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1.
Vox Sang ; 2024 Sep 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39222956

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Homophily represents the extent to which people feel others are like them and encourages the uptake of activities they feel people like them do. Currently, there are no data on blood donor homophily with respect to (i) people's representation of the average prototypical UK blood donor and (ii) the degree of homophily with this prototype for current donors, non-donors, groups blood services wish to encourage (ethnic minorities), those who are now eligible following policy changes (e.g., men-who-have-sex-with-men: MSM) and recipients. We aim to fill these gaps in knowledge. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We surveyed the UK general population MSM, long-term blood recipients, current donors, non-donors and ethnic minorities (n = 785) to assess perceptions of the prototypical donor in terms of ethnicity, age, gender, social class, educational level and political ideology. Homophily was indexed with respect to age, gender and ethnicity. RESULTS: The prototypical UK blood donor is perceived as White, middle-aged, middle-class, college-level educated and left-wing. Current donors and MSM are more homophilous with this prototype, whereas recipients and ethnic minorities have the lowest homophily. Higher levels of homophily are associated with an increased likelihood of committing to donate. CONCLUSION: The prototype of the UK donor defined this as a White activity. This, in part, may explain why ethnic minorities are less likely to be donors. As well as traditional recruitment strategies, blood services need to consider broader structural changes such as the ethnic diversity of staff and co-designing donor spaces with local communities.

2.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38709329

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Postpartum depression (PPD) and anxiety (PPA) affect nearly one-quarter (23%) of women in Canada. eHealth is a promising solution for increasing access to postpartum mental healthcare. However, a user-centered approach is not routinely taken in the development of web-enabled resources, leaving postpartum women out of critical decision-making processes. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness, usability, and user satisfaction of PostpartumCare.ca, a web-enabled psychoeducational resource for PPD and PPA, created in partnership with postpartum women in British Columbia. METHODS: Participants were randomized to either an intervention group (n = 52) receiving access to PostpartumCare.ca for four weeks, or to a waitlist control group (n = 51). Measures evaluating PPD (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) and PPA symptoms (Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale) were completed at baseline, after four weeks, and after a two-week follow-up. User ratings of website usability and satisfaction and website metrics were also collected. RESULTS: PPD and PPA symptoms were significantly reduced for the intervention group only after four weeks, with improvements maintained after a two-week follow-up, corresponding with small-to-medium effect sizes (PPD: partial η2 = 0.03; PPA: partial η2 = 0.04). Intervention participants were also more likely than waitlist controls to recover from clinical levels of PPD symptoms (χ 2 (1, n = 63) = 4.58, p = .032) and PostpartumCare.ca's usability and satisfaction were rated favourably overall. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that a web-enabled psychoeducational resource, created in collaboration with patient partners, can effectively reduce PPD and PPA symptoms, supporting its potential use as a low-barrier option for postpartum women. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Protocol for this trial was preregistered on NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine, ClinicalTrials.gov as of May 2022 (ID No. NCT05382884).

3.
Transfusion ; 63(1): 171-181, 2023 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36349898

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) have been deferred from donating blood. However, recent evidence supports the adoption of donor screening based on individuals' sexual behavior over population-based criteria. We explore how best to frame communications about adopting this change to minimize any potential negative consequences (e.g., reduced donor numbers). We examine the effectiveness of risk (emphasizing safety vs. emphasizing low risk), and focus (donor vs. recipient) frames on intentions to donate blood (approach) or feeling deterred from donating (avoid), and mechanisms linked to under-reporting sexual behavior. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a 2 (risk frame: risk vs. safety) by 3 (focus: donor vs. recipient vs. both) between-subjects online experiment (n = 2677). The main outcomes were intentions to donate and feelings of being put-off/deterred from donating (both for self and others). We also assessed the extent that forgetting, embarrassment/shame, and question irrelevance were perceived to be associated with under-reporting sexual behavior. RESULTS: Frames that focused on safety or a recipient resulted in people reporting being less deterred from donating. Regardless of frame, people from ethnic minorities were more likely to feel deterred. Embarrassment/shame followed by forgetting and perceived irrelevance were the main reasons for under-reporting sexual behaviors, especially in ethnic minorities, and smartphones were perceived as an acceptable memory aid for sexual behavior. DISCUSSION: Blood services moving to an individualized policy should frame donor selection in terms of safety and/or a recipient focus, explore sensitivities in ethnic minority communities, consider ways to normalize reporting sexual behavior, and use smartphones as a memory aid.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Masculino , Humanos , Homosexualidad Masculina , Selección de Donante/métodos , Etnicidad , Donantes de Sangre , Grupos Minoritarios , Conducta Sexual , Políticas
4.
Aggress Behav ; 48(2): 264-274, 2022 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35037709

