Efficacy and safety of neuroendoscopy surgery versus craniotomy for supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Neuroendoscopy (NE) surgery emerged as a promising technique for the treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). A previous meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) analyzed the efficacy and safety of NE compared to craniotomy, but NE did not present a significant improvement in functional outcomes. However, a new study provided an opportunity to update the current knowledge. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for RCTs reporting NE evacuation of spontaneous supratentorial ICH compared to craniotomy. The efficacy outcomes of interest were favorable functional outcome, functional disability, hematoma evacuation rate, and residual hematoma volume. The safety outcomes of interest were rebleeding, infection, and mortality. Seven RCTs were included containing 879 patients. The NE approach presented a significantly higher rate of favorable functional outcome compared with craniotomy (RR: 1.42; 95% CI 1.17, 1.73; p < 0.001). The evacuation rate was higher in patients who underwent the NE approach (MD: -8.36; 95% CI -12.66, -4.07; p < 0.001). NE did not show a benefit in improving the mortality rate (RR: 0.81, 95% CI 0.54, 1.22; p = 0.32). NE was associated with more favorable functional outcomes and lower rates of functional disabilities compared to craniotomy. Also, NE was superior regarding evacuation rate, while presenting a reduction in residual hematoma volume. NE might be associated with lower infection rates. Mortality was not improved by NE surgery. Larger, higher-quality randomized studies are needed to adequately evaluate the efficacy and safety of NE compared to craniotomy.

Microvascular decompression using autologous muscle graft for trigeminal neuralgia: a case series and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: We aimed to describe a case series of patients diagnosed with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) who were submitted to microvascular decompression (MVD) using autologous muscle graft (AMG) and perform a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Forty-four adult patients who underwent MVD using AMG between 2012 and 2022 were studied retrospectively. Demographic, clinical, and surgical factors were assessed. We systematically reviewed PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception to May 2023. We used random-effects model for all outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2. We used R software 4.3.1 for all statistical analyses. RESULTS: Among patients in the case series, the mean age was 52 ± 12.9 years, and the proportion of females was 65.9%. Forty-one patients (93.2%) presented complete pain relief after a mean follow-up of 7.7 years. The pooled analysis of immediate pain relief was 91.3% (95% CI 82-96%; I2=78%). The good pain relief during follow-up was 88.2% (95% CI 78-94%; I2=80%) at follow-up. The recurrence rates at 6, 12, 36 months, and during follow-up were 6.2%, 10.5%, 10.3%, and 11%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this case series and meta-analysis of over 440 patients, our findings suggest that the practice of MVD using AMG may be an efficient option in the short term as surgical treatment for TN. Further trials should compare AMG with other materials and its effectiveness in a long-term follow-up.

Eight-and-a-Half Syndrome Secondary to Neurotoxoplasmosis: A Rare Case Report.

Eight-and-a-half syndrome (EHS) is a neuro-ophthalmological condition characterised by horizontal gaze palsy, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and ipsilateral facial palsy. Albeit rare, EHS is a well reported condition in the literature, with several reports presenting multiple aetiologies. Infarcts are the cause in more than half the cases. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related cases are rare, and are probably underreported in low- and middle-income countries. In this report, we describe EHS secondary to neurotoxoplasmosis in a 40-year-old HIV-positive Brazilian man. EHS secondary to neurotoxoplasmosis is a challenging diagnosis, with important differential diagnoses, notably for HIV patients.

Diffusion tensor imaging abnormalities of the trigeminal nerve root in patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia: a pre- and postoperative comparative study 4 years after microvascular decompression.

