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1.
J Autoimmun ; 135: 102977, 2023 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36621175

RESUMEN

Children and adolescents with early onset autoimmune diseases have a different seasonality of month of birth than the general population. This pattern is consistent with an infection during pregnancy affecting the fetus or an infection immediately after birth that act as early triggers of the autoimmune diseases. We present data supporting the use of Rotavirus vaccinations in the reduction of incidence of childhood T1D and propose further investigations into whether other anti-virus vaccinations may reduce the burden of other autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and subtypes of rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto thyroiditis.


Asunto(s)
Artritis Reumatoide , Enfermedades Autoinmunes , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Virosis , Niño , Adolescente , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Mujeres Embarazadas , Artritis Reumatoide/complicaciones , Virosis/complicaciones , Virosis/epidemiología
2.
Pituitary ; 26(6): 660-674, 2023 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37747600

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Growth hormone receptor knockout (GHR-KO) pigs have recently been developed, which serve as a large animal model of Laron syndrome (LS). GHR-KO pigs, like individuals with LS, are obese but lack some comorbidities of obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine the histological and transcriptomic phenotype of adipose tissue (AT) in GHR-KO pigs and humans with LS. METHODS: Intraabdominal (IA) and subcutaneous (SubQ) AT was collected from GHR-KO pigs and examined histologically for adipocyte size and collagen content. RNA was isolated and cDNA sequenced, and the results were analyzed to determine differentially expressed genes that were used for enrichment and pathway analysis in pig samples. For comparison, we also performed limited analyses on human AT collected from a single individual with and without LS. RESULTS: GHR-KO pigs have increased adipocyte size, while the LS AT had a trend towards an increase. Transcriptome analysis revealed 55 differentially expressed genes present in both depots of pig GHR-KO AT. Many significant terms in the enrichment analysis of the SubQ depot were associated with metabolism, while in the IA depot, IGF and longevity pathways were negatively enriched. In pathway analysis, multiple expected and novel pathways were significantly affected by genotype, i.e. KO vs. controls. When GH related gene expression was analyzed, SOCS3 and CISH showed species-specific changes. CONCLUSION: AT of GHR-KO pigs has several similarities to that of humans with LS in terms of adipocyte size and gene expression profile that help describe the depot-specific adipose phenotype of both groups.


Asunto(s)
Obesidad , Receptores de Somatotropina , Humanos , Animales , Porcinos , Obesidad/genética , Receptores de Somatotropina/genética , Receptores de Somatotropina/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Hormona del Crecimiento/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo
3.
Rev Endocr Metab Disord ; 22(1): 31-41, 2021 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32964395

RESUMEN

Laron Syndrome (LS) [OMIm#262500], or primary GH insensitivity, was first described in 1966 in consanguineous Jewish families from Yemen. LS is characterized by a typical phenotype that includes dwarfism, obesity and hypogenitalism. The disease is caused by deletions or mutations of the GH-receptor gene, causing high serum GH and low IGF-I serum levels. We studied 75 patients from childhood to adult age. After early hypoglycemia due to the progressive obesity, patients tend to develop glucose intolerance and diabetes. The treatment is by recombinant IGF-I, which improves the height and restores some of the metabolic parameters. An unexpected finding was that patients homozygous for GH-R defects are protected from malignancy lifelong, not so heterozygotes or double heterozygote subjects. We estimate that there are at least 500 patients worldwide, unfortunately only few treated.


Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Laron , Receptores de Somatotropina/genética , Adulto , Niño , Hormona del Crecimiento/sangre , Humanos , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/análisis , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Mutación , Neoplasias , Obesidad
4.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 115(5): 1045-1050, 2018 01 30.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29339473

RESUMEN

Laron syndrome (LS), or primary growth hormone (GH) insensitivity, is the best-characterized entity among the congenital insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) deficiencies. Life-long exposure to minute endogenous IGF1 levels is linked to low stature as well as a number of endocrine and metabolic abnormalities. While elevated IGF1 is correlated with increased cancer incidence, epidemiological studies revealed that patients with LS do not develop tumors. The mechanisms associated with cancer protection in LS are yet to be discovered. Recent genomic analyses identified a series of metabolic genes that are overrepresented in patients with LS. Given the augmented expression of these genes in a low IGF1 milieu, we hypothesized that they may constitute targets for IGF1 action. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) plays a critical role in cellular redox control by thioredoxin. TXNIP serves as a glucose and oxidative stress sensor, being commonly silenced by genetic or epigenetic events in cancer cells. Consistent with its enhanced expression in LS, we provide evidence that TXNIP gene expression is negatively regulated by IGF1. These results were corroborated in animal studies. In addition, we show that oxidative and glucose stresses led to marked increases in TXNIP expression. Supplementation of IGF1 attenuated TXNIP levels, suggesting that IGF1 exerts its antiapoptotic effect via inhibition of TXNIP Augmented TXNIP expression in LS may account for cancer protection in this condition. Finally, TXNIP levels could be potentially useful in the clinic as a predictive or diagnostic biomarker for IGF1R-targeted therapies.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Síndrome de Laron/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Línea Celular , Expresión Génica , Glucosa/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Ratones Transgénicos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Estrés Oxidativo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo
5.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(21)2021 Nov 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34769292

RESUMEN

The growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) endocrine axis is a central player in normal growth and metabolism as well as in a number of pathologies, including cancer. The GH-IGF1 hormonal system, in addition, has emerged as a major determinant of lifespan and healthspan. Laron syndrome (LS), the best characterized entity under the spectrum of the congenital IGF1 deficiencies, results from mutation of the GH receptor (GHR) gene, leading to dwarfism, obesity and other defects. Consistent with the key role of IGF1 in cellular proliferation, epidemiological studies have shown that LS patients are protected from cancer development. While reduced expression of components of the GH-IGF1 axis is associated with enhanced longevity in animal models, it is still unknown whether LS is associated with an increased lifespan. MicroRNAs (miRs) are endogenous short non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of complementary mRNAs. While a number of miRs involved in the regulation of IGF components have been identified, no previous studies have investigated the differential expression of miRs in congenital IGF1 deficiencies. The present study was aimed at identifying miRs that are differentially expressed in LS and that might account for the phenotypic features of LS patients, including longevity. Our genomic analyses provide evidence that miR-132-3p was highly expressed in LS. In addition, we identified SIRT1, a member of the sirtuin family of histone deacetylases, as a target for negative regulation by miR-132-3p. The data was consistent with the notion that low concentrations of IGF1 in LS lead to elevated miR-132-3p levels, with ensuing reduction in SIRT1 gene expression. The impact of the IGF1-miR-132-3p-SIRT1 loop on aging merits further investigation.


Asunto(s)
Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Síndrome de Laron/genética , MicroARNs/genética , Sirtuina 1/genética , Regulación hacia Arriba , Regiones no Traducidas 3' , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular , Femenino , Humanos , Longevidad , Persona de Mediana Edad
6.
Pediatr Endocrinol Rev ; 17(Suppl 1): 191-197, 2020 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32208563

RESUMEN

Both in vitro and in vivo experimental studies proved that insulin has an important anabolic role. This physiological function of insulin is reflected in its well documented involvement in protein metabolism and in acceleration of cell proliferation. Support for a growth promoting action of insulin is further provided by clinical studies that revealed that children with hypoinsulinemia have a decreased growth rate whereas, on the other hand, children with hyperinsulinemia have an accelerated growth. While it was initially assumed that the growth activities of insulin are facilitated via cross-talk with the closely related insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), it is now clear that the vast majority of these activities are mediated via direct interaction with the insulin receptor (IR). The present article provides an overview of the growth and proliferative actions of insulin, with an emphasis on a number of pathological conditions, including cancer.