RESUMEN

People typically have a strong bias in attention toward faces to help them understand social interactions. Nonetheless some people, like incarcerated offenders and psychopaths, exhibit deficits in "face reading," which may impair their interpretations, especially in case of attribution allocation in harmful events. In these cases, the ascription of intentionality is key in understanding the allocation of blame and structuring social information processing. Consequently, in the current study, in addition to typically studied intentionality and blame ascription levels (subfactors of hostile attributions), we also propose a new indicator of hostile attributions: intentionality/blame isomorphism, indicating reduced differentiation between those two factors. Violent prison inmates (N = 63) and community-based adults without previous history of incarceration (N = 63) took part in an eye-tracking study. In line with our hypotheses, offenders exhibited reduced attention orienting to faces as well as greater intentionality/blame isomorphism. In the case of both groups, people looked longer at the faces of the harm doer compared with the harm receiver. Additionally, greater intentionality/blame isomorphism predicted reduced attention to faces; however, when group status was included in the model, it became the only significant predictor of the attention to faces. Future studies should examine the origins of these gaze and attribution patterns and investigate consequences related to social perception and interactions of people prone to violence.


Asunto(s)
Criminales , Adulto , Agresión , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Hostilidad , Humanos
5.
Transfus Med ; 31(3): 176-185, 2021 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33368777

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To determine the motivators and barriers to COVID-19 convalescent plasma donation by those in the United Kingdom who have been diagnosed with or who have had symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) but who have not donated. BACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma from people recovered from COVID-19 with sufficient antibody titres is a potential option for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. However, to date, recruiting and retaining COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors has been challenging. Understanding why those eligible to donate COVID-19 convalescent plasma have not donated is critical to developing recruitment campaigns. METHODS/MATERIALS: A total of 419 UK residents who indicated that they had been infected with COVID-19 and who lived within 50 km of sites collecting COVID-19 convalescent plasma completed an online survey between 25th June and 5th July 2020. Respondents completed items assessing their awareness of convalescent plasma, motivations and barriers to donation and intention to donate COVID-19 convalescent plasma. RESULTS: Awareness of COVID-19 convalescent plasma was low. Exploratory factor analysis identified six motivations and seven barriers to donating. A stronger sense of altruism through adversity and moral and civic duty were positively related to intention to donate, whereas generic donation fears was negatively related. CONCLUSIONS: Once potential donors are aware of convalescent plasma, interventions should focus on the gratitude and reciprocity that those eligible to donate feel, along with a focus on (potentially) helping family and norms of what people ought to do. Fears associated with donation should not be neglected, and strategies that have been successfully used tor recruit whole-blood donors should be adapted and deployed to recruit COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors.


