Association between Smoking Habit Changes and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Ischemic Stroke Patients: a Nationwide cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke (IS). While the relationship between smoking and the risk of cardiovascular diseases is established, the impact of changing smoking habits post-IS on the risk of subsequent MI remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the effects of alterations in smoking behavior following an IS diagnosis on the likelihood of experiencing an MI. METHODS: Utilizing data from the Korean National Health Insurance Services Database, this nationwide population-based cohort study included 199,051 participants diagnosed with IS between January 2010 and December 2016. Smoking status was categorized based on changes in smoking habits before and after IS diagnosis. The association between changes in smoking behavior and the risk of subsequent MI was analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 4.17 person-years, a total of 5,734 (2.88%) patients were diagnosed with MI after IS. Smoking quitters (2.93%) or former smokers (2.47%) have a similar or lower rate of MI than the average, even if they have smoked cigarettes, while sustained smokers (3.46%) or new smokers (3.81%) have much higher rates of MI. Among sustained and new smokers, the risk of incident MI were significantly higher than never smokers (new smoker adjusted HR [aHR]: 1.496, 95% CI 1.262-1.774; sustained smoker aHR 1.494, 95% CI 1.361-1.641). Also, among the study participants, approximately two-thirds continued smoking after their IS diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Changing smoking habits after an IS diagnosis significantly influences the risk of subsequent MI. Specifically, continuing or starting to smoke after an IS diagnosis is associated with a higher risk of MI. These results underscore the importance of targeted smoking cessation interventions for stroke patients to reduce the risk of subsequent myocardial infarction.

Association between physical activity changes and incident myocardial infarction after ischemic stroke: a nationwide population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The impact of changes in physical activity after ischemic stroke (IS) on the subsequent myocardial infarction (MI) risk is not fully understood. We aimed to investigate the effects of changes in physical activity on the risk of MI after acute IS using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Services Database. METHODS: 224,764 patients newly diagnosed with IS between 2010 and 2016 who underwent two serial biannual health checkups were included. The participants were divided into four categories according to changes in their physical activity: persistent non-exercisers, new exercisers, exercise dropouts, and exercise maintainers. The primary outcome was a new diagnosis of incident MI. Multivariable Cox proportional models were used to assess the effects of changes in exercise habits on the risk of MI. RESULTS: After a median of 4.25 years of follow-up, 6,611 (2.94%) MI cases were observed. After adjusting for confounders, new exercisers and exercise maintainers were significantly associated with a lower risk of incident MI than persistent non-exercisers (aHR, 0.849; 95% CI, 0.792-0.911; P-value < 0.001; and aHR, 0.746; 95% CI, 0.696-0.801; P-value < 0.001, respectively). Effects were consistent across sexes, more pronounced in those > 65 years. Notably, any level of physical activity after stroke was associated with a reduced MI risk compared to no exercise. CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide cohort study, commencing or sustaining physical activity after an IS corresponded to a diminished likelihood of subsequent MI development. Advocating physical activity in ambulatory stroke survivors could potentially attenuate the prospective risk of MI.

Suicidal Ideation, Depression, and Insomnia in Parent Survivors of Suicide: Based on Korean Psychological Autopsy of Adolescent Suicides.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate suicidal ideation, depression, and insomnia among parent survivors of adolescents who died by suicide and their relevant risk factors using psychological autopsy results from South Korea. METHODS: The participants were 42 parent survivors (10 fathers and 32 mothers) of 35 adolescents who died by suicide. We used the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Korean version of the Insomnia Severity Index to evaluate the mental health of the bereaved parents. We used the Korean Psychological Autopsy Checklist for Adolescents, the Korean Beck Depression Inventory, the Korean Version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-II, and the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime-Korean versions to evaluate the mental health of deceased adolescents before their deaths. RESULTS: The results showed that many parent survivors of suicide had developed clinically significant suicidal ideation, depression, and insomnia (75.6%, 73.2%, and 42.9%, respectively). Furthermore, the higher the incidence of traumatic events experienced by the deceased adolescents, the higher the severity of depression and insomnia experienced by surviving parents. CONCLUSION: We should pay attention that parent survivors of suicide can suffer mental disorders after their offspring's death. In future studies, long-term follow-up studies with larger samples need to generalize our findings and clarify the causal relationship.

Effect of Maternal Anxiety on Parenting Stress of Fathers of Children With ADHD.