BACKGROUND: As diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is able to assess tissue integrity, authors used diffusion to detect abnormalities in trigeminal nerves (TGN) in patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) caused by neurovascular compression (NVC) who had undergone microvascular decompression (MVD). The authors also studied anatomical TGN parameters (cross-sectional area [CSA] and volume [V]). The study compared pre- and postoperative findings. METHODS: Using DTI sequencing on a 3-T MRI scanner, we measured the fraction of anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the TGN in 10 patients who had undergone MVD for TN and in 6 normal subjects. We compared data between affected and unaffected nerves in patients and both nerves in normal subjects (controls). We then correlated these data with CSA and V. Data from the affected side and the unaffected side before and 4 years after MVD were compared. RESULTS: Before MVD, the FA of the affected side (0.37 ± 0.03) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to the unaffected side in patients (0.48 ± 0.03) and controls (0.52 ± 0.02), and the ADC in the affected side (5.6 ± 0.34 mm2/s) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to the unaffected side in patients (4.26 ± 0.25 mm2/s) and controls (3.84 ± 0.18 mm2/s). Affected nerves had smaller V and CSA compared to unaffected nerves and controls (p < 0.05). After MVD, the FA in the affected side (0.41 ± 0.02) remained significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to the unaffected side (0.51 ± 0.02), but the ADC in the affected side (4.24 ± 0.34 mm2/s) had become similar (p > 0.05) to the unaffected side (4.01 ± 0.33 mm2/s). CONCLUSIONS: DTI revealed a loss of anisotropy and an increase in diffusivity in affected nerves before surgery. Diffusion alterations correlated with atrophic changes in patients with TN caused by NVC. After removal of the compression, the loss of FA remained, but ADC normalized in the affected nerves, suggesting improvement in the diffusion of the trigeminal root.

Efficacy and Safety of Atorvastatin for Chronic Subdural Hematoma: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a common neurological condition, especially in the elderly population. Atorvastatin has shown the potential to reduce the recurrence of CSDH and improve overall outcomes. New studies have emerged since the last meta-analysis, increasing the sample size and the variety of outcomes analyzed. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies comparing the use of atorvastatin in CSDH patients with a control group or placebo. The primary outcome was the recurrence of CSDH. Secondary outcomes of interest were hematoma volume, composite adverse effects, mortality, and neurological function, measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale and Barthel index for activities of daily living. RESULTS: Seven studies, of which 2 were randomized controlled trials, were included, containing 1192 patients. Overall recurrence significantly decreased compared to the control group (risk ratio [RR] 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25-0.83; P=0.009). The benefits of atorvastatin were sustained in the subgroup analysis of patients who underwent initial conservative therapy (RR 0.40; 95% CI 0.22-0.70; P=0.001). However, there was no significant difference when atorvastatin was combined with surgical intervention (RR 0.53; 95% CI 0.21-1.32; P=0.17). Adverse effects were not increased by atorvastatin (RR 0.82; 95% CI 0.51-1.34; P=0.44). CONCLUSIONS: Atorvastatin might be beneficial in reducing CSDH recurrence, especially in conservative treatment patients. Atorvastatin was not significantly associated with adverse effects. Larger, higher-quality randomized studies are needed to adequately evaluate the efficacy, safety, and optimal dose of atorvastatin in CSDH patients.

Chondrosarcoma secondary to hereditary multiple osteochondromas with spinal cord compression: A case report and systematic review.

Background: Hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMOs) are a rare genetic disorder characterized by the formation of multiple benign osteochondromas that can undergo malignant transformation into chondrosarcoma. Case Description: A 24-year-old male with a history of HMO and osteochondroma surgery 4 years ago, presented with back pain and paresthesias. The magnetic resonance showed a right paravertebral infiltrating mass at the T12-L1 level causing spinal cord compression. Following en bloc resection of the tumor, the patient's symptoms/ signs resolved. The final pathological diagnosis was consistent with a chondrosarcoma. Conclusion: Chondrosarcomas secondary to HMO with spinal cord compression are rare. These patients often presenting with significant myelopathy/cord compression should undergo gross total resection where feasible to achieve the best outcomes.

Rete Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: A Case Report and Systematic Review.

Background Middle cerebral artery (MCA) anomalies are a rare finding and may be associated with vascular changes, such as intracranial aneurysms. Among them, the rete MCA aneurysm is very rare, with only 22 cases reported to date. Case Description A 50-year-old woman presented with subarachnoid, intraventricular, and intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to a ruptured aneurysm of rete MCA from an anomalous collateral artery of the anterior cerebral artery, treated successfully by microsurgical clipping. She presented a good recovery after a 2-year follow-up. Conclusion A systematic review of rete MCA aneurysms is presented, comparing aneurysms originating from twig-like MCA, with 16 reports, and twig-like networks of an anomalous collateral artery, with 6 reports including ours. Several factors influence the treatment decision-making, though microsurgical clipping is the main procedure. A wider use of coiling is requested for a better comparison of the treatment approaches.

Intraparenchymal pericatheter cyst as an indicator of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction: A case-based update.

