Clinical characterization of gingival type of burning mouth syndrome: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of localized intraoral neuropathic pain in a cluster of patients who reported the involvement of gingival site as only clinical manifestation of dysesthesia, analysing type and distribution of symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients were enrolled in the study. Patients were screened through laboratory test and a conventional oral examination with periodontal chart. A questionnaire to collect data on symptoms, oral site involved, quality of sleep, anxiety was submitted to all the patients. RESULTS: A total of 236 patients were recruited. Seventy-six patients (32.2%) presented generalized type, whereas 160 (67.8%) had localized type. In the localized BMS group, the gingiva was involved in 70 patients and in 33 of these it was the only site involved. In the gingival subgroup, 35 patients reported burning, 29 pain and 24 xerostomia. CONCLUSIONS: To best our knowledge, this study is the first that analyses gingival involvement as the only site in BMS and it could encourage further investigations to understand the etiopathogenesis of gingival BMS.

Mucosal leishmaniasis with primary oral involvement: a case series and a review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze retrospectively a case series of primary oral leishmaniasis and to review the literature on head-neck primary mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) in immunocompetent patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A PUBMED search was carried out from 1950 to 2013. Clinical records of patients with primary head-neck mucosal manifestations of leishmaniasis were analyzed. In addition, clinical records between 2001 and 2012 of patients with primary oral manifestations were collected in two independent hospitals. RESULTS: Our multicenter case series revealed seven patients with oral leishmaniasis. The most commonly affected site was the tongue (four patients, 57%), and the most common clinical presentation was an exophytic lesion (six patients, 85%). The literature review showed 11 reports published between 2005 and 2013, describing 13 patients (100% male) affected by head-neck primary ML (54% laryngeal, 31% oral, 23% pharyngeal, and 15% endonasal). The most common clinical presentation was an exophytic lesion (69%). CONCLUSIONS: The literature analysis revealed that in immunocompetent patients, the oral mucosa is the second most frequently affected site of the head and neck region. In the oral cavity, the tongue is the most affected site. Diagnosis of oral leishmaniasis represents a challenge but must be considered in any differential diagnosis of exophytic lesions of oral mucosa.

Sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression in patients with oral lichen planus: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The psychological factors and their association with chronic inflammatory disease, aren't well recognized, yet their importance in oral lichen planus is still debated. AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sleep disturbances, anxiety, depression and their association in patient with oral lichen planus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 50 patients with oral lichen planus vs. equal number of age and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Questionnaires examining insomnia symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness (Pittsburgh sleep quality index and Epworth aleepiness scale) depression and anxiety (The Hamilton rating scale for Depression and Anxiety) were used. RESULTS: The patients with oral lichen planus had statistically higher scores in all items of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index, the Hamilton rating scale for depression and anxiety and Epworth sleepiness scale than the healthy controls. The median and inter-quartile range of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index was 5-2 and for the oral lichen planus patients and 4-2 for the healthy controls (P < 0.011). In the study group, a depressed mood and anxiety correlated positively with sleep disturbances. The Pearson correlations were 0.76 for Pittsburgh sleep quality Index vs. Hamilton rating scale for depression (P < 0.001) and 0.77 for Pittsburgh sleep quality Index vs. Hamilton rating scale for anxiety (P < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Oral lichen planus patients report a greater degree of sleep problems, depressed mood and anxiety as compared with controls. CONCLUSION: We suggest to screen sleep disturbances in patients with oral lichen planus because they could be considered a prodromal symptoms of mood disorders.

Oral Syphilis: a retrospective analysis of 12 cases and a review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To present a retrospective analysis of multicentre case series of oral syphilis and a review of relevant literature. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A PUBMED search was carried out from 1950 to 2011. Clinical records of patients with exclusive/prevalent oral manifestations of syphilis were collected and examined in three independent hospitals. RESULTS: Of 23 reports describing 34 patients were detected through the review (35% primary, 56% secondary, and 9% tertiary disease), describing unspecific ulcers (59%), mucosal patches (23%), keratosis (6%), pseudomembranes (3%), and gumma (9%). Multicentre case series revealed 12 patients with oral syphilis, of which 17%, 58%, and 25% with, respectively, primary, secondary, and tertiary lesions. Clinically, patients showed white patches (17%), blistering mucositis (8%), chronic unspecific ulcers with/without skin lesions (50%), gumma (17%), and necrosis of the dorsum of the tongue (8%). Oral bullae and tongue necrosis are never described in the current review. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of syphilis remains a challenge because of the multiform and polymorphous clinical pattern at onset and its ability to imitate different diseases. It is mandatory to include syphilis in the differential diagnosis of unusual oral lesions. Diagnosis of oral lesions of syphilis is often difficult, and biopsy is required in controversial cases.