Asunto(s)
Donantes de Sangre/psicología , COVID-19/terapia , Motivación , SARS-CoV-2 , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Altruismo , Concienciación , Donantes de Sangre/estadística & datos numéricos , Selección de Donante/métodos , Miedo , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunización Pasiva , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Plasma , Reino Unido , Adulto Joven , Sueroterapia para COVID-19
6.
Transfusion ; 60(9): 2010-2020, 2020 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32618010

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Although the need for whole blood is declining, so too are the number of first-time and repeat blood donors. To develop new recruitment and retention strategies, therefore, we need to draw on as wide a variation in blood donor motivations as possible. The primary aim of this study is to draw on a large survey of donors to develop a broad, theoretically instantiated typology of donor motivations to identify new and less common, yet practically important, motivations that have not been previously reported. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Using data from the UK Blood Donor Survey run by NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit (N = 61 123 donors), we analyze fixed (N = 52 225) and free (N = 8867) responses to develop a more comprehensive typology of blood donor motivations based on theories from the biology, psychology, philosophy, economics, and sociology of altruism. RESULTS: We identified 54 motivations, including a number of newly identified motivations, for blood donations which we organized into 12 superordinate categories (eg, "inspiration via moral elevation," "perceived social closeness," and "fungibility of donations"). These are linked to intervention suggestions such as donating blood in memoriam or donating blood as an alternative to other charitable acts. CONCLUSION: We present the most comprehensive account of blood donor motivations to-date. This work also offers a structure for coding free-text responses, developing motivational measures, and identifying tangible interventions. Thus, we feel that this is a valuable resource for blood donor researchers, marketers, and policy makers.


Asunto(s)
Altruismo , Donantes de Sangre/psicología , Emociones , Motivación , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Reino Unido
7.
Nature ; 512(7513): 185-9, 2014 Aug 14.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25043041

RESUMEN

A comprehensive account of the causes of alcohol misuse must accommodate individual differences in biology, psychology and environment, and must disentangle cause and effect. Animal models can demonstrate the effects of neurotoxic substances; however, they provide limited insight into the psycho-social and higher cognitive factors involved in the initiation of substance use and progression to misuse. One can search for pre-existing risk factors by testing for endophenotypic biomarkers in non-using relatives; however, these relatives may have personality or neural resilience factors that protect them from developing dependence. A longitudinal study has potential to identify predictors of adolescent substance misuse, particularly if it can incorporate a wide range of potential causal factors, both proximal and distal, and their influence on numerous social, psychological and biological mechanisms. Here we apply machine learning to a wide range of data from a large sample of adolescents (n = 692) to generate models of current and future adolescent alcohol misuse that incorporate brain structure and function, individual personality and cognitive differences, environmental factors (including gestational cigarette and alcohol exposure), life experiences, and candidate genes. These models were accurate and generalized to novel data, and point to life experiences, neurobiological differences and personality as important antecedents of binge drinking. By identifying the vulnerability factors underlying individual differences in alcohol misuse, these models shed light on the aetiology of alcohol misuse and suggest targets for prevention.


Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/psicología , Alcoholismo/psicología , Modelos Teóricos , Adolescente , Alcoholismo/genética , Alcoholismo/prevención & control , Inteligencia Artificial , Encéfalo/fisiología , Cognición/fisiología , Ambiente , Humanos , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Estudios Longitudinales , Personalidad/fisiología , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Psicología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores de Riesgo
8.
Proc Biol Sci ; 285(1875)2018 03 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29593114

RESUMEN

The observation of behaviour is a key theoretical parameter underlying a number of models of prosociality. However, the empirical findings showing the effect of observability on prosociality are mixed. In this meta-analysis, we explore the boundary conditions that may account for this variability, by exploring key theoretical and methodological moderators of this link. We identified 117 papers yielding 134 study level effects (total n = 788 164) and found a small but statistically significant, positive association between observability and prosociality (r = 0.141, 95% confidence interval = 0.106, 0.175). Moderator analysis showed that observability produced stronger effects on prosociality: (i) in the presence of passive observers (i.e. people whose role was to only observe participants) versus perceptions of being watched, (ii) when participants' decisions were consequential (versus non-consequential), (iii) when the studies were performed in the laboratory (as opposed to in the field/online), (iv) when the studies used repeated measures (instead of single games), and (v) when the studies involved social dilemmas (instead of bargaining games). These effects show the conditions under which observability effects on prosociality will be maximally observed. We describe the theoretical and practical significance of these results.


Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Observación Conductual , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Conducta Social , Control de la Conducta , Intervalos de Confianza , Bases de Datos Factuales , Modificador del Efecto Epidemiológico , Humanos , Modelos Estadísticos , Sesgo de Publicación
9.
PLoS Genet ; 10(8): e1004523, 2014 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25122193

RESUMEN

Face expressions are a rich source of social signals. Here we estimated the proportion of phenotypic variance in the brain response to facial expressions explained by common genetic variance captured by ∼ 500,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Using genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML), we related this global genetic variance to that in the brain response to facial expressions, as assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a community-based sample of adolescents (n = 1,620). Brain response to facial expressions was measured in 25 regions constituting a face network, as defined previously. In 9 out of these 25 regions, common genetic variance explained a significant proportion of phenotypic variance (40-50%) in their response to ambiguous facial expressions; this was not the case for angry facial expressions. Across the network, the strength of the genotype-phenotype relationship varied as a function of the inter-individual variability in the number of functional connections possessed by a given region (R(2) = 0.38, p<0.001). Furthermore, this variability showed an inverted U relationship with both the number of observed connections (R2 = 0.48, p<0.001) and the magnitude of brain response (R(2) = 0.32, p<0.001). Thus, a significant proportion of the brain response to facial expressions is predicted by common genetic variance in a subset of regions constituting the face network. These regions show the highest inter-individual variability in the number of connections with other network nodes, suggesting that the genetic model captures variations across the adolescent brains in co-opting these regions into the face network.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/fisiología , Expresión Facial , Variación Genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Adolescente , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Mapeo Encefálico , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino
10.
J Psychiatry Neurosci ; 41(3): 192-202, 2016 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26679926

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The mesolimbic dopamine system, composed primarily of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area that project to striatal structures, is considered to be the key mediator of reinforcement-related mechanisms in the brain. Prompted by a genome-wide association meta-analysis implicating the Ras-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 (RASGRF2) gene in the regulation of alcohol intake in men, we have recently shown that male Rasgrf2(-/-) mice exhibit reduced ethanol intake and preference accompanied by a perturbed mesolimbic dopamine system. We therefore propose that these mice represent a valid model to further elucidate the precise genes and mechanisms regulating mesolimbic dopamine functioning. METHODS: Transcriptomic data from the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) of male Rasgrf2(-/-) mice and wild-type controls were analyzed by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). We performed follow-up genetic association tests in humans using a sample of male adolescents from the IMAGEN study characterized for binge drinking (n = 905) and ventral striatal activation during an fMRI reward task (n = 608). RESULTS: The WGCNA analyses using accumbal transcriptomic data revealed 37 distinct "modules," or functionally related groups of genes. Two of these modules were significantly associated with Rasgrf2 knockout status: M5 (p < 0.001) and M6 (p < 0.001). In follow-up translational analyses we found that human orthologues for the M5 module were significantly (p < 0.01) enriched with genetic association signals for binge drinking in male adolescents. Furthermore, the most significant locus, originating from the EH-domain containing 4 (EHD4) gene (p < 0.001), was also significantly associated with altered ventral striatal activity in male adolescents performing an fMRI reward task (pempirical < 0.001). LIMITATIONS: It was not possible to determine the extent to which the M5 module was dysregulated in Rasgrf2(-/-) mice by perturbed mesolimbic dopamine signalling or by the loss of Rasgrf2 function in the NAcc. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our findings indicate that the accumbal M5 module, initially identified as being dysregulated in male Rasgrf2(-/-) mice, is also relevant for human alcohol-related phenotypes potentially through the modulation of reinforcement mechanisms in the NAcc. We therefore propose that the genes comprising this module represent important candidates for further elucidation within the context of alcohol-related phenotypes.