Background: Intraparenchymal pericatheter cysts (IPCs) are a rare ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) complication, with only a few cases recorded in the literature. Case Description: We report a 22-year-old woman admitted with headache, papilledema, vision loss, and a history of leukemia. Lumbar puncture revealed idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Three months after VPS implantation, she was readmitted with headache and worsening of visual impairment. CT evidenced a IPC with perilesional edema. Intraoperatively, a shunt revision and cyst drainage were opted for. We present a discussion and literature review on this unique complication of VPS, with emphasis on management. Conclusion: It is important to understand and consider IPCs as complications of VPS surgery, including in adult patients and IIH cases.

Cerebral venous thrombosis in Latin America: A critical review of risk factors, clinical and radiological characteristics.

Background: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare disease that frequently occurs in young women of childbearing age, with variable clinical presentation in regions with limited access to diagnostic imaging or specialized neurological care. In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number of studies on CVT in Latin America, which may contribute to a better epidemiological description of the disease in this region and, consequently, its early diagnosis. Objectives: Our study aims to review the risk factors, clinical and radiological characteristics of CVT in Latin America, being critically compared with data from world literature. Methods: PubMed, ScienceDirect, BVS, and Scopus were searched to identify studies reporting CVT in Latin American countries published up to July 2022. We excluded case reports and case series reporting <5 patients later in the final analysis. Results: We identified a total of 3714 studies and 26 qualified for the quantitative analysis, which described 1486 cases of CVT. Headache was the most frequent symptom (82.1%) and the use of oral contraceptives in women was the main risk factor (46.7%). The transverse sinus was the most frequent location of the thrombus (52%). The treatment used most in the acute phase was heparin (88.5%) and oral anticoagulation was widely used at hospital discharge (67.8%). The mortality was low (6.5%), and most patients achieved complete recovery (75.3%). Conclusion: Despite considerable dissimilarities in studies between countries, particularities were identified in the risk factors of CVT in Latin America compared to other regions of the world.

Corrigendum: Cerebral venous thrombosis in Latin America: A critical review of risk factors, clinical and radiological characteristics.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1017565.].

Multiple extradural spinal arachnoid cysts: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Extradural spinal arachnoid cysts (SACs) rarely cause neural compression and disability. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 38-year-old female presented with a history of two episodes of falling due to transient weakness in the lower limbs. The neurological examination showed normal motor and sensory function, but hyperreflexia. The thoracic magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple extradural SACs between the T3-L1 levels. Following complete surgical resection of the most symptomatic cyst, she did well. The histopathological examination confirmed a Type I extradural SAC. CONCLUSION: Here, we discussed one case and reviewed the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of multiple extradural SACs.

Surgical strategy for insular cavernomas.

PURPOSE: Surgical treatment of cavernomas arising in the insula (especially in dominant cerebral hemisphere) is challenging in reason of the proximity to the internal capsule and lenticulostriate arteries. The advent of image guidance systems and intraoperative mapping of the subcortical language pathways has broadened the surgical indications for these lesions. In this work, we report four cases of insular cavernomas operated on, and we define a surgical strategy for these lesions. METHODS: Between July 1997 and May 2007 in our department, four patients harboring an insular cavernoma were operated on by using image guidance system (neuronavigation in three cases, ultrasound in one case). Subcortical stimulations were used to preserve the functional language area in one case. FINDINGS: The image guidance system determined the exact planning of the approach and determination of the ideal trajectory of insular cortex dissection. In a case of a deep left insular cavernoma, the shortest approach to remove the cavernoma was stopped in per-operative time because subcortical stimulation produced a speech inhibition, justifying another insular corticotomy. No surgical complications occurred, and the postoperative course was uneventful in all patients. CONCLUSION: As it has been proposed by many authors, image guidance system is recommended in surgery of insular cavernomas. When the lesion is located in the dominant hemisphere, intraoperative mapping of the subcortical language pathways is also indicated to preserve the language functional areas.

Preoperative demonstration of the neurovascular compression characteristics with special emphasis on the degree of compression, using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective study, with comparison to surgical findings, in 100 consecutive patients who underwent microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia.