Asunto(s)
Insulina/uso terapéutico , Hormona del Crecimiento , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana , Humanos , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina , Receptor IGF Tipo 1
7.
Pediatr Endocrinol Rev ; 17(4): 284-286, 2020 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32780950

RESUMEN

Recent epidemiological surveys performed in Australia, USA and Israel demonstrate that Rotavirus vaccination correlates with an attenuated prevalence and/or incidence of early childhood diabetes (T1D). Other studies failed to confirm the above.


Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Infecciones por Rotavirus , Vacunas Virales/efectos adversos , Niño , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/etiología , Gastroenteritis , Humanos , Incidencia , Israel , Vacunación
8.
Isr Med Assoc J ; 21(3): 189-193, 2019 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30905105

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Treatment of patients with childhood growth hormone deficiency is usually terminated at the end of puberty. Follow-up into adult age is rare, even more so in patients with congenital isolated growth hormone deficiency (cIGHD). OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical and social characteristics of adults with cIGHD who received growth hormone (hGH) treatment in childhood. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients (23 men, 16 women) diagnosed in our clinic with cIGHD at 7 ± 4.2 years, and treated with hGH during childhood for 2-18 years, were followed into adulthood (mean age 30.7 ± 13.3 years). Ascertained detailed data were found for 32 patients. RESULTS: Mean ± SD height for males was 160.2 ± 10.6 cm and for females 146.4 ± 5.4 cm. All patients achieved full sexual development and 14 were married. After cessation of GH treatment and with advanced age all exhibited a progressive increase in adiposity to the degree of obesity. Twelve patients suffered from hyperlipidemia, 4 developed diabetes mellitus, and 5 have cardiovascular diseases. One patient died in an accident. None developed cancer. Of the 39 patients, 22 have an education level of high school or higher, and 2 are in special institutions. Most are employed in manual labor. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with congenital IGHD who do not receive early and regular replacement treatment are prone to lag in achieving normal height and suffer from educational and vocational handicaps.


Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Infantil , Enanismo Hipofisario/tratamiento farmacológico , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/deficiencia , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Femenino , Terapia de Reemplazo de Hormonas , Humanos , Israel , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Maduración Sexual , Resultado del Tratamiento
9.
Pediatr Endocrinol Rev ; 16(Suppl 1): 11-16, 2018 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30378778

RESUMEN

The first patient treated with cadaveric pituitary GH (hGH) was reported in 1958. Subsequently, collection of cadaveric pituitaries started in many countries and several centers extracted the hormone using one of two methods: a. Acetone preservation and extraction with hot glacial acetic acid (Rabin method) b. Collection in distilled water, freezing and extraction on columns yielding several pituitary hormones including hGH (Wilhelmi method). The purified extracts of hGH were found to have metabolic and growth stimulating activity but the limited amounts permitted the treatment only of children with GH deficiency (GHD). The purified hormone also permitted the development of specific radioimmunoassays enabling the study of the physiological and pharmacological actions of GH. In 1985 a number of patients treated years before with Wilhelmi hGH were diagnosed with Creutzfeld-Jacob-Disease (CJD). This led to the arrest of hGH production and the use of the then recently developed biosynthetic recombinant hGH.


Asunto(s)
Enanismo Hipofisario , Hipófisis , Cadáver , Hormona del Crecimiento , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana , Humanos , Proteínas Recombinantes
10.
Pediatr Endocrinol Rev ; 15(3): 216-222, 2018 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29493126

RESUMEN

Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone secreted by lactotrophic cells in the anterior pituitary gland and its main function is the stimulation of lactogenesis. Research in recent years has revealed that PRL is also related to cancer development and plays a role in autoimmune diseases. PRL and Growth Hormone (GH) belong to the same cytokine family, both are, at least in part, secreted by the same somatomammotrophic cells in the anterior pituitary, and share similar signaling pathways. These common features raise the question whether PRL and GH share also joint actions especially in the pathogenesis of cancer.