BACKGROUND: Hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increase parenting stress and familial conflict. Among parent-related factors, maternal mental health has been studied in-depth, but studies on paternal factors in this context are scarce. This cross-sectional study was conducted of children with ADHD and their parents in South Korea. We investigated the relationships between ADHD symptom severity of children and the mental health of their mothers and fathers. METHODS: The study included 70 children with ADHD and their 140 married heterosexual parents (70 fathers and 70 mothers). Children completed the Child Depression Inventory and State-Anxiety Inventory for children, and their parents completed the Korean ADHD rating scale-IV, Adult ADHD self-report scale, State-Anxiety Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Parental Stress Scale. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between children's ADHD symptoms and maternal anxiety symptom severity, whereby more severe ADHD symptoms were associated with more severe maternal anxiety symptoms. There was also a significant positive correlation between maternal anxiety symptom severity and paternal parenting stress severity, whereby more severe maternal anxiety was associated with more severe paternal parenting stress. A mediation model showed that paternal parenting stress severity was not directly related to children's ADHD symptoms, but the severity of maternal anxiety mediated this relationship. CONCLUSION: The present study found the importance of mental health in mothers of children with ADHD and the interrelatedness of mental health within families. Future assessments and treatment of children with ADHD should include both the children and their parents.

Mother-Adolescent Discrepancies in Reporting Sleep Disturbances: Effects of Diagnosis and Mother's Occupation.

BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances are common in children and adolescents. However, they are rarely diagnosed and treated because parents, who often report the symptoms, may fail to notice the problems. Factors that can affect parent-child discrepancy include child's diagnosis, parent's occupation, and child's sex. The current study retrospectively analyzed the effect of these factors on parent-child discrepancies of sleep disturbance scores. METHODS: Data for sleep-related items in Youth Self-Report (YSR) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) from 2014 to 2020 August in South Korea were collected from psychiatric outpatient clinics at Konkuk University Medical Center and Soonchunhyang University Hospital. RESULTS: A three-way analysis of variance revealed main effect of diagnosis type and interaction between diagnosis type and mother's occupation. Discrepancies were greater for mood and anxiety disorders compared to conduct-related disorder. Interaction effect revealed greater discrepancies in mood disorders for reports completed by working mothers compared to homemaker mothers. CONCLUSION: The results of this study emphasize the need to explore with caution the self-reported sleep disturbances in adolescents, especially in those with mood disorders. The results also suggest that mother's occupation should be taken into account when evaluating sleep reports of parents and adolescents.

Strong alkaline condition is preferable for producing 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-hexadecenoic acid from palmitoleic acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa KNU-2B.

Microbial bioconversion of a given substrate is considered an efficient and eco-friendly tool for value-added industrial compound generation from natural products. Among natural products, unsaturated fatty acids have been used as substrates to produce various functional hydroxy fatty acids. In this study, we report the production of 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-hexadecenoic acid (DHD) from palmitoleic acid by a new strain, Pseudomonas aeruginosa KNU-2B. KNU-2B efficiently produced DHD from palmitoleic acid and required a strong alkaline condition for maximum DHD production. The maximum DHD amount produced under pH 10.0 and 48-h incubation at 27 °C and 150 rpm was 219.5 mg/100 mL culture. Other important nutritional factors were also investigated to obtain optimum DHD production.

Production of 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid from ricinoleic acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa KNU-2B.

Microbial production of hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) was widely studied because of important biological properties of HFAs. Among microorganisms producing HFAs, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 was well known to produce various HFAs from different unsaturated fatty acids. Recently, a new variant species of P. aeruginosa PR3 was isolated and characterized, showing improved efficiency for producing 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid from oleic acid. In this study, we report the production of 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (TOD) from ricinoleic acid by the newly isolated P. aeruginosa KNU-2B. TOD was efficiently produced from ricinoleic acid by KNU-2B with the maximum conversion yield of 56.7% under the optimum reaction conditions of pH 8.0 and 48-h incubation at 27 °C, 150 rpm. Under optimized reaction conditions, maximum TOD production reached 340.3 mg/100 mL of the culture. However, requirement of nutritional factors by KNU-2B for production of TOD were considerably different from those by PR3 strain.