PURPOSE: Surgical outcome after microvascular decompression (MVD) for primary trigeminal neuralgia (TN) has been demonstrated as being related to the characteristics of the neurovascular compression (NVC), especially to the degree of compression exerted on the root. Therefore, preoperative determination of the NVC features could be of great value to the neurosurgeon, for evaluation of conflicting nature, exact localization, direction and degree of compression. This study deals with the predictive value of MRI in detecting and assessing features of vascular compression in 100 consecutive patients who underwent MVD for TN. METHODS: The study included 100 consecutive patients with primary TN who were submitted to a preoperative 3D MRI 1.5 T with T2 high-resolution, TOF-MRA, and T1-Gadolinium. Image analysis was performed by an independent observer blinded to the operative findings and compared with surgical data. FINDINGS: In 88 cases, image analysis showed NVC features that coincided with surgical findings. There were no false-positive results. Among 12 patients that did not show NVC at image analysis, nine did not have NVC at intraoperative observation, resulting in three false-negative cases. MRI sensitivity was 96.7% (88/91) and specificity 100% (9/9). Image analysis correctly identified compressible vessel in 80 of the 91 cases and degree of compression in 77 of the 91 cases. Kappa-coefficient predicting degree of root compression was 0.746, 0.767, and 0.86, respectively, for Grades I (simple contact), II (distortion), and III (marked indentation; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: 3D T2 high-resolution in combination with 3D TOF-MRA and 3D T1-Gadolinium proved to be reliable in detecting NVC and in predicting the degree of the root compression.

Advances in diagnosis, classification, pathophysiology, and management of trigeminal neuralgia.

Trigeminal neuralgia is a very painful neurological condition with severe, stimulus-evoked, short-lasting stabbing pain attacks in the face. The past decade has offered new insights into trigeminal neuralgia symptomatology, pathophysiology, and treatment, leading to a change in the classification of the condition. An accurate diagnosis is crucial because neuroimaging interpretation and clinical management differ among the various forms of facial pain. MRI using specific sequences should be a part of the diagnostic workup to detect a possible neurovascular contact and exclude secondary causes. Demonstration of a neurovascular contact should not be used to confirm a diagnosis but rather to facilitate surgical decision making. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are drugs of first choice for long-term treatment, whereas microvascular decompression is the first-line surgery in medically refractory patients. Advances in neuroimaging techniques and animal models will provide further insight into the causes of trigeminal neuralgia and its pathophysiology. Development of more efficacious treatment options is highly warranted.

Atrophic changes in the trigeminal nerves of patients with trigeminal neuralgia due to neurovascular compression and their association with the severity of compression and clinical outcomes.

OBJECT: The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate atrophic changes in trigeminal nerves (TGNs) using measurements of volume (V) and cross-sectional area (CSA) from high-resolution 3-T MR images obtained in patients with unilateral trigeminal neuralgia (TN), and to correlate these data with patient and neurovascular compression (NVC) characteristics and with clinical outcomes. METHODS: Anatomical TGN parameters (V and CSA) were obtained in 50 patients (30 women and 20 men; mean age 56.42 years, range 22-79 years) with classic TN before treatment with microvascular decompression (MVD). Parameters were compared between the symptomatic (ipsilateralTN) and asymptomatic (contralateralTN) sides of the face. Twenty normal control subjects were also included. Two independent observers blinded to the side of pain separately analyzed the images. Measurements of V (from the pons to the entrance of the nerve into Meckel's cave) and CSA (at 5 mm from the entry of the TGN into the pons) for each TGN were performed using imaging software and axial and coronal projections, respectively. These data were correlated with patient characteristics (age, duration of symptoms before MVD, side of pain, sex, and area of pain distribution), NVC characteristics (type of vessel involved in NVC, location of compression along the nerve, site of compression around the circumference of the root, and degree of compression), and clinical outcomes at the 2-year follow-up after surgery. Comparisons were made using Bonferroni's test. Interobserver variability was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The mean V of the TGN on the ipsilateralTN (60.35 ± 21.74 mm(3)) was significantly smaller (p < 0.05) than those for the contralateralTN and controls (78.62 ± 24.62 mm(3) and 89.09 ± 14.72 mm(3), respectively). The mean CSA of the TGN on the ipsilateralTN (4.17 ± 1.74 mm(2)) was significantly smaller than those for the contralateralTN and controls (5.41 ± 1.89 mm(2) and 5.64 ± 0.85 mm(2), respectively). The ipsilateralTN with NVC Grade III (marked indentation) had a significantly smaller mean V than the ipsilateralTN with NVC Grade I (mere contact), although it was not significantly smaller than that of the ipsilateralTN with NVC Grade II (displacement or distortion of root). The ipsilateralTN with NVC Grade III had a significantly smaller mean CSA than the ipsilateralTN with NVC Grades I and II (p < 0.05). The TGN on the ipsilateralTN in cured patients had a smaller mean CSA than that on the ipsilateralTN of patients with partial pain relief or treatment failure (p < 0.05). The same finding was almost found in relation to measurements of V, but the p value was slightly higher at 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that TGN atrophy in patients with TN can be demonstrated by high-resolution imaging. These data suggest that atrophic changes in TGNs, which significantly correlated with the severity of compression and clinical outcomes, may help to predict long-term prognosis after vascular decompression.

