Transoral robotic surgery hypopharyngectomy (TORSH): feasibility and outcomes.

PURPOSE: With the development of minimal invasive procedure, trans-oral robotic surgery (TORS) is expanding in the field of ENT. Most reviews focus on oropharyngeal and laryngeal (supra-glottic) localization. We report here the feasibility and outcomes of TORS hypopharyngectomy (TORSH) for selected patients with hypopharyngeal tumor. METHODS: Between September 2009 and July 2017, 22 patients, retrospectively included, underwent TORSH with curative intent. RESULTS: From 22 successful hypopharyngectomy, no conversion to open procedure was needed. Three patients (13%) presented a post-operative bleeding and were managed by surgical revision. No fistula was encountered. The 3-year overall survival and disease-specific survival rates were 54 and 92%, respectively. Patients started oral feeding after an average of 7 days. Naso-gastric feeding tubes were removed after a median period of 16 days. Two patients (9%) needed a transient gastrostomy (< 1 year). Three patients (13%) received a transient tracheostomy (< 2 months). Median hospitalization stay was 13 days. CONCLUSIONS: TORSH is a safe technique. Patients' outcomes are favorable and the post-operative morbidity is reduced compared to open neck approach. Hospitalization length and safe swallowing time are reduced.

Transoral Robotic Surgery Total Laryngectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to demonstrate our technique for performing transoral robotic surgical total laryngectomy (TORS-TL) with the use of the da Vinci robotic system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We provide a comprehensive description of the TORS-TL operative techniques. Two fresh-frozen human cadavers were selected after ethics approval to describe the appropriate step-by-step surgical resection. We adopted a 5-step procedure that was later applied to 2 of our patients. The first patient presented initially with a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the laryngeal glottis area. A lack of clinical response to initial treatment by chemoradiotherapy led to the decision of performing salvage TL surgery. The second patient had a previous history of head and neck SCC (HNSCC); he had no recurrence of his primary tumor but suffered significantly from postoperative breathing and swallowing difficulties due to severe laryngeal incompetence. RESULTS: TORS-TL was successfully performed in all cases. The operative time for the cadavers was approximately 65 and 55 min, respectively. It was significantly longer for the patients, 210 and 235 min, respectively, despite the fact that exactly the same steps were followed throughout all procedures. There were no intra- or postoperative complications or surgical morbidity related to the use of the da Vinci system. CONCLUSION: TORS-SL for SCC was performed in a safe, reliable, and smooth manner and was shown to be successful in treating our patients. We thus believe that our step-by-step surgical technique for TORS-SL is efficient and reproducible.

Feasibility of tongue strength measurements during (chemo)radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of tongue strength measures (TSMs) and the influence of bulb location, sex, and self-perceived pain and mucositis in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients during chemoradiotherapy (CRT). METHODS: Twenty-six newly diagnosed HNC patients treated with CRT performed anterior and posterior maximal isometric tongue pressures by means of the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI). The Oral Mucositis Weekly Questionnaire (OMWQ) and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain during swallowing were completed weekly from baseline to 1 week post CRT. RESULTS: Feasibility of TSMs during CRT declines significantly from 96 to 100% at baseline to 46% after 6 weeks of CRT. But post-hoc analyses reveal only significant differences in feasibility between baseline and measurements after 4 weeks of treatment. No effect of gender or bulb location was established, but feasibility is influenced by pain and mucositis. CONCLUSIONS: Feasibility of TSMs declines during CRT and is influenced by mucositis and pain. For the majority of subjects, TSMs were feasible within the first 4 weeks, which provides a window of scientific and clinical opportunities in this patient population.

Unilateral vocal fold immobility: a tertiary hospital's experience over 5 years.

The objective of the study was to determine the etiology and subsequent management of patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility (UVFI) and compare our results with other such studies. This was a retrospective case series of all patients that were treated for UVFI at one single tertiary referral centre between 2010 and 2014. The medical records of 161 patients over a 5-year period diagnosed with UVFI were analyzed. We looked at the patient demographics, side of immobility, etiology, management and voice assessment. A total of 21 patients were excluded due to varying reasons including second presentation and incomplete data. Our results demonstrated 37.1% of cases to be due to non-thyroid surgery (mainly vascular or anterior cervical spine surgery) compared to thyroid or parathyroid (18.6%). Carotid endarterectomy was the commonest cause followed by cervical spine discectomy or fusion. Other iatrogenic causes included thoracic surgery either involving the lung or not. Our results are very much in keeping with those seen by our colleagues in North America. A better appreciation of the causes of UVFI especially in cases not performed by otolaryngologists and head and neck surgeons should be highlighted and the necessary steps should be taken to prevent this iatrogenic complication.