Impact of experience of psychiatrists and psychiatry residents regarding electronic communication and social networking on internet use patterns: a questionnaire survey for developing e-professionalism in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: The development of technology, novel communication, and social networking can positively or negatively affect the therapeutic alliance between patients and psychiatrists. We conducted this study to identify Internet use patterns of psychiatrists and psychiatry residents in South Korea and to provide basic data for developing e-professionalism. METHODS: In this questionnaire survey included a total of 250 participants, of which 195 (78%) completed the questionnaire. Questions included demographics, use of email, web searches, personal and professional use of websites and social networking, and negative and positive experiences of electronic communication and social networking. We confirmed the correlation between experience and use patterns of psychiatrists' electronic communication and social networking. RESULTS: A total of 129 participants (66.2%) reported that they posted their personal or professional content online, 112 (57.9%) had received patients' requests through electronic communication or social networking, and 120 (61.4%) had communicated with patients via electronic communication or social networking. In total, 170 participants (87.2%) reported that they were worried about the negative consequences of using electronic communication and social networking, and 180 (92.3%) indicated they were not educated about electronic communication or social networking. CONCLUSION: In order to reduce the negative effects of electronic communication and social networking, we need guidelines that are appropriate for the situation in South Korea. Furthermore, future research will need to identify and suggest solutions for negative experiences of electronic communication and social networking that may affect the relationship between patients and physicians.

Exploring the Differences between Adolescents' and Parents' Ratings on Adolescents' Smartphone Addiction.

BACKGROUND: Smartphone addiction has recently been highlighted as a major health issue among adolescents. In this study, we assessed the degree of agreement between adolescents' and parents' ratings of adolescents' smartphone addiction. Additionally, we evaluated the psychosocial factors associated with adolescents' and parents' ratings of adolescents' smartphone addiction. METHODS: In total, 158 adolescents aged 12-19 years and their parents participated in this study. The adolescents completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) and the Isolated Peer Relationship Inventory (IPRI). Their parents also completed the SAS (about their adolescents), SAS-Short Version (SAS-SV; about themselves), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). We used the paired t-test, McNemar test, and Pearson's correlation analyses. RESULTS: Percentage of risk users was higher in parents' ratings of adolescents' smartphone addiction than ratings of adolescents themselves. There was disagreement between the SAS and SAS-parent report total scores and subscale scores on positive anticipation, withdrawal, and cyberspace-oriented relationship. SAS scores were positively associated with average minutes of weekday/holiday smartphone use and scores on the IPRI and father's GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores. Additionally, SAS-parent report scores showed positive associations with average minutes of weekday/holiday smartphone use and each parent's SAS-SV, GAD-7, and PHQ-9 scores. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that clinicians need to consider both adolescents' and parents' reports when assessing adolescents' smartphone addiction, and be aware of the possibility of under- or overestimation. Our results cannot only be a reference in assessing adolescents' smartphone addiction, but also provide inspiration for future studies.

Accumulation of Microcystin (LR, RR and YR) in Three Freshwater Bivalves in Microcystis aeruginosa Bloom Using Dual Isotope Tracer.

Abstract: Stable isotope tracers were first applied to evaluate the Microcystis cell assimilation efficiency of Sinanodonta bivalves, since the past identification method has been limited to tracking the changes of each chl-a, clearity, and nutrient. The toxicity profile and accumulation of MC-LR, -RR and -YR in different organs (foot and digestive organs) from the three filter-feeders (Sinanodonta woodina, Sinanodonta arcaeformis, and Unio douglasiae) were assessed under the condition of toxigenic cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) blooms through an in situ pond experiment using 13C and 15N dual isotope tracers. Chl-a concentration in the manipulated pond was dramatically decreased after the beginning of the second day, ranging from 217.5 to 15.6 µg·L-1. The highest amount of MCs was incorporated into muscle and gland tissues in U. douglasiae during the study period, at nearly 2 or 3 times higher than in S.woodiana and S. arcaeformis. In addition, the incorporated 13C and 15N atom % in the U. douglasiae bivalve showed lower values than in other bivalves. The results demonstrate that U. douglasiae has less capacity to assimilate toxic cyanobacteria derived from diet. However, the incorporated 13C and 15N atom % of S. arcaeformis showed a larger feeding capacity than U. douglasiae and S. wodiana. Our results therefore also indicate that S. arcaeformis can eliminate the toxin more rapidly than U. douglasiae, having a larger detoxification capacity.

Prescription Trends of Psychotropics in Children and Adolescents with Autism Based on Nationwide Health Insurance Data.

