Light-Driven Electron Uptake from Nonfermentative Organic Matter to Expedite Nitrogen Dissimilation by Chemolithotrophic Anammox Consortia.

Nonphotosynthetic microorganisms are typically unable to directly utilize light energy, but light might change the metabolic pathway of these bacteria indirectly by forming intermediates such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). This work investigated the role of light on nitrogen conversion by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) consortia. The results showed that high intensity light (>20000 lx) caused ca. 50% inhibition of anammox activity, and total ROS reached 167% at 60,000 lx. Surprisingly, 200 lx light was found to induce unexpected promotion of the nitrogen conversion rate, and ultraviolet light (<420 nm) was identified as the main contributor. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses revealed that the gene encoding cytochrome c peroxidase was highly expressed only under 200 lx light. 15N isotope tracing, gene abundance quantification, and external H2O2 addition experiments showed that photoinduced trace H2O2 triggered cytochrome c peroxidase expression to take up electrons from extracellular nonfermentative organics to synthesize NADH and ATP, thereby expediting nitrogen dissimulation of anammox consortia. External supplying reduced humic acid into a low-intensity light exposure system would result in a maximal 1.7-fold increase in the nitrogen conversion rate. These interesting findings may provide insight into the niche differentiation and widespread nature of anammox bacteria in natural ecotopes.

Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Subtropical Marine Food Web: Suspect Screening, Isomer Profile, and Identification of Analytical Interference.

The ban/elimination of legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has led to a dramatic increase in the production and use of various emerging PFASs over the past decade. However, trophodynamics of many emerging PFASs in aquatic food webs remain poorly understood. In this study, samples of seawaters and marine organisms including 15 fish species, 21 crustacean species, and two cetacean species were collected from the northern South China Sea (SCS) to investigate the trophic biomagnification potential of legacy and emerging PFASs. Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide was found in seawater via suspect screening (concentration up to 1.50 ng/L) but not in the biota, indicating its negligible bioaccumulation potential. A chlorinated perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) analytical interfering compound was identified with a predicted formula of C14H23O5SCl6- (most abundant at m/z = 514.9373). Significant trophic magnification was observed for 22 PFASs, and the trophic magnification factors of cis- and trans-perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate isomers (1.92 and 2.25, respectively) were reported for the first time. Perfluorohexanoic acid was trophic-magnified, possibly attributed to the PFAS precursor degradation. The hazard index of PFOS was close to 1, implying a potential human health risk via dietary exposure to PFASs in seafood on the premise of continuous PFAS discharge to the SCS.

The mechanism underlying the remodeling effect of lactoferrin on midpalatal sutures during maxillary expansion and relapse in rats.

INTRODUCTION: The remodeling effects of intragastric administration and intramaxillary injection of lactoferrin (LF) on midpalatal sutures (MPS) during maxillary expansion and relapse in rats were studied to explore the underlying bone remodeling mechanism. METHODS: Using a rat model of maxillary expansion and relapse, rats were treated with LF by intragastric administration (1 g·kg-1·d-1) or intramaxillary injection (5 mg·25 µl-1·d-1). The effects of LF on the osteogenic and osteoclast activities of MPS were observed by microcomputed tomography, histologic staining, and immunohistochemical staining, and the expressions of key factors in the extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway and osteoprotegerin (OPG)-receptor activator of nuclear factor-KB ligand (RANKL)-receptor activator of nuclear factor-KB (RANK) axis were detected. RESULTS: Compared with the group with maxillary expansion alone, osteogenic activity was relatively enhanced, whereas osteoclast activity was relatively weakened in the groups administered LF, and the phosphorylated-ERK1/2: ERK1/2 and OPG: RANKL expression ratios increased significantly. The difference was more significant in the group administered LF intramaxillary. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of LF promoted osteogenic activity at MPS and inhibited osteoclast activity during maxillary expansion and relapse in rats, which may have occurred through regulation of the ERK1/2 pathway and the OPG-RANKL-RANK axis. The efficiency of intramaxillary LF injection was greater than that of intragastric LF administration.

Optimization of fermentation conditions for fermented green jujube wine and its quality analysis during winemaking.

The objective was to study the optimization of fermentation conditions for fermented green jujube wine and quality analysis. This study investigated the fermentation process conditions, the changes in physicochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity and volatile compounds measured from green jujube wine during winemaking. The optimized conditions (the initial sugar, yeast addition, fermentation time and SO2 treatments) for green jujube wine were 24%, 0.3%, 8 d, 80 mg/L, respectively. The results showed that the variation trend of different substances in green jujube wine in different fermentation periods were different. In the process of alcohol fermentation, the green jujube wine had a high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability, 2,2'-amino-di (2-ethyl-benzothiazoline sulphonic acid-6) ammonium salt (ABTS) free radical scavenging ability and reducing power. Furthermore, a total of 50 volatile compounds were identified in green jujube wine, in which the relative content of aldehydes, ketones, heterocyclic and aromatic compounds were significantly reduced after fermentation.

Molecular Insight into the Binding Property and Mechanism of Sulfamethoxazole to Extracellular Proteins of Anammox Sludge.