Comprehensive cost analysis of sentinel node biopsy in solid head and neck tumors using a time-driven activity-based costing approach.

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is predominantly a locoregional disease. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy offers a minimally invasive means of accurately staging the neck. Value in healthcare is determined by both outcomes and the costs associated with achieving them. Time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) may offer more precise estimates of the true cost. Process maps were developed for nuclear medicine, operating room and pathology care phases. TDABC estimates the costs by combining information about the process with the unit cost of each resource used. Resource utilization is based on observation of care and staff interviews. Unit costs are calculated as a capacity cost rate, measured as a Euros/min (2014), for each resource consumed. Multiplying together the unit costs and resource quantities and summing across all resources used will produce the average cost for each phase of care. Three time equations with six different scenarios were modeled based on the type of camera, the number of SLN and the type of staining used. Total times for different SLN scenarios vary between 284 and 307 min, respectively, with a total cost between 2794 and 3541€. The unit costs vary between 788€/h for the intraoperative evaluation with a gamma-probe and 889€/h for a preoperative imaging with a SPECT/CT. The unit costs for the lymphadenectomy and the pathological examination are, respectively, 560 and 713€/h. A 10 % increase of time per individual activity generates only 1 % change in the total cost. TDABC evaluates the cost of SLN in HNC. The total costs across all phases which varied between 2761 and 3744€ per standard case.

CO2 laser cordectomy for glottic squamous cell carcinoma involving the anterior commissure: voice and oncologic outcomes.

Transoral CO2 laser cordectomy for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the glottis has resulted in excellent voice and oncologic outcomes as compared with non-surgical therapy. However, published experience with primary CO2 laser cordectomy specifically for glottic SCC involving the anterior commissure (AC) is limited. A review of single academic institution experience with CO2 laser cordectomy for glottic SCC involving the AC. Patients undergoing European Laryngological Society (ELS) classification cordectomy type Va or type VI between 2005 and 2013 were included. Post-surgical voice analysis was performed by speech language pathologists (SLP) from the reporting institution. Thirty patients were identified for inclusion. Mean post-surgical follow-up time was 47.6 months (range 11-59). Initial local recurrence was identified in 5/30 (16.7%) patients. 2/5 recurrences were successfully salvaged by repeat CO2 laser resections, 2/5 ultimately required salvage total laryngectomy, and 1/5 patient developed a second primary preventing further curative treatment. Overall laryngeal preservation rate was 28/30 (93.3%). Overall survival of the study cohort was 96.7%. Mean postoperative voice handicap index-120 score was 36.9 (SD = 21.4). Perceptual analysis performed on the GRBAS scale resulted in mean scores: G = 2.1 (SD = 0.9), R = 1.3 (SD = 1.1), B = 1.6 (SD = 1.2). Though cancers involving the AC represent an aggressive subgroup of glottic SCC, CO2 laser cordectomy results in encouraging oncologic and voice outcomes without the need for further therapy in the majority of cases. Clinical trials are encouraged to further define optimal treatment recommendations for glottic SCC involving the AC.

Cost comparison of open approach, transoral laser microsurgery and transoral robotic surgery for partial and total laryngectomies.

Activity-based costing is used to give a better insight into the actual cost structure of open, transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) and transoral robotic surgery (TORS) supraglottic and total laryngectomies. Cost data were obtained from hospital administration, personnel and vendor structured interviews. A process map identified 17 activities, to which the detailed cost data are related. One-way sensitivity analyses on the patient throughput, the cost of the equipment or operative times were performed. The total cost for supraglottic open (135-203 min), TLM (110-210 min) and TORS (35-130 min) approaches were 3,349 euro (3,193-3,499 euro), 3,461 euro (3,207-3,664 euro) and 5,650 euro (4,297-5,974 euro), respectively. For total laryngectomy, the overall cost were 3,581 euro (3,215-3,846 euro) for open and 6,767 euro (6,418-7,389 euro) for TORS. TORS cost is mostly influenced by equipment (54%) where the other procedures are predominantly determined by personnel cost (about 45%). Even when we doubled the yearly case-load, used the shortest operative times or a calculation without robot equipment costs we did not reach cost equivalence. TORS is more expensive than standard approaches and mainly influenced by purchase and maintenance costs and the use of proprietary instruments. Further trials on long-term outcomes and costs following TORS are needed to evaluate its cost-effectiveness.