Children with autism are often medicated to manage emotional and behavioral symptoms; yet, data on such pharmacotherapy is insufficient. In this study, we investigated the Korean National Health Insurance Claims Database (NHICD) information related to autism incidence and psychotropic medication use. From the 2010-2012 NHICD, we selected a total of 31,919,732 subjects under 19 years old. To examine the diagnostic incidence, we selected patients who had at least one medical claim containing an 10th revision of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) code for pervasive developmental disorder, F84, not diagnosed in the previous 360 days. Psychotropics were categorized into seven classes. Then, we analyzed the data to determine the mean annual diagnostic incidence and psychotropic prescription trends. Diagnostic incidence was 17,606 for the 3 years, with a mean annual incidence per 10,000 population of 5.52. Among them, 5,348 patients were prescribed psychotropics. Atypical antipsychotics were the most commonly used, followed by antidepressants. An older age, male sex, and the availability of medical aid were associated with a higher rate of prescription than observed for a younger age, female sex, and the availability of health insurance. Psychotropic drugs were used for less than one-third of patients newly diagnosed with autism, and prescription differed by sex and age. Increased diagnostic incidence is associated with an increased prescription of psychotropic drugs. Therefore, medication-related safety data and policies for psychotropic drugs in autism should be prepared.

A Multicenter Study Investigating Empathy and Burnout Characteristics in Medical Residents with Various Specialties.

We assessed empathy in medical residents, including factors modifying empathy and the relationship between empathy and burnout. Participants (n = 317 residents, response rate = 42%) from 4 university hospitals completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (Health Professional version, Korean edition), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Participants were classified by medical specialty: "people-oriented specialty" (POS group) or "technology-oriented specialty" (TOS group), with more women in the POS than in the TOS group, χ(2) = 14.12, P < 0.001. Being female, married, and having children were factors related to higher empathy (gender, t = -2.129, P = 0.034; marriage, t = -2.078, P = 0.038; children, t = 2.86, P = 0.005). Within specialty group, POS residents showed higher empathy scores in the fourth as compared to the first year, F = 3.166, P = 0.026. Comparing POS and TOS groups by year, fourth year POS residents had significantly higher scores than did fourth year TOS residents, t = 3.349, P = 0.002. There were negative correlations between empathy scores and 2 MBI subscales, emotional exhaustion (EE) and depersonalization (DP). Additionally, first year POS residents had higher DP scores than did first year TOS residents, t = 2.183, P = 0.031. We suggest that factors important for empathy are type of medical specialty, marriage, siblings, and children. Burnout state may be related to decreasing empathy.

Naturalistic Pharmacotherapy Compliance among Pediatric Patients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Study Based on Three-Year Nationwide Data.

We examined short- and long-term medication compliance among youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), using data from the National Health Insurance database in Korea. Of the 5,699,202 6-14-year-old youth in 2008, we chose those with at least 1 medical claim containing an ICD-10 code for diagnosis of ADHD (F90.0) and no prescription for ADHD within the previous 365 days. We tracked the data every 6 months between 2008 and 2011, to determine treatment compliance among newly diagnosed, medicated patients. Further, we checked every 1 month of the 6 months after treatment commencement. Treatment continuity for each patient was calculated by sequentially counting the continuous prescriptions. For measuring compliance, we applied the medication possession ratio (MPR) as 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8, and the gap method as 15- and 30-days' intervals. There were 15,133 subjects; 11,934 (78.86%) were boys. Overall 6-month treatment compliance was 59.0%, 47.3%, 39.9%, 34.1%, 28.6%, and 23.1%. Monthly drop-out rates within the first 6 months were 20.6%, 6.5%, 4.7%, 3.7%, 3.0%, and 2.5%, respectively. When applying MPR more strictly or shorter gap days, treatment compliance lessened. This is the first nationwide report on 36-month treatment compliance of the whole population of 6-14-year-olds with ADHD. We found the beginning of the treatment, especially the first month, to be a critical period in pharmacotherapy. These results also suggest the importance of setting appropriate treatment adherence standards for patients with ADHD, considering the chronic course of ADHD.

Differences in Utilization Patterns among Medications in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a 36-Month Retrospective Study Using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Claims Database.