A prevalência de cefaleia e fatores psicossociais associados em estudantes de medicina no Ceará / The prevalence of headache and psychosocial factors associated among medical students in a university of northeast Brazil

Introdução: A cefaleia é uma afecção que impacta negativamente a qualidade de vida da pessoa. O curso de medicina é reconhecidamente um gerador de esgotamento e, de acordo com a literatura, fatores estressantes são mais comuns em alunos de medicina que na população em geral, podendo desencadear a cefaleia. Esses fatores estressores podem ser intensificados em períodos que antecedem as provas devido a mudanças nos hábitos de sono e de estudo, havendo uma possível relação com o surgimento de cefaleias primárias. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de cefaleia primária nos estudantes de medicina (EM) em períodos de provas e relacionar com fatores psicossociais. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, baseado na aplicação de dois questionários a uma amostra de 219 EM do 1º ao 8º semestre de uma universidade no interior do Ceará. Um questionário relacionou a cefaleia com fatores psicossociais em períodos de provas. O segundo questionário: HSQ-DV, foi utilizado para o diagnóstico de enxaqueca e cefaleia do tipo tensional (CTT). Resultados: 98% dos EM relataram já ter sentido cefaleia. A prevalência de CTT e enxaqueca encontradas foi de 61,9% e 18,1%, respectivamente, dados maiores que a média para a população geral. Estudantes com enxaqueca têm mais crises antes de provas, se automedicam mais, ingerem mais psicoestimulantes, são mais ansiosos, mais depressivos, mais sedentários, mais estressados e dormem menos que aqueles com CTT. Conclusão: De fato, os EM são um grupo de risco para o desenvolvimento de cefaleias, merecendo, portanto, uma maior ênfase de pesquisas científicas sobre as cefaleias primárias neste grupo.

Introduction: Headache is a condition that impacts negatively the patients' quality of life. The medical course is a known generator of exhaustion and, according to the literature, stressors are more common in medical students (MS) than in the general population, which can trigger a headache. These stressors can be intensified in periods that precede the tests due to changes in sleep and in study habits, with a possible relation with the appearance of primary headache. Objective: To associate the presence of primary headache in MS during periods of tests and to relate to psychosocial factors. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study based on the application of two questionnaires to a sample of 219 MS from the 1st to the 8th semester of a university in Northeast Brazil. The first questionnaire related headache with psychosocial factors in periods of tests. The second questionnaire: HSQ-DV, was used for the diagnosis of migraine and tension-type headache (TTH). Results: 98% of MS reported having experienced headache. The prevalence of TTH and migraine was 61.9% and 18.1%, respectively, higher than the average for the general population. Students with migraine have more attacks before tests, self-medicate more, ingest more psychostimulants, are more anxious, more depressed, more sedentary, more stressed, and sleep less than those with TTH. Conclusion: In fact, MS are a risk group for the development of headache, thus deserving a greater emphasis of scientific research on primary headaches in this group

Visualization of vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve with high-resolution 3T MRI: a prospective study comparing preoperative imaging analysis to surgical findings in 40 consecutive patients who underwent microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia.

BACKGROUND: High-resolution three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has demonstrated its ability to predict fine trigeminal neurovascular anatomy. OBJECTIVE: To address the predictive value of 3-Tesla (3T) MRI in detecting and assessing features of neurovascular compression (NVC), particularly regarding the degree of compression exerted on the root, in patients who underwent microvascular decompression (MVD) for classic primary trigeminal neuralgia. METHODS: This prospective study includes 40 consecutive patients who underwent MVD for classic primary trigeminal neuralgia. All patients underwent a preoperative 3T MRI with 3D T2-weighted driven equilibrium (DRIVE), 3D time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and 3D T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced sequences in combination. Evaluations were performed by 2 independent observers and compared with the operative findings. RESULTS: For prediction of NVC, image analysis corresponded with surgical findings in 39 cases. Of the 3 patients in whom image analysis did not show NVC, 2 did not have NVC at the time of intraoperative observation. MRI sensitivity was 97.4% (37/38), and specificity was 100% (2/2). The kappa coefficients (κ) for predicting the offending vessel, its location, and the site of compression were 0.882, 0.813, and 0.942, respectively. Image analysis correctly defined the severity of the compression in 31 of the 37 cases. The κ coefficients predicting the degree of compression were 0.813, 0.833, and 0.852, respectively, for Grades 1 (simple contact), 2 (distortion), and 3 (marked indentation). CONCLUSION: 3T MRI using 3D T2-weighted DRIVE in combination with 3D TOF-MRA and 3D T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced sequences proved to be reliable in detecting NVC and in predicting the degree of root compression, the outcome being correlated with the latter.

