Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pediatric Emergency Department Visits in Taiwan.

Background and Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has profoundly impacted healthcare systems worldwide. To assess the effects of the pandemic on pediatric emergency department (ED) visits in Taiwan, we conducted a study to evaluate changes in pediatric ED visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included pediatric patients (age ≤ 18) who visited the ED between 21 January 2019 and 30 April 2019, at three hospitals of the Cathay Health System, and compared them with a corresponding period in 2020. Basic information, including mode of arrival, triage level, disposition, chief complaints, and incidence rates, were analyzed before and during the pandemic. Results: A total of 10,116 patients, with 6009 in the pre-pandemic group and 4107 in the pandemic group, were included in this study. The mean number of daily pediatric ED visits decreased from 60.09 before the pandemic to 40.66 during the pandemic, while ambulance use increased significantly by 2.56%. The percentage of patients with high acuity triage levels (levels 1 and 2) was significantly lower during the pandemic period (0.63% and 10.18%, respectively) than the pre-pandemic period (0.7% and 10.9%, respectively). Additionally, a significantly higher proportion of patients were discharged during the pandemic period (89.36%) than during the pre-pandemic period (88.33%). The proportion of COVID-19-related complaints, such as fever and respiratory tract infections, as well as other complaints including gastrointestinal issues, trauma, and psychological problems, significantly increased during the pandemic. Conclusions: In preparation for future pandemics, we recommend increasing emergency medical service capacity, establishing a non-contagious route for obtaining chronic medication prescriptions, optimizing staff allocation in pediatric emergency departments, and increasing the number of hospital social workers for enhanced support.

Parathyroidectomy Improves the Consumption of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in Hemodialysis Patients.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is common in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, and it can suppress erythropoiesis. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the consumption of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and parathyroidectomy (PTX) in ESRD patients with SHPT and to determine the predictors for anemia improvement. The current standard of chronic kidney disease anemia therapy relies on the prescription of iron supplementation, and ESA. We retrospectively analyzed 81 ESRD patients with PTX at Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital from July 2004 to Dec 2018. The requirement of ESA therapy markedly declined from a dose of 41.6 (interquartile range [IQR], 0−91.2) to 10.3 (IQR, 0−59.5, p = 0.001) unit/kg/week. In addition, 63.7% of patients required iron replacement therapy preoperatively and the proportion reduced to 52.5% after PTX (p < 0.001). The hemoglobin (Hb) level showed an insignificant change from a median value of 10.7 g/dL (9.5−11.6 g/dL) before PTX to 10.5 g/dL (9.6−11.2 g/dL) at 6 months after PTX. A preoperative Hb level ≤ 10 mg/dL (odds ratio [OR], 20.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.71−125, p < 0.001) and transferrin saturation (TSAT) < 25% (OR, 12.8; 95% CI, 2.51−129, p < 0.001) were predictors for anemia improvement. Our study demonstrated that PTX markedly decreased the requirement of ESA. Patients with a low preoperative Hb level or low TSAT showed an increase in the Hb level after PTX. PTX may be considered not only for SHPT with refractory anemia but also for high ESA-dependent patients.

Commercial AHAS-inhibiting herbicides are promising drug leads for the treatment of human fungal pathogenic infections.

The increased prevalence of drug-resistant human pathogenic fungal diseases poses a major threat to global human health. Thus, new drugs are urgently required to combat these infections. Here, we demonstrate that acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), the first enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis pathway, is a promising new target for antifungal drug discovery. First, we show that several AHAS inhibitors developed as commercial herbicides are powerful accumulative inhibitors of Candida albicans AHAS (Ki values as low as 800 pM) and have determined high-resolution crystal structures of this enzyme in complex with several of these herbicides. In addition, we have demonstrated that chlorimuron ethyl (CE), a member of the sulfonylurea herbicide family, has potent antifungal activity against five different Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans (with minimum inhibitory concentration, 50% values as low as 7 nM). Furthermore, in these assays, we have shown CE and itraconazole (a P450 inhibitor) can act synergistically to further improve potency. Finally, we show in Candida albicans-infected mice that CE is highly effective in clearing pathogenic fungal burden in the lungs, liver, and spleen, thus reducing overall mortality rates. Therefore, in view of their low toxicity to human cells, AHAS inhibitors represent a new class of antifungal drug candidates.

Risk and impact of invasive fungal infections in patients with multiple myeloma.