Robotic and endoscopic trans-oral total laryngectomy, a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Trans-oral total laryngectomy (TOTL) is a novel minimally invasive approach to narrow-field laryngectomy. The objective of this study was to review published data on robotic and endoscopic-assisted TOTL to examine oncologic, functional, and adverse outcomes. MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were searched between January 2009 and December 2023. PRISMA guidelines were used for data abstraction independently by two reviewers. Proportional meta-analysis (random effects model) was used for analysis. Main outcomes included oncologic outcomes (margin status, recurrence rate) and surgical complications (fistula, hemorrhage, need for second operation). Eight studies were included (total of 37 patients). Cases included 31 robotic-assisted, 3 endoscopic-assisted, and 3 robotic cases which required conversion to open approach. Most cases were performed for laryngeal SCC (22 patients, 59.5%). Primary closure was achieved in all patients. Negative margins were achieved in 20 of 21 patients with LSCC. Recurrence data was reported in 20 LSCC patients with disease recurrence in 4 patients (20%). Follow-up was described for 15 patients (mean of 3.5 years, range 1.6-5.8 years). Eleven complications occurred including fistula, bleed, and stomal stenosis with a pooled rate of 33.7% (95% CI: 16.4-53.0%, I2 = 0). Six fistulas occurred with a pooled rate of 23.2% (95% CI: 5.8-45.4%, I2 = 0). TOTL is an emerging treatment modality appropriate for select patients requiring TL and offers a minimally invasive approach with less tissue disruption. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to examine its oncologic outcomes and complications. Larger case series with adequate follow-up are needed to better characterize TOTL outcomes.

Reliability and outcomes of lymph nodes biopsy in cT1-cT2 N0 supraglottic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: In oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), sentinel node biopsy (SNB) was described as a reliable and reproductive alternative to elective neck dissection for the staging of clinical N0 T1-T2 patients. The SNB technique in supraglottic laryngeal SCC was successfully described in small series. The aim of this study is to analyze retrospectively the results of SNB technique in supraglottic SCC in CHU Godinne, to determine if the technique is reliable and may be proposed in a future multicentral prospective trial. METHODS: The study involved a retrospective analysis of 39 patients who underwent surgery between 2003 and 2019 at CHU Godinne. All patients presented with clinical N0 neck status. The SNB procedure included general anesthesia, 99-technetium colloid peritumoral injection, and lymphoscintigraphy. The hand-held gamma probe was utilized for SNB after tumoral resection during the same operating session. Out of 39 patients, 36 underwent SNB as the sole staging tool, while 3 patients received SNB in combination with elective neck dissection. Primary outcome was the 2-years neck recurrence-free survival (RFS). Secondary outcomes were the 2- and 5-years disease-specific survival (DSS). Additionally, sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of the SNB technique were analyzed. RESULTS: Sentinel nodes were successfully identified in all 39 patients. An average of 4 nodes excised per patient. Positives SN were detected in 23% (9 in 39) cases, leading to subsequent selective neck dissection. Two cases of neck recurrence were observed, both considered as false negatives, occurring after an average of 3.5 months. Th median follow-up period was 48 months with a 2-year RFS of 95%. Sensitivity and NPV of the SNB technique were found to be 82% and 94%, respectively. Two and five years DSS were 84% and 71.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that SNB in T1-T2 supraglottic SCC is a feasible and reliable technique for managing the neck in N0 early-stage patients. However, to establish its oncological equivalence with selective node dissection, further prospective and comparative studies are warranted. The findings of this study underscore the importance of ongoing research in refining and validating the role of SNB in the management of supraglottic SCC, potentially paving the way for more widespread adoption in clinical practice.

Long-term functional results after endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy with CO2 laser: a retrospective study of 32 cases.

Endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy (ECPM) with CO(2) laser is indicated in cases with swallowing disorders when a dysfunction of the cricopharyngeal muscle is diagnosed. We present the results of a retrospective study including 32 of the 65 consecutive patients who underwent ECPM in our center between 2002 and 2009. The aim of this study is to evaluate the postoperative complications and complaints, the improvement of swallowing after surgery, the global satisfaction of the surgery and the swallowing improvement according to the deglutition handicap index (DHI). No major postoperative complication was reported. Postoperative pain was present in 46.9 % of the patients and estimated on an analog scale at 4.4/10. For the others, this surgery was painless. Improvement in swallowing liquids was present in 75 % of the patients and 81 % of the patients could swallow solids. The overall patients' satisfaction on a scale of 10 was 7.2; if needed, 83.9 % of the patients would do the surgery again. Concerning the DHI, we report a significant improvement of all items except the last one. ECPM is a safe procedure which provides improvement of symptoms and satisfaction for the majority of patients.

Aggressive recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: A series of five consecutive patients successfully treated with adjuvant intravenous bevacizumab. A single Belgian academic center experience.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a currently incurable benign neoplasm caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. It usually reduces voice, respiratory, and general quality of life, and is sometimes life-threatening. Patients usually need repeated operations. The use of adjuvant bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor A, has been described in several case reports, with a good efficacy and safety profile. METHODS: We report the cases of five patients with aggressive RRP who were treated with adjuvant systemic bevacizumab in a single Belgian tertiary center. RESULTS: A complete response was achieved in four patients after a median of 4.5 months, and a partial response in one. In all cases, the number of surgeries was drastically reduced, and quality of life improved. Toxicity was easily managed. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic bevacizumab seems to be an effective and safe adjuvant treatment for aggressive RRP.

Reliability and efficacy of a new CO2 laser hollow fiber: a prospective study of 39 patients.

We present the first series of patients treated by transoral laser surgery (TLS) using the new AcuPulse 40WG CO(2) laser with the FiberLase flexible waveguide (CO(2) LWG) (Lumenis, Santa Clara, CA) with the objective to test its reliability and efficacy. Patients older than 18 years, with oral, pharyngo-laryngeal or tracheal benign or premalignant lesions were enrolled after signing an informed consent. This prospective study was conducted between October 2010 and May 2011 in two tertiary care university hospitals. Thirty-nine patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 47.9 years (range 18-86 years). There were 21 women and 18 men. Thirteen patients had hypertrophy of lymphoid tissue (palatine and or lingual), nine patients had granulomas, four patients had an exudative glottic lesion, three patients had severe dysplasia (glottic and supraglottic), three patients had leukoplakia, two patients had glottal cysts, two patients had laryngeal papilloma, two patients had bilateral paralysis of the vocal folds and one patient suffered from spasmodic dysphonia. Eighty-two percent of the procedures were performed under general anesthesia with laryngo-tracheal intubation. The CO(2) fiber passed through a handpiece was used with a microscope in the majority of the procedures. The laser delivery mode parameter used was: SuperPulse or Continuous Wave. Power levels were 3-15 Watts (W), continuous delivery. Each procedure utilized one CO(2) fiber which performed adequately throughout the procedure. No complications were noted with the use of this technology. A bipolar cautery was needed to control bleeding in eight procedures; all these procedures were tonsillectomies. The CO(2) LWG is a safe and reliable tool for TLS. It is durable enough to last through the entire surgical procedure without the need for replacement. Its use must be tailored depending on the type and location of the lesion, the CO(2) lasers tissue effects as well as the surgeon's experience.

Combining a new CO2 laser wave guide with transoral robotic surgery: a feasibility study on four patients with malignant tumors.

We present a series of patients treated by transoral robotic surgery (TORS) using a new CO(2) laser wave guide (CO(2) LWG) (Lumenis, Santa Clara, CA). Patients older than 18 years, with malignant pharyngo-laryngeal tumors were enrolled in this prospective study after signing an informed consent. Four patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 56 years. One patient had a T1 base of tongue tumor, two patients had supraglottic tumors (T1, T2), and one had a T1 palatine tonsil tumor. All the procedures could be performed using a Maryland forceps, a 0° endoscope and a CO(2) LWG introduced via the robotic arm introducer. The laser parameters were: superpulse or continuous mode, 7-15 W, continuous delivery. The average set-up time was 30 min. The average surgical time was 94 min. No complications were noted due to the intraoperative use of the robot or the CO(2) LWG. One laser fiber was used for each of the surgeries. The mean coagulation depth was 200 µm (range 100-300). The mean hospital stay was 6 days. The CO(2) LWG is a reliable tool for TORS. It allowed more than 1 h of work without any trouble.