Asunto(s)
Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/metabolismo , Núcleo Accumbens/metabolismo , Recompensa , Adolescente , Animales , Mapeo Encefálico , Niño , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Estudios de Seguimiento , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Sitios Genéticos , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Ratones Noqueados , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Biología de Sistemas , Transcriptoma , Población Blanca/genética , Factores de Intercambio de Guanina Nucleótido ras/deficiencia , Factores de Intercambio de Guanina Nucleótido ras/genética
11.
Conscious Cogn ; 33: 125-34, 2015 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25562288

RESUMEN

Many experiments have shown that one's ability to refrain from acting on aggressive impulses is likely to decrease following a prior act of self-control. This temporary state of self-control failure is known as ego-depletion. Although mindfulness is increasingly used to treat and manage aggressive behaviour, the extent to which mindfulness may counteract the depletion effect on aggression is yet to be determined. This study (N=110) investigated the effect of a laboratory induced one-time mindfulness meditation session on aggression following depletion. Aggression was assessed by the intensity of aversive noise blast participants delivered to an opponent on a computerised task. Depleted participants who received mindfulness induction behaved less aggressively than depleted participants with no mindfulness induction. Mindfulness also improved performance on a second measure of self-control (i.e., handgrip perseverance); however, this effect was independent of depletion condition. Motivational factors may help explain the dynamics of mindfulness, self-control, and aggression.


Asunto(s)
Agresión/psicología , Atención Plena , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Fuerza de la Mano , Humanos , Masculino , Atención Plena/métodos , Motivación , Pruebas Psicológicas , Autocontrol/psicología , Adulto Joven
12.
Addict Biol ; 20(3): 534-45, 2015 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24903627

RESUMEN

Individuals with alcohol-dependent parents show an elevated risk of developing alcohol-related problems themselves. Modulations of the mesolimbic reward circuit have been postulated as a pre-existing marker of alcoholism. We tested whether a positive family history of alcoholism is correlated with ventral striatum functionality during a reward task. All participants performed a modified version of the monetary incentive delay task while their brain responses were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. We compared 206 healthy adolescents (aged 13-15) who had any first- or second-degree relative with alcoholism to 206 matched controls with no biological relative with alcoholism. Reward anticipation as well as feedback of win recruited the ventral striatum in all participants, but adolescents with a positive family history of alcoholism did not differ from their matched peers. Also we did not find any correlation between family history density and reward anticipation or feedback of win. This finding of no differences did not change when we analyzed a subsample of 77 adolescents with at least one parent with alcohol use disorder and their matched controls. Because this result is in line with another study reporting no differences between children with alcohol-dependent parents and controls at young age, but contrasts with studies of older individuals, one might conclude that at younger age the effect of family history has not yet exerted its influence on the still developing mesolimbic reward circuit.


Asunto(s)
Estriado Ventral/fisiología , Adolescente , Alcoholismo/genética , Alcoholismo/fisiopatología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Linaje , Pruebas Psicológicas , Tiempo de Reacción , Recompensa
13.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 109(51): 21128-33, 2012 Dec 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23223532

