.7). Compared with controls not receiving antibiotic, use of ciprofloxacin was not associated with a statistically significant change in PSA level (P = 0.33). Prostate cancer was detected in 36 (47%) men, 23 (59%) in the control group and 13 (34%) in the antibiotic group (P = 0.04). Detection rates were not significantly associated with the change in PSA level between baseline and biopsy. The primary limitation of the study is early stoppage due to an interim futility analysis and poor accrual. CONCLUSION: Despite not meeting the target accrual goal, empiric use of antibiotics for asymptomatic men with an elevated PSA level does not appear to be of clinical benefit.

Biodynamic prediction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response: Results from a prospective multicenter study of predictive accuracy among muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Biodynamic signatures (temporal patterns of microscopic motion within a 3-dimensional tumor explant) offer phenomic biomarkers that are highly predictive for therapeutic response. OBJECTIVE: By utilizing motility contrast tomography, which provides a simple, fast assessment of motion patterns in living tissue, we evaluated the predictive accuracy of a biodynamic drug response classifier in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: One hundred five consecutive bladder cancer patients suspected of having MIBC were screened in a multi-institutional prospective observational study (NCT03739177) from July 2018 to June 2020, of whom, 30 completed NAC and radical cystectomy. INTERVENTION(S): Biodynamic signatures from treatment-naïve fresh bladder tumor specimens obtained after transurethral resection were measured in living tumor fragments challenged by standard-of-care cytotoxins. Patients received gemcitabine and cisplatin or dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin per institutional guidelines and were followed through radical cystectomy. OUTCOMES MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: A 4-level classifier was developed to predict pathologic complete response (pCR) vs. incomplete response utilizing a one-left-out cross-validation protocol to minimize over-fitting. Area under the curve evaluated predictive utility. RESULTS: Thirty percent (9 of 30) achieved pCR. Utilizing the 4-level classifier, biodynamically "favored" (scoring ≥ 3) and "strongly favored" (scoring 4) regimens accurately predicted pCR at rates of 66.7% (4 of 6 patients) and 100% (4 of 4 patients), respectively. Biodynamically "favored" scores predicted pCR with 88% sensitivity and 95% negative predictive value, P < 0.0001. Only 5.0% (1 of 20 patients) achieved pCR from regimens scoring 1 or 2, indicating poor to no response from NAC. Area under the receiver operating curve was 96% (95% Confidence Interval: 79%-99%, P < 0.0001). Future direction involves validating this model prospectively. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: Biodynamic scoring accurately predicts response in MIBC patients receiving NAC and holds promise to substantially improve the scope of appropriate management intervention.

The impact of mechanical bowel preparation on postoperative complications for patients undergoing cystectomy and urinary diversion.

PURPOSE: The benefit of routine mechanical bowel preparation for patients undergoing radical cystectomy is not well established. We compared postoperative complications in patients who did or did not undergo mechanical bowel preparation before radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2008 a single surgeon (GDS) performed open radical cystectomy with an ileal conduit or orthotopic neobladder in 105 consecutive patients with preoperative mechanical bowel preparation consisting of 4 l GoLYTELY®. In 2009 radical cystectomy with an ileal conduit or orthotopic neobladder was performed in 75 consecutive patients without mechanical bowel preparation. A comprehensive database provided clinical, pathological and outcome data. RESULTS: All patients had complete perioperative data available. The 2 groups were similar in age, Charlson comorbidity score, diversion type, receipt of neoadjuvant radiation or chemotherapy, blood loss, hospital stay, time to diet and pathological stage. Postoperative urinary tract infection, wound dehiscence and perioperative death rates were similar in the 2 groups. Clostridium difficile infection developed within 30 days of surgery in 11 of 105 vs 2 of 75 patients with vs without mechanical bowel preparation (p = 0.08). When adjusted for the annual hospital-wide C. difficile rate, the difference remained insignificant (p = 0.21). Clavien grade 3 or greater abdominal and gastrointestinal complications, including fascial dehiscence, abdominal abscess, small bowel obstruction, bowel leak and entero-diversion fistula, developed in 7 of 105 patients with (6.7%) vs 11 of 75 without (14.7%) mechanical bowel preparation (p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: The use of mechanical bowel preparation for patients undergoing radical cystectomy with an ileal conduit or orthotopic neobladder does not seem to impact the rates of perioperative infectious, wound and bowel complications. Larger series with multiple surgeons are necessary to confirm these findings.