Asunto(s)
Neoplasias , Animales , Hormona del Crecimiento , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana , Humanos , Leche , Prolactina
11.
Pediatr Res ; 82(5): 796-800, 2017 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28700563

RESUMEN

BackgroundIn the neonatal period, the pituitary hormones including prolactin (PRL) and human growth hormone (hGH) are secreted in high amounts due to immature feedback mechanisms. As both hormones are secreted in part by the same somatomammotrophic cells, we investigated their relationship in newborns with respect to sex, gestational week, method of delivery, and anthropometric data.MethodsThe serum levels of PRL and hGH were measured in blood drawn from 225 newborns. The newborn data were extracted from medical records.ResultsA positive correlation was found between log-transformations of PRL and hGH (r=0.17; P=0.01; n=225), with a stronger correlation in newborns whose blood samples were taken more than 2 days after birth (r=0.42; P<0.001; n=130). Log-transformations of the PRL/hGH ratio demonstrated a positive correlation with the gestational week (r=0.39; P<0.001; n=200). Multiple regression analysis showed that 15% of the variance in the logarithm of this ratio is attributed to the gestational week.ConclusionIn newborns, serum PRL and hGH levels show a positive correlation that can be explained by common regulatory factors or a drift phenomenon. A higher gestational week is associated with a higher PRL/hGH ratio. Further studies are needed to look for possible confounders and to determine the PRL-hGH relationship in different conditions.


Asunto(s)
Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/sangre , Hipófisis/metabolismo , Prolactina/sangre , Factores de Edad , Biomarcadores/sangre , Desarrollo Infantil , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro/sangre , Masculino , Hipófisis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Prolactina/metabolismo , Factores Sexuales
13.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) ; 85(5): 813-818, 2016 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27292870

RESUMEN

CONTEXT: The inconclusive evidence regarding long-term safety of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy underlines the need for long-term large-scale cohorts. OBJECTIVE: To assess long-term mortality and cancer incidence among patients treated with rhGH during childhood in Israel. DESIGN: A population-based cohort study. SETTING: Data were retrieved from a national register established in 1988. Mortality data from the national population register were available through 31 December 2014. Data on cancer incidence from the national cancer registry were available through 31 December 2012. PARTICIPANTS: All patients ≤19 years approved for rhGH treatment during 1988-2009 were included. Patients were assigned to three risk categories, according to the underlying condition leading to growth disorder. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All-cause mortality and cancer incidence rates were calculated, based on person-years at risk. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated, using the Israeli general population as a reference. RESULTS: Included were 1687 patients assigned to the low-risk category and 440 patients assigned to the intermediate-risk category. In the low-risk category, all-cause mortality and cancer incidence were not significantly different than expected (SMR 0·81, 95% CI 0·22-2·08 and SIR 0·76, 95% CI 0·09-2·73). In the intermediate-risk category, all-cause mortality and cancer incidence were significantly higher than expected (SMR 4·05, 95% CI 1·62-8·34 and SIR 4·52, 95% CI 1·22-11·57). CONCLUSIONS: No increased risk of mortality or cancer incidence was found in low-risk patients treated with rhGH during childhood. Patients with prior risk factors were at higher risk of both mortality and cancer.


Asunto(s)
Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/efectos adversos , Neoplasias/inducido químicamente , Edad de Inicio , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Incidencia , Israel , Masculino , Mortalidad , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Neoplasias/mortalidad , Proteínas Recombinantes , Sistema de Registros , Medición de Riesgo
14.
Pediatr Endocrinol Rev ; 14(2): 105-108, 2016 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28508604

RESUMEN

Children born small for gestational age without early catch-up of somatic growth and head circumference subsequently remain short and suffer from various degrees of neurocognitive and psychological impairment. Based upon the role of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I on early brain growth and maturation, we propose that GH treatment of these infants be instituted prior to their 2nd birthday.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos del Crecimiento/tratamiento farmacológico , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/uso terapéutico , Recién Nacido Pequeño para la Edad Gestacional , Adiposidad/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Trastornos del Crecimiento/congénito , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Recién Nacido Pequeño para la Edad Gestacional/crecimiento & desarrollo , Factores de Tiempo , Túnica Íntima/efectos de los fármacos , Túnica Íntima/patología
15.
Pediatr Endocrinol Rev ; 14(1): 19-26, 2016 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28508613