RESUMEN

The firing of mesolimbic dopamine neurons is important for drug-induced reinforcement, although underlying genetic factors remain poorly understood. In a recent genome-wide association metaanalysis of alcohol intake, we identified a suggestive association of SNP rs26907 in the ras-specific guanine-nucleotide releasing factor 2 (RASGRF2) gene, encoding a protein that mediates Ca(2+)-dependent activation of the ERK pathway. We performed functional characterization of this gene in relation to alcohol-related phenotypes and mesolimbic dopamine function in both mice and adolescent humans. Ethanol intake and preference were decreased in Rasgrf2(-/-) mice relative to WT controls. Accordingly, ethanol-induced dopamine release in the ventral striatum was blunted in Rasgrf2(-/-) mice. Recording of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area revealed reduced excitability in the absence of Ras-GRF2, likely because of lack of inhibition of the I(A) potassium current by ERK. This deficit provided an explanation for the altered dopamine release, presumably linked to impaired activation of dopamine neurons firing. Functional neuroimaging analysis of a monetary incentive-delay task in 663 adolescent boys revealed significant association of ventral striatal activity during reward anticipation with a RASGRF2 haplotype containing rs26907, the SNP associated with alcohol intake in our previous metaanalysis. This finding suggests a link between the RASGRF2 haplotype and reward sensitivity, a known risk factor for alcohol and drug addiction. Indeed, follow-up of these same boys at age 16 y revealed an association between this haplotype and number of drinking episodes. Together, these combined animal and human data indicate a role for RASGRF2 in the regulation of mesolimbic dopamine neuron activity, reward response, and alcohol use and abuse.


Asunto(s)
Dopamina/metabolismo , Neuronas/metabolismo , Factores de Intercambio de Guanina Nucleótido ras/genética , Factores de Intercambio de Guanina Nucleótido ras/fisiología , Adolescente , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Calcio/metabolismo , Niño , Neuronas Dopaminérgicas/metabolismo , Electrofisiología/métodos , Etanol/farmacología , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Genotipo , Haplotipos , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Refuerzo en Psicología , Factores de Tiempo , Área Tegmental Ventral/metabolismo
14.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry ; 24(12): 1523-34, 2015 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26036862

RESUMEN

The main purpose of the present study was to analyse the internal structure and to test the measurement invariance of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), self-reported version, in five European countries. The sample consisted of 3012 adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years (M = 14.20; SD = 0.83). The five-factor model (with correlated errors added), and the five-factor model (with correlated errors added) with the reverse-worded items allowed to cross-load on the Prosocial subscale, displayed adequate goodness of-fit indices. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed that the five-factor model (with correlated errors added) had partial strong measurement invariance by countries. A total of 11 of the 25 items were non-invariant across samples. The level of internal consistency of the Total difficulties score was 0.84, ranging between 0.69 and 0.78 for the SDQ subscales. The findings indicate that the SDQ's subscales need to be modified in various ways for screening emotional and behavioural problems in the five European countries that were analysed.


Asunto(s)
Psicometría/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adolescente , Etnicidad , Europa (Continente) , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Autoinforme
15.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab ; 25(3): 285-92, 2015 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25203688

RESUMEN

In an investigator-blind, randomized cross-over design, male cyclists (mean± SD) age 34.0 (± 10.2) years, body mass 74.6 (±7.9) kg, stature 178.3 (±8.0) cm, peak power output (PPO) 393 (±36) W, and VO2max 62 (±9) ml·kg-1·min(-1) training for more than 6 hr/wk for more than 3y (n = 20) completed four experimental trials. Each trial consisted of a 2-hr constant load ride at 95% of lactate threshold (185 ± 25 W) then a work-matched time trial task (~30 min at 70% of PPO). Three commercially available carbohydrate (CHO) beverages, plus a control (water), were administered during the 2-hr ride providing 0, 20, 39, or 64 g·hr-1 of CHO at a fluid intake rate of 1L·hr(-1). Performance was assessed by time to complete the time trial task, mean power output sustained, and pacing strategy used. Mean task completion time (min:sec ± SD) for 39 g·hr(-1) (34:19.5 ± 03:07.1, p = .006) and 64 g·hr(-1) (34:11.3 ± 03:08.5 p = .004) of CHO were significantly faster than control (37:01.9 ± 05:35.0). The mean percentage improvement from control was -6.1% (95% CI: -11.3 to -1.0) and -6.5% (95% CI: -11.7 to -1.4) in the 39 and 64 g·hr(-1) trials respectively. The 20 g·hr(-1) (35:17.6 ± 04:16.3) treatment did not reach statistical significance compared with control (p = .126) despite a mean improvement of -3.7% (95% CI -8.8-1.5%). No further differences between CHO trials were reported. No interaction between CHO dose and pacing strategy occurred. 39 and 64 g·hr-1 of CHO were similarly effective at improving endurance cycling performance compared with a 0 g·hr(-1) control in our trained cyclists.