Infection is associated with great morbidity and mortality in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), but evidence for invasive fungal infections (IFIs) is lacking. We aimed to investigate risk factors for IFI in MM patients and to determine its impact on patients' survival. We retrospectively analyzed MM patients at Taipei Veterans General Hospital in Taiwan between January 2002 and October 2018. MM was diagnosed according to the International Myeloma Working Group criteria. IFI was defined according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group criteria. All risk factors of IFI in MM patients were estimated using Cox regression models in the univariate and multivariate analyses. Of the 623 patients recruited, 22 (3.5%) were diagnosed with proven or probable IFI. Light chain disease (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 6.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.10-21.66), hemoglobin less than 8 g/dl (adjusted HR 3.34, 95% CI 1.32-8.42), serum albumin < 3.5 g/dl (adjusted HR 3.24, 95% CI 1.09-9.68), and having received allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) (adjusted HR 5.98, 95% CI 1.62-22.03) were significantly associated with IFI in the multivariate analysis. Contracting IFI was in turn associated with early mortality (adjusted HR 11.60, 95% CI 1.26-106.74). Light chain disease, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and receiving allo-SCT were independent predictors of IFI in MM patients. The early mortality risk is much higher in those encountering IFI. Physicians must be aware of the rare but potentially lethal infections.

Association between health behaviors and mood disorders among the elderly: a community-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: According to a WHO report, nearly 15% of adults aged 60 and over suffer from a mental disorder, constituting 6.6% of the total disability for this age group. Taipei City faces rapid transformation towards an aging society, with the proportion of elderly in the total population rising from 12% in 2008 to 16% in 2016. The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence of mental disorders among the elderly in Taipei City and to elucidate risk factors contributing to mental disorders. METHODS: The elderly health examination database was obtained from the Department of Health, Taipei City government, from 2005 to 2012. A total of 86,061 people underwent publicly funded health examinations, with 348,067 visits. Each year, there are around 43,000 elderly persons in Taipei City using this service. We used a mental health questionnaire including five questions to estimated relative risks among potential risk factors with the generalized estimating equations (GEE) model to measure the mental health status of the elderly. Mood disorders were measured with the Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS-5) questionnaire. Age, education level, gender, marital status, living alone, drinking milk, eating vegetables and fruits, long-term medication, smoking status, frequency of alcohol consumption, frequency of physical activity, BMI, and number of chronic diseases were included as covariates. RESULTS: The results show that being male (odds ratio (OR) 0.57; 95% CI = 0.56, 0.59), higher education (OR 0.88; 95% CI = 0.82, 0.95), no long-term medication (OR 0.57; 95% CI = 0.56, 0.58), and exercising three or more times per week (OR 0.94; 95% CI = 0.91, 0.98) were all positively correlated with better emotional status. However, being divorced (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.09, 1.36), not drinking milk (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.09, 1.14), not eating enough vegetables and fruits every day (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.73, 1.83), daily smoking (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.32), and having more chronic diseases (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.03) were all correlated with poor mental status among the elderly. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this research can both estimate the prevalence of mood disorders at the community level, and identify risk factors of mood disorders at the personal level.

Role of BMI and age in predicting pathologic vertebral fractures in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients: A retrospective cohort study.

Vertebral fractures affect approximately 30% of myeloma patients and lead to a poor impact on survival and life quality. In general, age and body mass index (BMI) are reported to have an important role in vertebral fractures. However, the triangle relationship among age, BMI, and vertebral fractures is still unclear in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients. This study recruited consecutive 394 patients with NDMM at Taipei Veterans General Hospital between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2015. Risk factors for vertebral fractures in NDMM patients were collected and analyzed. The survival curves were demonstrated using Kaplan-Meier estimate. In total, 301 (76.4%) NDMM patients were enrolled in the cohort. In the median follow-up period of 18.0 months, the median survival duration in those with vertebral fractures ≥ 2 was shorter than those with vertebral fracture < 2 (59.3 vs 28.6 months; P = 0.017). In multivariate Poisson regression, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 declared increased vertebral fractures compared with BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2 (adjusted RR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.44-5.43). In multivariable logistic regression, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 was an independent risk factor for vertebral fractures ≥ 2 compared with BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2 (adjusted OR, 6.05; 95% CI, 2.43-15.08). Among age stratifications, patients with both old age and low BMI were at a greater risk suffering from increased vertebral fractures, especially in patients > 75 years and BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 (adjusted RR, 12.22; 95% CI, 3.02-49.40). This is the first study that demonstrated that age had a significant impact on vertebral fractures in NDMM patients with low BMI. Elder patients with low BMI should consider to routinely receive spinal radiographic examinations and regular follow-up.