Objective measurement of real time subglottic pressure during medialization thyroplasty: a feasibility study.

It is hypothesized that real time objective measurement of the subglottic pressure could contribute to the choice of the implant's size (IS) in medialization thyroplasty (MT). A prospective study was conducted with patients with glottal insufficiency. Patients had a MT using a Montgomery implant(®) (Boston medical, Boston, USA). Peak direct subglottic pressure (PDSGP) was measured intraoperatively using a catheter inserted in the cricothyroid membrane. The implant's choice was based on the results of PDSGP measured prior and after placement of the implant and was compared to the surgeon's and patient's perception and fiber optic estimation of the glottis aperture. Six patients were included in the first part of the study. The PDSGP could be measured in all the patients without increasing the surgical time or patients' discomfort. The mean PDSGP before and after the placement of the implant was 15.2 (SD = 5) and 10.6 (SD = 4) cmH(2)O, respectively. In the second part of the study, five patients were included. The PDSGP varied with the size of the implant and the implant with the lowest pressure was chosen in 4/5 patients. Peroperative measurement of PDSGP is easy, feasible and might allow a more objective choice of the IS in MT. Level of evidence 2c.

Transoral robotic surgery for the management of head and neck tumors: learning curve.

Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is an emerging technique for the treatment of head and neck tumors. The objective of this study is to describe our first steps and present our experience on the technical feasibility, safety, and efficacy of TORS for the treatment of selected malignant lesions. From April 2008 to September 2009, 24 patients were enrolled in this prospective trial. Inclusion criteria were: adults with T1, T2 and selected T3 tumors involving the oral cavity, pharynx, and supraglottic larynx and a signed informed consent was obtained from the patient. Exclusion criteria were: tumors not accessible to TORS after unsuccessful attempts to expose properly the lesion to operate. The ethical committee's approval was obtained to perform this study. Twenty-four patients were included in this study: 10 supraglottic tumors, 10 pharyngeal tumors and 4 oral cavity tumors. Nine patients had T1 tumors, 12 had T2 tumors, and 1 patient had a T3 tumor. In all cases, tumor resection could be performed by robotic surgery exclusively and negative resection margins were achieved with control by frozen section. None of them received intraoperative reconstruction. None of the patients required tracheotomy. There was no intraoperative complication related to the use of the robot. The average setup time was 24 ± 14 min (range 10-60 min). The average surgical time was 67 ± 46 min (range 12-180 min). Surgical and setup time decreased after the first cases. The mean hospital stay was 9 days. Oral feeding was resumed at 3 days. TORS seems to be a safe, feasible, minimally invasive treatment modality for malignant head and neck tumors with a short learning curve for surgeons already experienced in endoscopic surgery.

Single-port transoral robotic surgery hypopharyngectomy.

Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is an established treatment for many subsites of Head and Neck cancer. With the improved flexibility and access of the single-port (SP) robotic system, tumors within the distal upper aerodigestive tract can now be reached and successfully treated with all the published advantages of transoral endoscopic surgery. Here in we offer the first published surgical technique for SP TORS for resectable hypopharyngeal carcinoma. The video presented demonstrates many important aspects utilizing the enhanced robotic system, including adjustments of the semi-flexible endoscope and use of the third transoral surgical instrumentation. As previously reported, TORS hypopharyngectomy should be considered for resectable tumors to improve upon the deleterious effects of open surgical resection or chemoradiation therapy.