Asunto(s)
Rendimiento Atlético/fisiología , Bebidas , Ciclismo/fisiología , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Resistencia Física/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Umbral Anaerobio , Estudios Cruzados , Ingestión de Alimentos , Humanos , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Masculino , Fenómenos Fisiológicos en la Nutrición Deportiva
16.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry ; 55(12): 1380-9, 2014 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24865127

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that mania may be associated with superior cognitive performance. In this study, we test the hypothesis that manic symptoms in youth separate along two correlated dimensions and that a symptom constellation of high energy and cheerfulness is associated with superior cognitive performance. METHOD: We studied 1755 participants of the IMAGEN study, of average age 14.4 years (SD = 0.43), 50.7% girls. Manic symptoms were assessed using the Development and Wellbeing Assessment by interviewing parents and young people. Cognition was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children (WISC-IV) and a response inhibition task. RESULTS: Manic symptoms in youth formed two correlated dimensions: one termed exuberance, characterized by high energy and cheerfulness and one of undercontrol with distractibility, irritability and risk-taking behavior. Only the undercontrol, but not the exuberant dimension, was independently associated with measures of psychosocial impairment. In multivariate regression models, the exuberant, but not the undercontrolled, dimension was positively and significantly associated with verbal IQ by both parent- and self-report; conversely, the undercontrolled, but not the exuberant, dimension was associated with poor performance in a response inhibition task. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that manic symptoms in youth may form dimensions with distinct correlates. The results are in keeping with previous findings about superior performance associated with mania. Further research is required to study etiological differences between these symptom dimensions and their implications for clinical practice.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/fisiopatología , Inhibición Psicológica , Inteligencia/fisiología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Adolescente , Trastorno Bipolar/clasificación , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino
17.
BMC Med Educ ; 14: 240, 2014 Nov 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25431182

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: To enhance the non-technical skills (NTS) assessment literature by developing a reliable and valid peer and self-assessment tool for NTS in a simulated ward setting to include emotional reactions: the Temporal Rating of Emergency Non-Technical skills (TRENT) Index. The paper aims to document (1) the psychometric properties of the TRENT index (e.g., reliability, idiosyncrasy biases) and (2) its validity in terms of performance-emotional associations in the high fidelity simulated ward environment. METHODS: Two samples of doctors (Ns =150 & 90) taking part in emergency simulations provided both self and peer-assessment of NTS, with the second sample also providing self-assessments of mood. The psychometric properties of the TRENT were explored for self- and peer-assessment, and pre- and post-simulation environment mood was used to assess validity. RESULTS: A psychometrically reliable and valid 5-factor assessment of NTS was developed. While there was evidence for both intra-rater and inter-rater reliability, inter-rater idiosyncrasy was also observed. Self-rated, but not peer-rated, negative performance was positively associated with post simulation negative mood. CONCLUSION: These are the first results that pertain to inter-, intra-rater reliability as well as idiosyncratic biases in NTS assessment and the first to show that simulator performance can influence mood after assessment. Potential clinical carry-over effects of mood are discussed.