Risk of stroke in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a retrospective cohort study.

Cerebrovascular events are a common complication among patients with cancer, increasing morbidity and mortality. However, the association between multiple myeloma and cerebrovascular events remains unclear. We therefore investigated multiple myeloma patients' risk factors for stroke to devise a better stroke-prevention strategy. This study includes consecutive patients 20 years and older who were newly diagnosed with symptomatic multiple myeloma at Taipei Veterans General Hospital, a tertiary medical center, between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2014. The primary outcome was stroke development. Patients with head injuries, brain tumors, brain parenchymal invasions, or antecedent malignancies were excluded. Hazard ratios (HRs) of stroke risk factors for multiple myeloma patients were estimated by Cox proportional regression analysis. Overall, 395 patients with a median age of 70 years were investigated. In the median follow-up period of 18 months, cerebrovascular events occurred in 16 patients, including 10 ischemic strokes and 6 hemorrhagic strokes. The 5-year estimated cumulative incidence rate was 7.45%. In the multivariate analysis, the κ light chain isotype (adjusted HR, 8.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.91-39.8), previous cerebrovascular accidents (adjusted HR, 5.16; 95% CI, 1.48-17.9), and serum creatinine > 2 mg/dL (adjusted HR, 4.21; 95% CI, 1.10-16.0) were identified as independent risk factors for stroke. Subgroup analysis showed that atrial fibrillation (adjusted HR, 8.07) and previous cerebrovascular accident (adjusted HR, 4.89) are significant risk factors for ischemic stroke. Serum creatinine > 2 mg/dL (adjusted HR, 30.6) and previous cerebrovascular accident (adjusted HR, 13.9) are significant for hemorrhagic stroke. Moreover, therapeutic strategies for multiple myeloma were not associated with stroke in our study. This study demonstrates that risk of stroke increases in myeloma patients with a κ light chain isotype, previous cerebrovascular events, and renal impairment. Further prospective clinical studies to clarify the relationship between multiple myeloma and stroke are warranted.

Commercial Herbicides Can Trigger the Oxidative Inactivation of Acetohydroxyacid Synthase.

Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors are highly successful commercial herbicides. New kinetic data show that the binding of these compounds leads to reversible accumulative inhibition of AHAS. Crystallographic data (to a resolution of 2.17 Å) for an AHAS-herbicide complex shows that closure of the active site occurs when the herbicidal inhibitor binds, thus preventing exchange with solvent. This feature combined with new kinetic data shows that molecular oxygen promotes an accumulative inhibition leading to the conclusion that the exceptional potency of these herbicides is augmented by subversion of an inherent oxygenase side reaction. The reactive oxygen species produced by this reaction are trapped in the active site, triggering oxidation reactions that ultimately lead to the alteration of the redox state of the cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), a feature that accounts for the observed reversible accumulative inhibition.

Association of surgeon volume and hospital volume with the outcome of patients receiving definitive surgery for colorectal cancer: A nationwide population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) who undergo cancer surgeries with higher-volume providers may have better outcomes. The current debate focuses on whether it is hospital volume or surgeon volume that matters more. METHODS: The authors conducted a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan that enrolled all patients who underwent definitive surgery for newly diagnosed CRC between 2005 and 2011. All patients were divided into 4 quartiles according to hospital and surgeon volume. The main outcome was the 5-year mortality rate, which was analyzed using a frailty model for Cox regression. The authors also conducted fixed and random effects multivariate regression models to examine short-term outcomes and resource use, including operative mortality, hospital stay, emergency department visits within 30 days, and medical expenses. Analyses were adjusted for patient and provider characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 61,728 patients with CRC were included in the current study. The 5-year mortality rates were 38.7%, 32.8%, 32.0%, and 29.1% in descending order of hospital volume quartiles and were 41.4%, 34.1%, 29.8%, and 27.4% in descending order of surgeon volume quartiles. After adjustment for the individual and provider characteristics, surgeon volume, but not hospital volume, remained a significantly predictive factor of death (P<.001). In addition, those patients with CRC who underwent definitive surgeries performed by higher-volume surgeons had a relatively lower risk of operative mortality, shorter hospital length of stay, and lower medical expenses. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CRC who underwent definitive surgery performed by higher-volume providers were found to have better outcomes. Surgeon volume may play a more important role than hospital volume. Cancer 2015;121:2782-2790. © 2015 American Cancer Society.