Orthotopic neobladder versus Indiana pouch in women: a comparison of health related quality of life outcomes.

PURPOSE: Little is known about the health related quality of life of women who have undergone continent urinary diversion. We compared health related quality of life outcomes for women who underwent radical cystectomy with an orthotopic neobladder or Indiana pouch. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1995 to June 2008 a single surgeon (GDS) performed radical cystectomy with an orthotopic neobladder in 47 women and radical cystectomy with an Indiana pouch in 45. A comprehensive database provided clinical, pathological and outcomes data. The validated Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Vanderbilt Cystectomy Index was mailed to 92 patients. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 87% of patients treated with radical cystectomy with an orthotopic neobladder and 93% of those treated with radical cystectomy with an Indiana pouch, with a median followup of 34 and 24 months, respectively (p = 0.8). Median (IQR) age was 65 (58, 71) and 61.5 (51, 67) years for patients with an orthotopic neobladder and Indiana pouch, respectively (p = 0.03). No significant differences were found for pathological stage, nodal status, blood loss, Clavien grade III or greater complications, adjuvant therapy or hospital stay between the 2 treatment groups, or between respondents and nonrespondents. Five-year survival rates for patients with an orthotopic neobladder and Indiana pouch were 65% and 58%, respectively (p = 0.9). There were 21 (75%) living patients with an orthotopic neobladder and 19 (61%) with an Indiana pouch who completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Vanderbilt Cystectomy Index, and physical (p = 0.53), social (p = 0.97), emotional (p = 0.61), functional (p = 0.55) and radical cystectomy specific (p = 0.54) health related quality of life domains were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Women undergoing radical cystectomy with an orthotopic neobladder vs an Indiana pouch have similar health related quality of life outcomes. Larger series with longer followup and multiple surgeons are necessary to confirm these findings.

Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection: reassessment of modified templates.

The retroperitoneum is the initial metastatic site in 90% of patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCTs) of the testis. A retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) provides accurate staging and effective therapy, minimizes the need for adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with low-volume metastases, and optimizes durable cure rates. We review the rationale for and development of RPLND, focusing specifically on the advantages and limitations of the variable surgical templates. Bilateral RPLND has a long-standing record of maximizing cancer control and minimizing secondary therapy. Both modified templates and prospective nerve-sparing techniques were introduced to optimize rates of antegrade ejaculation. Limited resections as advocated by modified templates are appealing in the setting of primary RPLND but can be associated with a 3-23% risk of residual disease. Modified templates have also been advocated for highly selected patients after chemotherapy but, if applied to all patients undergoing surgery after chemotherapy, will lead to an unacceptably high rate of residual disease, even in patients with small masses after chemotherapy. For patients undergoing primary or post-chemotherapy RPLND, a full bilateral template (with nerve-sparing when appropriate) maximizes cure rates while minimizing ejaculatory morbidity and the subsequent need for chemotherapy.

Active surveillance for low-risk localized prostate cancer.

The management of localized prostate cancer in an otherwise healthy male is complex, evolving, and largely consists of three modalities: surgery, radiation, and active surveillance. In this review, we summarize contemporary data pertaining to active surveillance, a strategy in which patients with low-risk cancer characteristics undergo monitoring at regular intervals. Treatment is initiated following evidence of cancer features associated with a higher risk of progression. Multiple clinical experiences suggest active surveillance is a safe and appropriate strategy for select patients. Most definitions of low-risk cancer include a variable combination of: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) < or =10 ng/mL, clinical stage T1-T2a, biopsy Gleason score < or =6, and three or fewer positive biopsy cores. Although older patients or those with signficant competing medical risks typically are not treated with surgery or radiation, active surveillance should also be considered and explained to well-selected healthy patients otherwise considering primary therapy. Due to significant concerns about clinical understaging, eligible patients should consider a repeat biopsy prior to selecting active surveillance. Short- to intermediate-term follow-up suggests active surveillance is associated with favorable overall outcomes, including for those undergoing delayed treatment, and has a relatively low risk of leading to incurable prostate cancer.