Parental knowledge, attitude and practice regarding paediatric dental trauma. A systematic review.

AIM: Dental trauma is one of the major oral health problems faced during the developmental ages. Most of the traumatic events occur at home; therefore, parents are frequently required to provide appropriate first aid measures. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the available evidence parents have regarding the topic of dental trauma, with a focus on their level of knowledge, attitude, and practice. METHODS: The systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. The research question was structured using the PICO framework (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023397318). CONCLUSION: Parents' knowledge about dental trauma management is quite limited, and this has a negative impact on the long-term prognosis of traumatised teeth. It is crucial to increase parents' knowledge and awareness about the importance of dental traumas in paediatric age.

Peripheral ameloblastic fibroma: a rare case report.

CASE REPORT: Ameloblastic fibroma is a rare mixed odontogenic tumour which involves mostly the posterior mandible. Its peripheral variant is very rare. Only eight cases have been reported worldwide. In this report, we described a case of peripheral ameloblastic fibroma occurring in the maxillary gingiva in a 10 year-old child. The lesion was excised with a conservative surgical approach and no recurrence has occurred. Peripheral ameloblastic fibroma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a slow growing lesion involving the gingiva.

Adjuvant triamcinolone acetonide injections in oro-pharyngeal pemphigus vulgaris.

BACKGROUND: High-potency topical and perilesional/intralesional corticosteroids are becoming increasingly useful as adjuvant to treat autoimmune blistering diseases. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the role of perilesional/intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (PITA) injections in reducing the time for first complete clinical remission and the total amount of systemic corticosteroids in oro-pharyngeal pemphigus vulgaris (OPV) patients, and also the compliance of PITA injections, in terms of satisfaction, pain and discomfort. METHODS: Thirty-five OPV patients were treated with conventional immunosuppressive therapy (CIST) and received high potency topical corticosteroids (clobetasol and/or methylprednisolone) and/or PITA injections. Patients were grouped as follows: (i) a group of 16 patients was treated with PITA injections and (ii) a group of 19 patients without PITA injections. RESULTS: Sixteen patients treated with PITA injections and 19 without PITA injections reached complete clinical remission within 126.6 days (SD: 41; 95% CI: 104.7-148.8) and 153.2 days (SD: 97.4; 95% CI: 106.2-200.1) (P = 0.4) respectively. The total amount of corticosteroids in patients treated with PITA and without PITA was 4894 mg (SD: 2832; 95% CI: 3385-6403) and 5312 mg (SD: 4009; 95% CI: 3380-7245) (P = 0.4) respectively. Patients treated with PITA reported a satisfaction score significantly higher than pain (P = 0.0007) and discomfort score (P = 0.0006). CONCLUSION: Perilesional/intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injections seems to represent a helpful clinical tool to successfully join CIST, in terms of shortening the time of complete clinical remission, reducing the total amount of corticosteroids and obtaining an acceptable compliance.

Analysis of thromboembolic risk related to high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment: a preliminary clinical study of 10 patients with autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment is a well-known treatment that has been used successfully in a broad spectrum of autoimmune diseases. Currently no data are available in the literature about the role of IVIg in the pathogenesis of thromboembolic events in patients with autoimmune blistering diseases refractory to conventional immunosuppressive treatment. AIM: To determine the relationship between IVIg and thromboembolism in patients with autoimmune blistering diseases and to establish a protocol to deal with the thromboembolic risk. METHODS: In our preliminary clinical study, 10 patients with autoimmune blistering diseases underwent IVIg cycles to a total of 133 cycles in all (total number of infusions in the patient group: 399), at a standard dose of 2 g/kg/infusion accompanied by an accurate and a complete clinical and laboratory screening for thromboembolism. Preventive measures, such as hydration before and after IVIg, and administration of 100 mg of acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) or 1000 IU of subcutaneous heparin calcium per day for 3 weeks, were introduced to reduce the thromboembolic risk. RESULTS: Throughout the 2 years of IVIg treatment, no patient developed a superficial and/or deep venous or arterial thrombosis, even though some of the patients had underlying thromboembolic risk factors and had tested positive for some congenital and acquired thrombophilia markers. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that thromboembolic events are uncommon, despite the presence of risk factors. However, as these disorders are very rare and the percentage of nonresponder patients is very low, further investigations are needed to better understand whether IVIg alone is able to trigger these fatal events in blistering disorders.