Effects of personal noise exposure, sleep quality, and burnout on quality of life: An online participation cohort study in Taiwan.

Chronic noise exposure in daily life not only causes physical and mental illness but also reduces quality of life. However, collecting objective data on sound exposure and subjective acoustic comfort through a traditional one-shot survey is difficult. This study applied online chatbots in social media to explore the effects of daily sound exposure, personal characteristics, noise sensitivity, burnout status, and sleep quality on quality of life using a short-term participatory cohort design. During the two-month survey in 2022, 207 participants completed at least 15 days of collection of data on sound exposure and perception, as well as periodic structural questionnaires during the follow-ups. Linear regression and generalized linear models were applied to explore the factors influencing personal burnout, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and quality of life. A chain mediation model was applied to explore the direct and indirect effects of noise exposure on quality of life. The results showed a better quality of life among respondents who rated their home environment better, were in good health, had better daily acoustic comfort, and were less exposed to noise during the week. In contrast, respondents with lower daily acoustic comfort and a higher frequency of noise-induced sleep disturbances and mood disorders were more likely to have poorer sleep quality. A higher personal burnout was associated with poorer health, longer exposure to noise during the week, a higher frequency of noise-induced illnesses, and neurotic traits. In the mediation analyses, noise-induced sleep disturbance and better daily acoustic comfort also had important direct influences on quality of life compared to the indirect pathway through sleep quality and personal burnout. In conclusion, noise exposure in daily life not only exacerbated poor sleep quality and personal burnout but also reduced quality of life.

Exploring the spatial association between the distribution of temperature and urban morphology with green view index.

Urban heat islands will occur if city neighborhoods contain insufficient green spaces to create a comfortable environment, and residents' health will be adversely affected. Current satellite imagery can only effectively identify large-scale green spaces and cannot capture street trees or potted plants within three-dimensional building spaces. In this study, we used a deep convolutional neural network semantic segmentation model on Google Street View to extract environmental features at the neighborhood level in Taipei City, Taiwan, including the green vegetation index (GVI), building view factor, and sky view factor. Monthly temperature data from 2018 to 2021 with a 0.01° spatial resolution were used. We applied a linear mixed-effects model and geographically weighted regression to explore the association between pedestrian-level green spaces and ambient temperature, controlling for seasons, land use information, and traffic volume. Their results indicated that a higher GVI was significantly associated with lower ambient temperatures and temperature differences. Locations with higher traffic flows or specific land uses, such as religious or governmental, are associated with higher ambient temperatures. In conclusion, the GVI from street-view imagery at the community level can improve the understanding of urban green spaces and evaluate their effects in association with other social and environmental indicators.

Investigation of Lithium-Ion Battery Performance Utilizing Magnetic Controllable Superionic Conductor Li3(V1-x Fe x )2(PO4)3/C (x = 0.05 and 0.10).

Lithium-ion batteries with Li3V2(PO4)3/C as the cathode have been a popular research topic in recent years; however, studies of the effects of external magnetic fields on them are less common. This study investigates the effects of an external magnetic field applied parallel to the direction of the anode and cathode on the ion transport through iron-doped Li3(V1-x Fe x )2(PO4)3, the outer carbon coating, the film/electrolyte/separator, and up to the lithium metal electrode on a microscopic level. The results reveal that for the x = 0.05 sample with lower doping, the magnetostriction expansion of Li3(V1-x Fe x )2(PO4)3 and the magnetostrictive contraction effect of the outer ordered carbon layer cancel each other out, resulting in no significant enhancement of the battery's energy and power density due to the external magnetic field. In contrast, the x = 0.1 sample, lacking magnetostrictive contraction in the outer ordered carbon layer, shows that its energy and power density can be influenced by the magnetic field. Under zero magnetic field, the cyclic performance exhibits superior average capacity performance in the x = 0.05 sample, while the x = 0.1 sample shows a lower decay rate. Both samples are affected by the magnetic field; however, the x = 0.1 sample performs better under magnetic conditions. In particular, in the C-rate tests under a magnetic field, the sample with x = 0.1 showed a significant relative reduction in capacity decay rate by 20.18% compared to the sample with x = 0.05.