We evaluated the differences in utilization patterns including persistence and adherence among medications in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study was performed using data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment claims database from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2013. Our study sample consisted of 10,343 children and adolescents with ADHD who were not given their newly prescribed medication in 360 days before the initial claim in 2010. Data were followed up from the initiation of treatment with ADHD medications in 2010 to December 31, 2013. Discontinuation rates for 4 ADHD medications in our sample ranged from 97.7% for immediate-release methylphenidate to 99.4% for atomoxetine using refill gap more than 30 days and from 56.7% for immediate-release methylphenidate to 62.3% for extended-release methylphenidate using refill gap more than 60 days. In the number of discontinued, we found significant differences among medications using refill gap more than 30 days. Among 4 ADHD medications, extended-release methylphenidate and atomoxetine had more days than immediate-release methylphenidate and osmotic-controlled oral delivery system methylphenidate. In logistic regression analyses, extended-release methylphenidate, osmotic-controlled oral delivery system methylphenidate, and atomoxetine showed less discontinuation compared to immediate-release methylphenidate group when a refill gap more than 30 days was used. In logistic regression analysis of adherence, we could not find any differences among 4 medication types. We suggest that the utilization patterns should be assessed regularly in order to improve future outcomes in children and adolescents with ADHD.

Suicide warning signs that are challenging to recognize: a psychological autopsy study of Korean adolescents.

BACKGROUND: In South Korea, the leading cause of youth death has been suicide for about 20 years. In this study, we conducted a multi-method psychological autopsy to identify the psychiatric diagnosis, developmental history, personality traits, family history, school life, warning signs of suicide, and risk factors related to suicide for the first time in Korea. METHODS: This was a postmortem, retrospective, and descriptive study of 36 adolescents who died by suicide between August 2015 and July 2021 in South Korea. We obtained qualitative and quantitative data from the Korean Psychological Autopsy of Adolescent, conducted by the Suicide and School Mental Health Institute, the official student mental health policy-focused research institute of the Korean Ministry of Education. RESULTS: The adolescents comprised equal percentage of girls and boys. Approximately half of the deaths (55.6%) occurred at home and most (72.2%) involved jumping from a height. Most of the adolescents (97.2%) had one major psychiatric disorder before death, with depressive disorder being the most prevalent (75%). They were at a high risk for internet addiction before death. The most common personality trait was avoidance (28.6%), followed by submissiveness (27.3%). Half of the parents reported that the adolescents were satisfied with their school life and the teachers observed that they had no behavioral problems. One year before death, seven (19.4%) adolescents injured themselves and five (13.9%) had attempted suicide. Most of the deceased (80.6%) had expressed suicide warning signs to their families within one year before death. Adolescents had a long experience of family-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the adolescents had mental health disorders and expressed suicidal intentions using verbal and nonverbal signs. However, it was challenging for families to recognize the risk signs because of adolescents' personality traits or a good school life. To prevent adolescent suicide, adolescents, parents, and teachers need to be educated to recognize signs of suicide warning signs and equipped to guide adolescents to appropriate care.

The Relationship between Depression Severity and Prefrontal Hemodynamic Changes in Adolescents with Major Depression Disorder: A Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy Study.

Objective: : Numerous studies have identified hemodynamic changes in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). However, studies on adolescents with MDD are limited. As adolescence is a stage of rapid brain development, differences may occur depending on age. This study used fNIRS as an objective tool to investigate hemodynamic changes in the frontal lobe according to depression severity and age in adolescents with MDD. Methods: : Thirty adolescents (12 aged 12-15 years and 18 aged 16-18 years) were retrospectively investigated. The Children's Depression Inventory was used as a psychiatric evaluation scale, fNIRS was used as an objective brain function evaluation tool, and the Verbal Fluency Test was performed. Results: : During the Verbal Fluency Test, in the younger MDD group, oxygenated-hemoglobin concentration increased in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex region as the severity of depression increased. In the older MDD group, the oxygenated-hemoglobin concentration decreased in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex region as the severity of depression increased. Conclusion: : These results suggest that fNIRS may be an objective tool for identifying age differences among adolescents with MDD. To generalize the results and verify fNIRS as a potential biomarker tool, follow-up studies with a larger sample group should be conducted.

Quantitative analysis of aberrant protein glycosylation in liver cancer plasma by AAL-enrichment and MRM mass spectrometry.