Bleeding Complications After Transoral Robotic Surgery: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Postoperative hemorrhage is the most common complication of transoral robotic surgery (TORS), the severity of which can range from minor bleeding treated with observation to catastrophic hemorrhage leading to death. To date, little is known about the incidence, risk factors, and management of post-TORS hemorrhage. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic Review and Metanlysis. METHODS: A systematic review of the published literature using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions was performed and examined TORS, postoperative hemorrhage, and the use of prophylactic transcervical arterial ligation (TAL). RESULTS: A total of 13 articles were included in the analysis. To date, there have been 332 cases of hemorrhage following a total of 5748 TORS. The pooled median post-TORS hemorrhage rate was 6.47%. The overall incidence of minor and major hemorrhage was 5.29% and 2.90%. Patients with prior radiation (relative risk [RR] = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00-2.12), large tumors (RR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.48-2.99), and those requiring perioperative coagulation (RR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.54-3.28) had significantly higher relative risks of hemorrhage. There was no significant difference in the relative risk of overall hemorrhage with TAL. Looking at major hemorrhage, patients undergoing TAL had a large but insignificant relative risk reduction in post-TORS hemorrhage (RR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.15-1.07). CONCLUSION: The incidence of post-TORS hemorrhage is low (5.78%), and for major hemorrhage requiring emergent embolization, TAL, or tracheotomy to control hemorrhage it is even lower (2.90%). Large tumors, perioperative anticoagulation, and prior radiation were associated with significantly increased risk of post-TORS hemorrhage. TAL does not reduce the overall incidence of post-TORS hemorrhage but may lead to fewer severe hemorrhages. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III Laryngoscope, 131:95-105, 2021.

Anatomical-based classification for transoral base of tongue resection.

BACKGROUND: To propose a classification of transoral base of tongue (BOT) procedures able to provide uniform terminology in order to better define postoperative results. METHODS: The classification resulted from the consensus of the different authors and is based on anatomical and surgical principles. RESULTS: The classification comprises three types of BOT resections: type 1 is the resection of the entire lingual tonsil to the muscular plane; type 2 is performed by removing the entire lingual tonsil and part of BOT muscles; type 3 is performed by removing the entire lingual tonsil and the entire BOT muscles. Based on the extension of the dissection, we can use the suffix A (contralateral BOT), B (supraglottic larynx), C (lateral oropharynx), and/or D (oral tongue). CONCLUSION: The proposed classification could allow us to easily compare data from different centers.

Relaxation thyroplasty for mutational falsetto treatment.

Mutational falsetto voice is considered to be a psychogenic disorder associated with the rejection of adulthood. The initial treatment must include speech therapy and psychotherapy. However, delayed treatment and denial of the problem can cause the disorder to become recalcitrant to behavioral treatment. Modified relaxation (type III) thyroplasty was proposed by Isshiki to shorten the vocal folds and release tension by incising and depressing the anterior segment of the thyroid cartilage. This procedure is called relaxation thyroplasty by a medial approach (anterior commissure retrusion) in the European Laryngological Society classification system. It results in a lowering of the vocal pitch. The surgery can be performed under local or general anesthesia. It should only be considered for cases not improved by speech therapy and psychological counseling. Our series included 7 male patients with a mean age of 21 years who underwent modified relaxation thyroplasty after failure of behavioral management. The assessment of outcomes was based on changes in the fundamental frequency of the voice and the Voice Handicap Index. The mean fundamental frequency was lowered from 187 Hz to 104 Hz (p < 0.001), and the mean Voice Handicap Index was improved from 70 to 21. There were no postoperative complications. The voice results were consistent over a mean follow-up of 17 months. Modified relaxation Isshiki (type III) thyroplasty is a successful treatment option for lowering vocal pitch in cases of mutational falsetto voice recalcitrant to conservative therapy.

Treatment of vocal fold scar by carbon dioxide laser and collagen injection: retrospective study on 12 patients.

Vocal fold scars are the result of injury to the vocal fold lamina propria. This condition leads to an impaired vibration and usually to poor voice quality. The purpose of our study was to compare the pre- and posttreatment voice assessment scores in patients treated by CO(2) laser-assisted freeing of the scar followed by collagen injection. A group of 12 patients (10 women and 2 men) with vocal fold scars was studied retrospectively. Voice assessment was based on stroboscopy and on perceptual scores using the Grade (G) of the GRABS scale, subjective evaluation by the use of the Voice Handicap Index (VHI), aerodynamic measurements [maximum phonation time (MPT) and phonation quotient (PQ)], and acoustical measurements (frequency range and low intensity). Stroboscopy showed an improvement on the mucosal vocal fold wave and on the glottic competence. The mean VHI was improved from 63.16 to 45.5; G from 2 to 1.41; MPT from 7.05 to 8.62 s; and PQ from 463.02 to 358.54 ml/s. CO(2) laser freeing of vocal fold scars followed by collagen injection, combined with speech therapy, improved significantly the aerodynamic parameters (efficiency of voice), but not the acoustical scores.