Associations between community green view index and fine particulate matter from Airboxes.

Urban greenery can help to improve air quality, reduce health risks and create healthy livable urban communities. This study aimed to explore the role of urban greenery in reducing air pollution at the community level in Tainan City, Taiwan, using air quality sensors and street-view imagery. We also collected the number of road trees around each air quality sensor site and identified the species that were best at absorbing PM2.5. Three greenness metrics were used to assess community greenery in this study: two Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) from different satellites and the Green View Index (GVI) from Google Street View (GSV) images. Land-use Regression (LUR) was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that a higher GVI within a 500 m buffer was significantly associated with decreased PM2.5. Neither NDVI metrics within a 500 m circular buffer were significantly associated with decreased PM2.5. Evergreen trees were significantly associated with lower ambient PM2.5, compared with deciduous and semi-deciduous trees. Because localized changes in air quality profoundly affect public health and environmental equity, our findings provide evidence for future urban community greenspace planning and its beneficial impacts on reducing air pollution.

Effectiveness of early palliative care in patients with head and neck cancer in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Early palliative care (EPC) benefits some cancers, but its clinical outcomes differ depending on patients' racial and ethnic disparities, and customs. To determine whether EPC improves symptoms, emotional distress, and quality of life among Taiwanese patients with early or advanced-stage head and neck cancer (HNC). METHODS: Based on participants' pathological stages, they were categorized as having early and advanced-stage HNC. Those willing and unwilling to undergo EPC were assigned to the EPC and standard groups, respectively. Their daily cancer-related symptoms were assessed using the Distress Thermometer (DT) and MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI), whose scores' concurrent validity was evaluated using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Core Quality of Life (EORTC-QLQ-C30) and Head and Neck 35 (EORTC-QLQ-H&N35) questionnaires. RESULTS: Patients (n = 93) diagnosed with HNC at Taiwan's Chia-Yi Christian Hospital from November 2020 to October 2022 were recruited. The patients voluntarily split into two groups: EPC groups and standard groups (23 and 11 in early-stage; 46 and 13 in advanced-stage, respectively). DT assessment showed significant emotional distress improvements for all patients with HNC who received EPC. The EORTC-QLQ-C30 questionnaire indicated that, compared to standard interventions, EPC groups significantly improved the quality of life and some symptoms for both early and advanced-stage HNC patients. However, the EORTC-QLQ-H&N35 questionnaire found no significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, advanced-stage patients' anticancer treatment completion rates with EPC and standard interventions were 95.35% and 75%, respectively. CONCLUSION: EPC improves symptoms, emotional distress, quality of life, and treatment completion rates in Taiwanese patients with early or advanced-stage HNC. Nonetheless, further extensive clinical studies are required for validation.

Chemoselective synthesis of tetrasubstituted furans via intramolecular Wittig reactions: mechanism and theoretical analysis.

An efficient synthesis of tetrasubstituted furans was achieved from the corresponding α,ß-unsaturated ketone derivatives, acid chlorides, and Bu3P in the presence of Et3N via a chemoselective intramolecular Wittig reaction as the key step. The presence of an additional electron-withdrawing group in the α-position of Michael acceptors controlled the chemoselectivities of presumable phosphorus ylides in the intramolecular Wittig reactions, and their mechanisms were also investigated by DFT calculations.

Genome-phenome wide association study of broadly defined headache.

Until recently, most genetic studies of headache have been conducted on participants with European ancestry. We therefore conducted a large-scale genome-wide association study of self-reported headache in individuals of East Asian ancestry (specifically those who were identified as Han Chinese). In this study, 108 855 participants were enrolled, including 12 026 headache cases from the Taiwan Biobank. For broadly defined headache phenotype, we identified a locus on Chromosome 17, with the lead single-nucleotide polymorphism rs8072917 (odds ratio 1.08, P = 4.49 × 10-8), mapped to two protein-coding genes RNF213 and ENDOV. For severe headache phenotype, we found a strong association on Chromosome 8, with the lead single-nucleotide polymorphism rs13272202 (odds ratio 1.30, P = 1.02 × 10-9), mapped to gene RP11-1101K5.1. We then conducted a conditional analysis and a statistical fine-mapping of the broadly defined headache-associated loci and identified a single credible set of loci with rs8072917 supporting that this lead variant was the true causal variant on RNF213 gene region. RNF213 replicated the result of previous studies and played important roles in the biological mechanism of broadly defined headache. On the basis of the previous results found in the Taiwan Biobank, we conducted phenome-wide association studies for the lead variants using data from the UK Biobank and found that the causal variant (single-nucleotide polymorphism rs8072917) was associated with muscle symptoms, cellulitis and abscess of face and neck, and cardiogenic shock. Our findings foster the genetic architecture of headache in individuals of East Asian ancestry. Our study can be replicated using genomic data linked to electronic health records from a variety of countries, therefore affecting a wide range of ethnicities globally. Our genome-phenome association study may facilitate the development of new genetic tests and novel drug mechanisms.