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: In recent years more and more genetic defects along the GHRH-GH-IGF-I axis have been reported. Mutations of the IGF-I receptor (R) are a rare abnormality of whom only the heterozygote progenies survive. OBJECTIVES: To summarize, from the literature, data on birth length, weight and head circumference of neonates with IGF-I-R mutations, and to correlate the data with that of other types of mutations in the GH/IGF-I axis. SUBJECTS: Sixty seven neonates from 24 published articles were included and forty seven different mutations of the IGF-I (R) located on chromosome 15 have been identified. RESULTS: Mean (±SD) birth length (BL), available for 26, (10 M, 16F) neonates with a gestational age of 34-41weeks, was 44.2±4cm; one was premature (30cm at 31 weeks). There was a significant correlation between birth length and gestational age (GA) r=0.71 (p>.001). Mean birth weight (BW) of 41 neonates (18M, 23F) was 2388±743gr. Two premature neonates weighed 650gr and 950gr respectively. The BW correlated significantly with gestational age, (males: r=0.68; p=0.007, females: r=0.49; p=0.024). The BMI of 25 neonates ranged from 6 to 13. In 22 records marked microcephaly was ascertained or stated. Nine of 16 mothers were short (133 -148cm), m±SD = 150.5±7.3cm.


Asunto(s)
Peso al Nacer , Estatura , Enanismo Hipofisario/genética , Trastornos del Crecimiento , Cabeza/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/genética , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Peso al Nacer/genética , Estatura/genética , Cefalometría , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Enanismo Hipofisario/patología , Trastornos del Crecimiento/congénito , Trastornos del Crecimiento/genética , Cabeza/patología , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Mutación , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/genética , Transducción de Señal/genética
16.
Clin Exp Rheumatol ; 33(1): 122-6, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25571969

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the seasonality of month of birth (MOB) in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) as compared to the general population. METHODS: Cosinor analysis was used to analyse MOB rhythmicity in 558 children with JIA from a simple rheumatology clinic compared with the MOB pattern of the general population in Israel (n=1.040558). Statistical differences between groups were also analysed by non-parametrical tests. RESULTS: Patients with JIA showed different patterns from that of the general population. A rhythmic pattern of 12 months was found in the MOB patterns of JIA patients. This rhythm with a peak between November to March and a nadir in summer was a mirror image of the rhythmic pattern observed for MOB of the healthy population. Males showed a pattern with combined rhythm of 8 and 6 months with peaks in winter, while females' MOB pattern showed no rhythmicity. Testing different JIA subtypes, only the patients with the enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) subtype showed rhythmicity in MOB. Rhythmicity patterns were different for males and females, and differed according to several disease characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The observed pattern of MOB in JIA patients is distinctive and different from that in the healthy population supporting the hypothesis that autoimmune process may begin in utero or in the perinatal period due to seasonal environmental pathogenic agents.


Asunto(s)
Artritis Juvenil/epidemiología , Parto , Estaciones del Año , Artritis Juvenil/diagnóstico , Artritis Juvenil/inmunología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Israel/epidemiología , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por Sexo , Factores Sexuales , Factores de Tiempo
17.
Endocr Pract ; 21(12): 1395-402, 2015 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26401581

