Respiratory distress in a neonate: Inflation of a third branchial anomaly with positive airway pressure.

Positive airway pressure from noninvasive ventilation is an essential tool for many pediatric patients with respiratory distress. We present a case of an unknown third branchial anomaly that was diagnosed following inflation with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), which exacerbated the infant's respiratory distress.

Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children with cerebral palsy: Risks and benefits.

OBJECTIVES: To determine outcomes following adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the impact of motor and swallowing impairment on respiratory complications in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP). METHODS: A retrospective review of children with CP and sleep disordered breathing (SDB) who underwent adenotonsillectomy (2003-2021) was performed. Children with CP were age-matched to children without CP. Motor and swallowing function was assessed using the Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS) and the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS). The primary outcome was postoperative obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI). Secondary outcomes were cure rate, complications, and need for additional interventions. RESULTS: Ninety-seven children with CP were assessed for SDB, and 74 underwent polysomnography. Moderate or severe OSA was found in 49% (36/74). Adenotonsillectomy was performed in 30% (29/97). All children who underwent adenotonsillectomy experienced an initial reduction in OAHI (31.7/h to 2.9/h, p < 0.0001). Children with CP were less likely to achieve an OAHI<1 compared with children without CP (62.5% vs 81.8%, p = 0.23). Children with CP had more postoperative complications (43.5% vs. 8.7%) and greater odds of respiratory complications compared with children without CP (OR 8.9 95% CI 2.1-37.9). Children with CP and a GMFCS score of 5 and EDACS score between 3 and 5 had more respiratory complications post-adenotonsillectomy compared to those with GMFCS<5 (p = 0.002) and EDACS<3 (p = 0.031). CONCLUSION: Children with CP had an improved OAHI initially following adenotonsillectomy but had higher rates of post-adenotonsillectomy complications. Respiratory complications after adenotonsillectomy were more common in children with motor and swallowing impairment. Findings may provide better preoperative planning for caregivers.