Tandem three-component reactions of aldehyde, alkyl acrylate, and dialkylmalonate catalyzed by ethyl diphenylphosphine.

A new highly efficient three-component reaction of alkyl acrylate, aldehyde and dialkyl malonate using ethyl diphenylphosphine as organocatalyst has been described. Various highly functional compounds bearing hydroxyl groups and the ester functions can be easily prepared in moderate to good yields according to our one-step procedure. The reactions are believed to proceed via Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions of alkyl acrylate and aldehydes, followed by the Michael addition reactions of dialkyl malonates. Our reactions indicated that the intermediate species formed in the phosphine-catalyzed MBH reaction are an effective organic base to catalyze the Michael addition reactions of dialkyl malonates to the preformed MBH adducts.

PCDHB15 as a potential tumor suppressor and epigenetic biomarker for breast cancer.

Breast cancer is among the most frequently diagnosed cancer types and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. The mortality rate of patients with breast cancer is currently increasing, perhaps due to a lack of early screening tools. In the present study, using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer dataset (n=883), it was determined that methylation of the protocadherin ß15 (PCDHB15) promoter was higher in breast cancer samples than that in normal tissues. A negative association between promoter methylation and expression of PCDHB15 was observed in the TCGA dataset and breast cancer cell lines. In TCGA cohort, lower PCDHB15 expression was associated with shorter relapse-free survival times. Treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor restored PCDHB15 expression in a breast cancer cell line; however, overexpression of PCDHB15 was shown to suppress colony formation. PCDHB15 methylation detected in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) isolated from serum samples was higher in patients with breast cancer (40.8%) compared with that in patients with benign tumors (22.4%). PCDHB15 methylation was not correlated with any clinical parameters. Taken together, PCDHB15 is a potential tumor suppressor in cases of breast cancer, which can be epigenetically silenced via promoter methylation. PCDHB15 methylation using cfDNA is a novel minimally invasive epigenetic biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer.

Organocatalytic tandem three-component reaction of imine, alkyl vinyl ketone, and imide via aza-Baylis-Hillman reaction.

A highly chemoselective PPh(3)-catalyzed three-component reaction of an imine, alkyl vinyl ketone, and phthalimide or succinimide is developed. Various highly functional adducts with high diastereoselectivities can be generated via aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions of aryl-substituted imines and alkyl vinyl ketones followed by Michael additions of imides and then epimerization.

Analysis of COVID-19 pandemic impact on the presenting complaints of the emergency department visits.

ABSTRACT: The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on economic and medical systems is significant, especially in the emergency department (ED). The patterns of ED visits have also changed significantly and may play a crucial role in rearranging medical resources to the most needed departments during the pandemic.This was a retrospective study conducted in hospitals of the Cathay Health System. All patients presented to the EDs between January 21, 2020 to April 30, 2020 (pandemic stage) and January 21, 2019 to April 30, 2019 (before the pandemic stage). Basic demographics, including visit characteristics, disposition, and chief complaints, of the patients visiting the ED between these 2 periods of time will be compared and analyzed.A total of 71,739 patients were included in the study. A reduction in ED visits was noted in 15.1% (32,950 ED visits) during the pandemic stage. ED visiting patients with the chief complaints of upper respiratory infection and social problems increased by 14.23% and 1.86%, respectively, during the pandemic period. Critical chief complaints such as cardiac arrest, chest pain and altered mental status decreased to less than the ED visits difference (-15.1%) between the pandemic and prepandemic stages, for 0%, -7.67%, and -13.8% respectively.Rearrangement of the ED pediatric staff to the COVID-19 special units and recruiting more social workers to the ED should be performed to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.