Mixed epithelial stromal renal tumor with dystrophic ossification: a case report and literature review.

A 25-year-old female presented with worsening right flank pain and a 9 year history of a slow growing 4 centimeter calcified renal mass. The lesion was resected by laparoscopic partial nephrectomy revealing a mixed epithelial and stromal tumor (MEST). This tumor has unusual features including the extensive amount of dystrophic calcification and the young age at presentation. Herein, we present a focused review of the literature regarding MESTs, as well as a discussion of calcified renal mass management. We conclude that laparoscopy may be utilized to safely perform nephron sparing surgery for select, calcified renal masses.

Implications of micropapillary urothelial carcinoma variant on prognosis following radical cystectomy: A multi-institutional investigation.

PURPOSE: To determine the association of micropapillary urothelial carcinoma (MUC) variant histology with bladder cancer outcomes after radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information on MUC patients treated with radical cystectomy was obtained from five academic centers. Data on 1,497 patients were assembled in a relational database. Tumor histology was categorized as urothelial carcinoma without any histological variants (UC; n = 1,346) or MUC (n = 151). Univariable and multivariable models were used to analyze associations with recurrence-free (RFS) and overall (OS) survival. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 10.0 and 7.8 years for the UC and MUC groups, respectively. No significant differences were noted between UC and MUC groups with regard to age, gender, clinical disease stage, and administration of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy (all, P ≥ 0.10). When compared with UC, presence of MUC was associated with higher pathologic stage (organ-confined, 60% vs. 27%; extravesical, 18% vs. 23%; node-positive, 22% vs. 50%; P < 0.01) and lymphovascular invasion (29% vs. 58%; P < 0.01) at cystectomy. In comparison with UC, MUC patients had poorer 5-year RFS (70% vs. 44%; P < 0.01) and OS (61% vs. 38%; P < 0.01). However, on multivariable analysis, tumor histology was not independently associated with the risks of recurrence (P = 0.27) or mortality (P = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: This multi-institutional analysis demonstrated that the presence of MUC was associated with locally advanced disease at radical cystectomy. However, clinical outcomes were comparable to those with pure UC after controlling for standard clinicopathologic predictors.

Single-Incision Thoracoabdominal Approach With Normothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass for the Management of Urologic Tumors Invading the Inferior Vena Cava.

Urologic tumors invading the inferior vena cava can be a difficult management problem. They are traditionally dealt with utilizing hypothermic circulatory arrest through central cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass performed through a median sternotomy in addition to the large abdominal incision for the kidney tumor. We describe a single incision approach utilizing normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass to address this technical challenge.

The effect of length of ureteral resection on benign ureterointestinal stricture rate in ileal conduit or ileal neobladder urinary diversion following radical cystectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of the length of the ureter resected and other clinical variables on ureterointestinal anastomotic (UIA) stricture rate following radical cystectomy and ileal segment urinary diversion. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We identified 519 consecutive patients who underwent cystectomy and ileal conduit or ileal orthotopic neobladder diversion from January 2007 to August 2012. The length of the ureter resected was defined as the length of the ureter in the cystectomy specimen plus the length of the distal ureter submitted for pathologic analysis. The primary end point was the risk of UIA stricture formation, assessed by Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: A total of 463 patients met the inclusion criteria with complete data. Median follow-up was 459 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 211-927). Median time to stricture formation was 235 (IQR: 134-352) and 232 days (IQR: 132-351) on the right and the left ureter, respectively. Overall stricture rate per ureter was 5.9% on the right vs. 10.0% on the left (P = 0.03). There was no difference in demographic, operative, or perioperative variables between patients with and without UIA strictures. On multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, anastomosis technique (running vs. interrupted), and length of ureter resected, only a Clavien complication≥III (hazard ratio = 2.11, 1.01-4.40) and urine leak (hazard ratio = 3.37, 1.08-10.46) significantly predicted for left- and right-sided stricture formation, respectively. The length of the ureter resected did not predict UIA stricture formation on either side. CONCLUSIONS: The etiology of benign UIA strictures following ileal urinary diversion is likely multifactorial. Our data suggest that a complicated postoperative course and urine leak are risk factors for UIA stricture formation. The length of the distal ureter resected did not significantly affect stricture rate.