A lectin-coupled mass spectrometry (MS) approach was employed to quantitatively monitor aberrant protein glycosylation in liver cancer plasma. To do this, we compared the difference in the total protein abundance of a target glycoprotein between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) plasmas and hepatitis B virus (HBV) plasmas, as well as the difference in lectin-specific protein glycoform abundance of the target glycoprotein. Capturing the lectin-specific protein glycoforms from a plasma sample was accomplished by using a fucose-specific aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) immobilized onto magnetic beads via a biotin-streptavidin conjugate. Following tryptic digestion of both the total plasma and its AAL-captured fraction of each HCC and HBV sample, targeted proteomic mass spectrometry was conducted quantitatively by a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) technique. From the MRM-based analysis of the total plasmas and AAL-captured fractions, differences between HCC and HBV plasma groups in fucosylated glycoform levels of target glycoproteins were confirmed to arise from both the change in the total protein abundance of the target proteins and the change incurred by aberrant fucosylation on target glycoproteins in HCC plasma, even when no significant change occurs in the total protein abundance level. Combining the MRM-based analysis method with the lectin-capturing technique proved to be a successful means of quantitatively investigating aberrant protein glycosylation in cancer plasma samples. Additionally, it was elucidated that the differences between HCC and control groups in fucosylated biomarker candidates A1AT and FETUA mainly originated from an increase in fucosylation levels on these target glycoproteins, rather than an increase in the total protein abundance of the target glycoproteins.

The impact of social capital on depression among older Chinese and Korean immigrants: similarities and differences.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to examine similarities and differences in terms of the influence of social capital on depression among older Chinese and Korean immigrants. METHODS: The study used data collected from both 172 Chinese and 210 Korean immigrants living in Los Angeles County. The variables included depression Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form, (GDS-SF), social capital (five indices of norms, trust, partnership in community, information sharing, and political participation), and demographics. RESULTS: The study found that partnership in community was significantly associated with a lower level of depression for both the groups. On the other hand, political participation was only associated with a lower level of depression for older Chinese immigrants. Also, norms and information sharing were only associated with a lower level of depression for older Korean immigrants. CONCLUSION: There was an evidence for the correlation between social capital and depression in older Chinese and Korean immigrant population. It suggests the needs to develop social programs and service in order to build more social capital for older immigrants.

Systematic Review of Suicidal Behaviors Related to Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine in Patients With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between suicidal behavior and the use of methylphenidate (MPH) or atomoxetine (ATX) in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines were used to conduct a meta-analysis. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale was used to score the quality of the studies. Results: Nine studies were included in this quantitative analysis. The analysis included 602864 patients with ADHD (521125 and 81739 patients were taking methylphenidate [MPH group] and atomoxetine [ATX group], respectively) and 19230 healthy controls. The overall estimates were in the order of the control, MPH, and ATX groups; however, no statistically significant between-group difference was observed in the incidence of events (p=0.553 for control vs. MPH; p=1.000 for control vs. ATX; p=1.000 for MPH vs. ATX). Conclusion: The rate of suicidal behavior was higher in the ADHD groups treated with MPH and ATX than in the control group. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the ADHD groups treated with MPH and ATX, and the control group. Therefore, MPH and ATX did not increase suicidal behavior.

Impulsivity in Major Depressive Disorder Patients with Suicidal Ideation: Event-related Potentials in a GoNogo Task.

Objective: : Suicidal ideation is one of the strongest predictors of suicide, and its relevance to impulsivity in depressed patients has been accumulated. Furthermore, high impulsivity patients show the attenuation of the Nogo amplitude in the GoNogo event-related potential (ERP). The purpose of the current study is to determine the correlation of Nogo ERP to the suicidal ideation depending on the condition of its presence or absence in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Methods: : A total 162 participants (104 patients with suicidal ideation, 31 patients without suicidal ideation, and 27 healthy controls) were recruited, and performed GoNogo tasks during the electroencephalogram measurement. Depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation and impulsivity were assessed by self-rating scales. The clinical measures, behavioral data and Nogo ERP were compared among groups. Results: : The MDD with suicidal ideation (SI) group showed significantly decreased Nogo P3 amplitudes compared to MDD without SI (Fz and Cz electrodes) and control group (all electrodes). The MDD with SI group also had significantly low accuracy of both Go and Nogo trails, compared to the MDD without group. The Nogo P3 amplitudes showed the negative relation to the scores of impulsivity, depression, anxiety and SI. Conclusion: : Our results concluded that the Nogo P3 ERP amplitude was decreased in MDD patients with SI compared to MDD patients without SI and controls. These findings suggest that the decreased Nogo P3 amplitude is the one of the candidate biomarker for impulsivity in MDD patients to evaluating SI.