Asunto(s)
Servicios Médicos de Urgencia , Emociones , Relaciones Médico-Paciente , Médicos/psicología , Competencia Profesional , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Revisión por Pares , Proyectos Piloto , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Autoevaluación (Psicología)
18.
Int J Psychol ; 49(5): 355-63, 2014 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25178957

RESUMEN

This paper examines male and female individual differences in situational triggers of aggressive responses (STAR) in three countries as well as cross-cultural sex differences in trait aggression (aggression questionnaire, AQ). Convenience sampling was employed (university students) for the descriptive correlational study (Poland N = 300, 63% female, mean age 21.86, SD = 2.12; UK N = 196, 60% female, mean age 20.48, SD = 3.79; Greece N = 299, 57% female, mean age 20.71, SD = 4.42). The results showed that the STAR scale is an equivalent construct across all three countries. Overall, females were more sensitive to both provocation (SP) and frustration (SF) than males. When controlling for trait aggression, Polish and Greek females scored similarly in SP and higher than UK females. No sex differences in SP or SF were found in the UK sample. Additionally, Polish participants scored the highest in SP. Furthermore, when trait aggression was removed, the Greek participants were most sensitive to frustration, whereas Polish and English participants' SF did not differ. We discuss the results with regard to intercultural differences between investigated countries.


Asunto(s)
Agresión/psicología , Comparación Transcultural , Caracteres Sexuales , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Frustación , Grecia , Humanos , Individualidad , Masculino , Polonia , Psicometría , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Reino Unido , Adulto Joven
19.
Curr Issues Personal Psychol ; 12(3): 193-201, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39184906

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Self-construal influences the way people ascribe blame to victims, but it is not clear whether the same applies to harm doers, especially those in a position of authority. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE: We examined (N = 122, men n = 60) participants' ascriptions of both blame and intentionality to harm doers (authority figure versus peer) while priming self-construal (relational versus individual self). Using eye-tracking, we explored whether priming relational self, compared to individual self, affects the allocation of attention to faces versus objects. RESULTS: Although no effects of priming were found, the type of harm doer influenced the way people interpreted harmful social encounters. Participants attributed both greater intentionality and blame to peer than authority perpetrators. Also, in the case of peer perpetrators, blame ascription was higher than judgements of intentionality, which was the opposite pattern for authority perpetrators, where judgements of intentionality were greater than ascribed blame. In regard to encoding, participants independently of the type of harm doer looked significantly longer at faces than at objects in violent scenes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest the status of perpetrator influences judgements of harm independently of intrapersonal factors, such as primed self-construal. Moreover, people perceived as authority figures are not blamed for the hurtful action, despite attributed intentionality.

20.
Neuroimage ; 79: 234-40, 2013 Oct 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23651841

RESUMEN

In our previous work, we described facial features associated with a successful recognition of the sex of the face (Marecková et al., 2011). These features were based on landmarks placed on the surface of faces reconstructed from magnetic resonance (MR) images; their position was therefore influenced by both soft tissue (fat and muscle) and bone structure of the skull. Here, we ask whether bone structure has dissociable influences on observers' identification of the sex of the face. To answer this question, we used a novel method of studying skull morphology using MR images and explored the relationship between skull features, facial features, and sex recognition in a large sample of adolescents (n=876; including 475 adolescents from our original report). To determine whether skull features mediate the relationship between facial features and identification accuracy, we performed mediation analysis using bootstrapping. In males, skull features mediated fully the relationship between facial features and sex judgments. In females, the skull mediated this relationship only after adjusting facial features for the amount of body fat (estimated with bioimpedance). While body fat had a very slight positive influence on correct sex judgments about male faces, there was a robust negative influence of body fat on the correct sex judgments about female faces. Overall, these results suggest that craniofacial bone structure is essential for correct sex judgments about a male face. In females, body fat influences negatively the accuracy of sex judgments, and craniofacial bone structure alone cannot explain the relationship between facial features and identification of a face as female.


Asunto(s)
Tejido Adiposo/fisiopatología , Cara/anatomía & histología , Interpretación de Imagen Asistida por Computador/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Determinación del Sexo por el Esqueleto/métodos , Cráneo/anatomía & histología , Percepción Visual/fisiología , Adolescente , Cefalometría/métodos , Niño , Señales (Psicología) , Toma de Decisiones/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Factores Sexuales
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