Prospective health-related quality of life analysis for patients undergoing radical cystectomy and urinary diversion.

OBJECTIVE: To better define health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) and urinary diversion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients undergoing RC and urinary diversion for urothelial carcinoma by 1 of 2 surgeons (G.D.S. or N.D.S.) had a HRQOL assessment at baseline and at follow-up using the validated, bladder cancer-specific Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Vanderbilt Cystectomy Index questionnaire. The primary outcome was change in HRQOL between baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: From September 15, 2011, to July 23, 2012, 74 of 103 eligible patients were enrolled, and all but 1 completed the baseline Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Vanderbilt Cystectomy Index leaving 73 patients in the study. Median age was 68 years (interquartile range, 60-74 years), 58 (78%) were Caucasian, 53 (73%) were ≥ cT2, 45 (62%) underwent incontinent diversion, and the mean age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index score was 2.4 ± 1.8, with no significant differences among the 73 participants and 30 nonparticipants. The median time from surgery to response was 175 days (interquartile range, 102-232 days), and the response rate was 67%, with 9 deaths during follow-up. Baseline HRQOL scores did not significantly differ between respondents and nonrespondents or between those living vs deceased. Overall, RC-specific, physical, social, and functional HRQOL scores did not differ from baseline to follow-up, whereas emotional HRQOL scores were significantly improved (15.7 ± 5.8 vs 18.1 ± 3.9, P = .03). Overall or domain-specific HRQOL measures did not differ significantly between patients undergoing incontinent (n = 27) vs continent (n = 16) diversions. CONCLUSION: Overall, HRQOL scores did not statistically differ from baseline to the median 6-month follow-up for patients undergoing RC and urinary diversion for urothelial carcinoma. Patients undergoing continent vs incontinent urinary diversions had similar overall HRQOL scores at follow-up.

Optimal risk-adapted surveillance strategies for NMIBC, including upper tract imaging.

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents approximately 70% of all incident cases of bladder cancer. The financial burden of NMIBC continues to increase, underscoring the importance of efficient, evidence-based management of this disease. Consensus guidelines differ on risk definition and in management recommendations. This article reviews the incidence and financial impact of NMIBC and details the recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance made by the American Urological Association, International Consultation on Bladder Cancer-European Association of Urology, and National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Established and developing adjunctive laboratory and imaging tests directed at diagnosis and management of NMIBC are also discussed.

Incidence, risk factors, and complications of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing radical cystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors for, and complications associated with, the development of delirium after radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 2008 to December 2009, 59 patients, aged ≥65 years and undergoing radical cystectomy, were prospectively enrolled. The baseline cognitive status was assessed using the Mini-Mental Status Examination. Postoperative delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method. RESULTS: A total of 49 patients completed the surgery and all assessments. The incidence of postoperative delirium was 29%, with duration of 1-5 days. On univariate analysis, older age and preoperative Mini-Mental Status Examination score were associated with postoperative delirium. On multivariate analysis, only age was associated with postoperative delirium (odds ratio 1.52, 95% confidence interval 1.04-2.22, P=.03). The 2 groups did not differ in pathologic stage, length of surgery, intraoperative and postoperative narcotic usage, body mass index, age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index, activities of daily living scores, smoking history, preoperative hematocrit, estimated blood loss, urinary tract infection, interval to a regular diet, or length of hospital stay. The patients who developed postoperative delirium were more likely to undergo readmission (odds ratio 10.7, 95% confidence interval 2.2-51.8, P=.01) and reoperation (odds ratio 9.2, 95% confidence interval 1.5-55.3, P=.03) but did not differ in the 90-day and 1-year mortality rates or incidence of postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: In patients aged≥65 years, a lower preoperative Mini-Mental Status Examination score and older age were significantly associated with the development of postcystectomy delirium, as measured using the Confusion Assessment Method. The patients who developed delirium were more likely to undergo readmission and reoperation. Larger studies with multiple surgeons are needed to validate these findings.

Psychometric characteristics of a condition-specific, health-related quality-of-life survey: the FACT-Vanderbilt Cystectomy Index.