Structural abnormalities of the trigeminal root revealed by diffusion tensor imaging in patients with trigeminal neuralgia caused by neurovascular compression: a prospective, double-blind, controlled study.

Because diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is able to assess tissue integrity, we used diffusion to detect abnormalities in trigeminal nerves (TGN) in patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) caused by neurovascular compression (NVC). We also studied anatomical TGN parameters (cross-sectional area [CSA] and volume [V]). Using DTI sequencing in a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner, we measured the fraction of anisotropy (FA) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of TGN in 10 patients selected as candidates to have microvascular decompression (MVD) for TN, and 6 normal control subjects. We compared data between the affected nerves of TN (ipsilateral TN), unaffected nerves of TN (contralateral TN), and both nerves in normal subjects (controls), and correlated these data with CSA and V. The FA of the ipsilateral TN (0.37±0.08) was significantly lower (P<.05) compared with the contralateral TN (0.48±0.08) and control values (0.52±0.04). The ADC of ipsilateral TN (5.6±0.89 mm(2)/s) was significantly higher (P<.05) compared with the contralateral TN (4.26±0.59 mm(2)/s) and control values (3.84±0.43 mm(2)/s). Ipsilateral TN had less V and CSA compared with contralateral TN and control values (P<.05). The Spearman correlation coefficient showed a strong positive correlation between loss of FA and loss of V (r=0.7576) and loss of CSA (r=0.9273) of affected nerves. The Spearman correlation coefficient showed a strong negative correlation between increase in ADC and loss of V (r=-0.7173) and loss of CSA (r=-0.7416) in affected nerves. DTI revealed alteration in the FA and ADC values of the affected TGN. These alterations were correlated with atrophic changes in patients with TN caused by NVC.

Gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit of liquid in awake rats is delayed after acute myocardial infarction.

The outcome of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) on gastrointestinal motor behavior was assessed in awake rats. Under anesthesia, they were submitted to thoracotomy followed or not by occlusion of the left coronary artery. Next day, they were gavage fed (1.5 ml) with phenol red in 5% glucose solution and sacrificed 10, 20, or 30 min later. Each subset consisted of 7 to 19 animals. Dye recovery in the stomach, proximal, mid, and distal small intestine was obtained by spectrophotometry. Infarcted left ventricle plus septum area was about 48.9 +/- 2.8, 55.1 +/- 6.7, and 54.1 +/- 8.1% (respectively, for 10-, 20-, and 30-min subsets). AMI increased gastric dye retention by 25.5, 51.3, and 65.1% (respectively, for 10-, 20-, and 30-min subsets), while it decreased mid small intestine retention at 30 min (45.3%) as well as distal retention at 10 min (90.5%) and 20 min (90%). A positive correlation (rS = 0.64) was found between infarcted area and gastric retention values at 10 min. AMI also increased (P < 0.05) central venous pressure values in all subsets (3.8 +/- 0.2 vs. -2.1 +/- 1.5, 1.4 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.2, and 1.6 +/- 0.4 vs. -0.2 +/- 0.3 cm H2O), while it decreased (P < 0.05) mean arterial pressure (95.0 +/- 2.6 vs. 110.0 +/- 3.9 and 106.0 +/- 2.0 vs. 113.0 +/- 3.0 mm Hg, respectively, at 10 and 30 min), and increased (P < 0.05) the 10-min heart rate values (429.6 +/- 11.3 vs. 374.0 +/- 19.8 bpm). Omeprazole pretreatment did not alter this phenomenon. In another group of rats, cardiac chemoreflex stimulation by i.v. phenylbiguanide increased gastric dye retention by 51.1%. In conclusion, AMI delays the gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit of liquid in awake rats.