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of untreated and recombinant insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)- treated patients with the Laron syndrome (LS) as seen in our clinic over a period of over 50 years. In 1966, we reported a new disease, characterized by dwarfism (-4 to -10 height standard deviation score) typical facial features, small head circumference, obesity, and small genitalia. They resembled congenital growth hormone (GH) deficiency but had high levels of serum human GH and low IGF-1. Since then, our cohort grew to 69 patients, consisting of Jews of oriental origin, Muslins, and Christians originating from the Middle East or Mediterranean area. Many belong to consanguineous families. METHODS: Molecular genetic investigations revealed that these patients had deletions or mutations in the GH receptor gene, but only individuals homozygous for this defect express the disease, coined "Laron syndrome" (LS; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man# 262500). RESULTS: During childhood, LS patients grow slowly, have a retarded bone age and sexual development, but reach full sexual development. The treatment of LS is recombinant IGF-1, which stimulates the linear growth but increases the degree of obesity. Adult-age patients with congenital IGF-1 deficiency are protected from cancer but can develop insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Due to pathologic changes in the brain related to the type of molecular defect in the GH receptor, they vary in their intellectual capacity. A number of LS patients marry, and with help of pregestational genetic diagnosis, have healthy children. CONCLUSION: LS is a unique disease model presenting a dissociation between GH and IGF-1 activity.


Asunto(s)
Investigación Biomédica , Síndrome de Laron/etiología , Adulto , Investigación Biomédica/historia , Investigación Biomédica/tendencias , Niño , Desarrollo Infantil/fisiología , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/genética , Humanos , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Síndrome de Laron/genética , Síndrome de Laron/historia , Síndrome de Laron/fisiopatología
18.
Pediatr Endocrinol Rev ; 13(1): 444-7, 2015 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26540759

RESUMEN

Bone (skeletal) age determination is the simplest and most used index for the assessment of developmental and physiological age in healthy children and those with growth disorders. At present the test is done by manual or automated reading of the hand and wrist X-rays, necessitating two visits by the child: to the pediatrician and radiology departments. A newly developed simple quantitative ultrasound technique (QUST) using several hand and wrist bones, which can be performed in the pediatrician's office could combine the child's growth and biological age evaluation in one visit.


Asunto(s)
Determinación de la Edad por el Esqueleto/métodos , Determinación de la Edad por el Esqueleto/normas , Adolescente , Desarrollo Óseo , Niño , Preescolar , Etnicidad , Femenino , Mano/diagnóstico por imagen , Mano/crecimiento & desarrollo , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Ultrasonografía , Muñeca/diagnóstico por imagen , Muñeca/crecimiento & desarrollo , Adulto Joven
20.
Pediatr Endocrinol Rev ; 12(3): 266-82, 2015 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25962204

RESUMEN

Clinical onset of autoimmune Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) develops after an asymptomatic, complex interaction between host genetic and environmental factors lasting several years. The world-wide increase in T1DM incidence with no cure in sight necessitates the identification of the causative environmental factors in order to develop methods for preventing them from participating in the autoimmune process leading to T1DM. Human trials to prevent insulitis or development of T1DM (secondary prevention trials) have not as yet produced satisfactory outcomes despite promising results from T1DM animal models, possibly because the autoimmune response had already progressed too far and could not be stopped or reversed. Primary prevention trials conducted with individuals with increased genetic risk, but without signs of autoimmune response or metabolic abnormalities have also not yet produced any clear benefit. A correlation between month of birth and T1DM implicated seasonal infectious pathogens in the etiology of T1DM. This has prompted a search for those seasonal pathogens including viruses that might lead to onset of T1DM. Many studies investigated immediate viral triggers, e.g., viral infections at the time of clinical onset of T1DM. Fewer studies have investigated virus infections as the initial or early trigger in a cascade of events leading to development of TIDM. Seasonal virus infections of pregnant women may be transmitted in utero and induce the first damage to the developing fetus's beta-cells. The identification of specific pathogenic viruses may enable development for pregestational vaccines to diminish the incidence of childhood T1DM.


Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/inmunología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/prevención & control , Niño , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/epidemiología , Femenino , Interacción Gen-Ambiente , Humanos , Incidencia , Embarazo , Virosis/complicaciones , Virosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Virosis/inmunología
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