OBJECTIVE: Radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer can be associated with significant morbidity and alterations in health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy--Vanderbilt Cystectomy Index (FACT-VCI) is a condition-specific HRQOL survey for patients undergoing RC and urinary diversion (UD) for bladder cancer. This study evaluates the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the Vanderbilt cystectomy index (VCI). METHODS: The FACT-VCI was administered to patients with bladder cancer undergoing RC and UD (n = 190) at 2 major cancer centers. Statistical methods included principal components analysis, Cronbach's coefficient alpha, and nonparametric correlation coefficients. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy--General (FACT-G) was used to test criterion-related validity and a linear mixed model tested the effects of time and diversion type on longitudinal VCI scores. RESULTS: A single summary score of 15 gender-neutral items (VCI-15) represented the optimum solution for postoperative data, which was internally consistent (α = 0.85), had strong retest reliability (ρ = 0.891), and was associated with all FACT-G scales and total score (ρ ≥ 0.38, P <.001). Preoperatively, the VCI-15 was internally consistent (α = 0.77) and was associated with the FACT-G physical and functional scales and total score (ρ ≥ 0.41, P <.001). Although VCI-15 scores at postoperative year 1 did not differ from preoperative values overall (P = .145), they did differ by diversion type (P = .027), with no substantive change after orthotopic neobladder (40 ± 9 vs 39 ± 10) but with a clinically significant improvement after an ileal conduit (39 ± 11 vs 44 ± 11). CONCLUSION: The VCI-15 is a reliable and valid condition-specific HRQOL survey for patients with bladder cancer undergoing RC and UD. Future studies of RC patients should measure HRQOL using validated, condition-specific forms, such as the FACT-VCI.

Robotic radical prostatectomy in patients with high-risk disease: a review of short-term outcomes from a high-volume center.

PURPOSE: Patients with high-risk prostate cancer have historically been treated with multimodal therapy and considered poor candidates for minimally invasive surgery. We reviewed our experiences with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in patients with high-risk clinical features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical database review identified high-risk patients undergoing RARP by two high-volume robotic surgeons. D'Amico's criteria for high-risk prostate cancer were utilized: prostate-specific antigen ≥ 20 ng/mL, clinical stage ≥ T2c, or preoperative Gleason grade ≥ 8. About 148 patients were identified in the study group. Mean age at surgery was 60.9 years, and mean body mass index was 27.9. Mean estimated blood loss was 150 cc and the transfusion rate was 2.7%. Median hospital stay was 1 day and the rate of major complications (Clavien grade ≥ 3) was 3.4%. RESULTS: Bilateral nerve preservation was feasible in 28.4%, and the rate of positive surgical margins was 20.9%. Final pathology demonstrated extra-capsular disease in 54.1% of patients and 12.3% had lymph node involvement. At 2 years of follow-up, 21.3% of patients had experienced biochemical recurrence or had persistent disease after treatment. Continence was 91.2% (1 pad or less) and total impotence (inability to masturbate) was 48.3%. CONCLUSIONS: RARP does not compromise oncologic or functional outcomes in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Although long-term study is necessary to validate oncologic and functional outcomes, our data suggest that the presence of high-risk disease is not a contraindication to a minimally invasive approach for radical prostatectomy at experienced centers.

Novel technique for proximal anchoring of penile prostheses in female-to-male transsexual.

OBJECTIVES: To present our initial experience with a novel technique for fixation of an inflatable penile prosthesis in the female-to-male transsexual in 2 patients. METHODS: Proximal fixation of an inflatable penile prosthesis is challenging in the female-to-male transsexual because of the lack of normal corporal bodies. This technique uses a bone drill to create a fixation chamber in the symphysis pubis. A rear tip extender is then secured into bone, providing a stable fixation point for the proximal aspect of the penile cylinder. RESULTS: Two patients successfully underwent placement of a 2-cylinder inflatable penile prosthesis using this technique without any complications. At 8 and 13 months postoperatively, their Sexual Health Inventory for Men score was 23 and 25 of a possible 25 points, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: With modest follow-up, bone anchoring appears to provide improved support and better performance of the inflatable penile implant in the female-to-male transsexual patient.