Oral pemphigus.

Pemphigus is a group of potentially life-threatening autoimmune diseases characterized by cutaneous and/or mucosal blistering, due to the presence circulating IgG antibodies directed against desmoglein 1 and 3 (Dsg 1 and 3). Differences in the particular distribution of these result in different clinical manifestations of the disease. The most common variant is pemphigus vulgaris (PV). There is a fairly strong genetic background to pemphigus with linkage to HLA class II alleles and ethnic groups such as Ashkenazi Jews and those of Mediterra-nean and Indian origin are especially liable. Oral lesions are commonly characterized by the presence of vesiculobullous and ulcerative lesions. Diagnosis is achieved via three different parameters: perilesional tissue biopsy, histological and immunological examinations. Serum autoantibodies to either Dsg1 or Dsg3 are best detected using both normal human skin and monkey esophagus or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The main aim of treatment is to reduce inflammatory re-sponse and autoantibody production, in order to achieve disease remission in a short time. Before the advent of corticosteroids, PV was typically fatal due to dehydration or secondary systemic infections. Current treatment is largely based on systemic immunosuppression using corticosteroids, with azathioprine or other adjuvants or alternatives. Nonetheless, newer therapies, such as intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) or anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (Rituximab), with potentially fewer adverse effects also appear promising.

Response in patients with pemphigus vulgaris to rituximab therapy. Basis of the biology of B cells.

Rituximab (RTX) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against CD20, which is present on B lymphocytes on the cell surfaces. Originally used for the treatment of B cell malignancies, recent studies show that RTX induced depletion of B cells resulted in a significant improvement on patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV). This study enrolled 88 patients treated by the lymphoma protocol. A total of 80.7% had a complete response, 11.8% had a partial response, 5.7% did not respond and 2.3% died. The infection rate was 14.7%. Seventeen percent of patients had recurrence. Only 20.4% of the patients could discontinue concomitant therapies after RTX. The remaining had a reduction in the dosages but continued it. In 11% patients during a six-month period a total of 10 infusions of RTX and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) were given. All patients had a complete response. Partial responders and non-responders were not reported. In two patients (18.2%) a recurrence, which responded to RTX and IVIg, was reported. No mortality or infections were observed. At a follow-up of 32 months post-RTX patients were still in a remission. Though the number of patients treated is limited, clinical outcomes appear to be better and lasting in the protocol using RTX and IVIg compare to RTX alone. One of the explanations for these differences in clinical outcomes may lie in the fact that the biological behavior of B cells in lymphoma patients is different from that in patients with autoimmune diseases.

Comparison of views on the need for continuing education on oral cancer between general dentists and oral medicine experts: A Delphi survey.

OBJECTIVES: The role of dental professionals in screening for oral cancer has been limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the educational priorities of oral medicine specialists, general dental practitioners, and doctors of dental surgery with regards to the diagnosis and management of oral cancers and potential malignant disorders. STUDY DESIGN: This was a longitudinal survey. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Delphi survey was directed to a panel of 25 oral medicine specialists asking them to identify the major difficulties in diagnosing and managing patients with oral cancer or suspected malignancy. In a second phase, two groups of generalists were asked to express their ratings on the issues identified by experts. RESULTS: The response rate of the experts to the survey was 84%, while only 44% of the generalists participated. Although the three groups agreed on most of the issues, there were significant differences of opinions on 10 of the items proposed by specialists (P < 0.05 from the Kruskal-Wallis test), which were observed mainly between experts and general dental practitioners (P < 0.017 from the Mann-Whitney U test). The opinion of the participants about future investments in the field of education resulted in similar results (P > 0.05 from the Chi-square test), with the specialists ranking highest on mandatory annual thematic courses, while the generalists prioritizing more interactive and extensive pre-graduation courses on oral cancer detection. CONCLUSION: This study confirms a clear need to improve the educational foundation on oral cancer by a didactic process starting with pre-graduation courses that should involve National Health Care Services, National Dental Associations, and academia.