Antibiotics are widely found in nitrogen-containing wastewater, which may affect the operation stability of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox)-based biological treatment systems. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) of anammox sludge play a pivotal role in combining with antibiotics; however, the exact role and how the structure of the leading component of EPSs (i.e., extracellular proteins) changes under antibiotic stress remain to be elucidated. Here, the interaction between sulfamethoxazole and the extracellular proteins of anammox sludge was investigated via multiple spectra and molecular simulation. Results showed that sulfamethoxazole statically quenched the fluorescent components of EPSs, and the quenching constant of the aromatic proteins was the largest, with a value of 1.73 × 104 M-1. The overall binding was an enthalpy-driven process, with ΔH = -75.15 kJ mol-1, ΔS = -0.175 kJ mol-1 K-1, and ΔG = -21.10 kJ mol-1 at 35 °C. The O-P-O and C═O groups responded first under the disturbance of sulfamethoxazole. Excessive sulfamethoxazole (20 mg L-1) would decrease the ratio of α-helix/(ß-sheet + random coil) of extracellular proteins, resulting in a loose structure. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation revealed that extracellular proteins would provide abundant sites to bind with sulfamethoxazole, through hydrogen bond and Pi-Akyl hydrophobic interaction forces. Once sulfamethoxazole penetrates into the cell surface and combines with the transmembrane ammonium transport domain, it may inhibit the NH4+ transport. Our findings enhance the understanding on the interaction of extracellular proteins and sulfamethoxazole, which may be valuable for deciphering the response property of anammox sludge under the antibiotic stress.

Efficacy of scopolamine plus propofol in the treatment of recalcitrant psoriasis: A pilot study.

Accumulating evidence suggests that botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), which inhibit acetylcholine release, can be used for treating plaque psoriasis. The therapeutic effects of scopolamine occur through antagonism of central muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Thus, scopolamine has potential for the treatment of psoriasis. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of scopolamine plus propofol for the treatment of recalcitrant psoriasis. Twelve patients with recalcitrant psoriasis were enrolled. Patients received intravenous injection of scopolamine plus propofol for 5 consecutive days per month for a total of 3 months. Clinical efficacy was evaluated using a Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score. Efficacy outcome was ≥75% reduction in PASI score (PASI75) from baseline. Two patients were lost to follow-up. At week 8, two of 10 patients (20%) achieved PASI75, and at week 12, seven of 10 (70%) achieved PASI75. Treatment was well tolerated, with no reported adverse events. Our study revealed the efficacy and safety of scopolamine plus propofol for the treatment of recalcitrant psoriasis. Scopolamine plus propofol therapy may be a new treatment for recalcitrant psoriasis.

Anammox Granules Acclimatized to Mainstream Conditions Can Achieve a Volumetric Nitrogen Removal Rate Comparable to Sidestream Systems.

The implementation of mainstream anammox has gained increasing attention. In this study, the feasibility of using sidestream anammox granules to start up mainstream reactors was investigated by comparing two switching strategies. A maximum nitrogen removal potential of 3.6 ± 0.2 kg N m-3 d-1 was obtained for the reactor after direct switching to mainstream conditions (70 mg TN L-1, 15 °C). Nevertheless, the reactor preacclimatized to 25 °C (Ma) exhibited a higher nitrogen removal potential of 7.0 ± 0.3 kg N m-3 d-1 at 15 °C, which is the highest volumetric nitrogen removal rate of mainstream anammox reactors to date. Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis was identified as the dominant anammox bacterium, and its relative abundance in two reactors remained stable throughout the whole operation (200 days). Moreover, with the aid of acclimatization, the activation energy was reduced and the specific growth rate became higher. These results indicated that the physiological evolution of the dominant anammox bacterium instead of interspecies selection was the main reason for the high potential during the switch to mainstream conditions. Therefore, using sidestream anammox granules as seed sludge to start up mainstream reactors was demonstrated to be feasible, and a switching strategy of acclimatization at 25 °C was recommended.

Graphene oxide enters the rice roots and disturbs the endophytic bacterial communities.

The environmental release of graphene oxide (GO) will certainly induce the GO exposure to plants. To date, the influence of GO on the intracellular structures and the endophytic bacterial ecology of plants have been rarely reported. In the present study, the rice seedlings were exposed to GO (5 mg/L) under hydroponic condition for fifteen days with periodic stir. The cellular structures damage, GO deposition and oxidative stress were found in rice root after GO exposure. A Illumina analysis based on the bacterial 16 S rRNA gene showed that the richness, evenness and diversity of endophytic bacterial communities of rice root decreased due to GO exposure. The relative abundance of beneficial endophytic bacterial populations decreased after GO exposure. Out of potential phenotypes predicted by BugBase, the relative abundance of Gram negative, stress-tolerant and biofilm-forming phenotypes, presented an increase trend after GO exposure.

Isolation of Novel ACE-Inhibitory and Antioxidant Peptides from Quinoa Bran Albumin Assisted with an In Silico Approach: Characterization, In Vivo Antihypertension, and Molecular Docking.

Albumin is the major fraction of quinoa protein that is characterized as having high nutritional value. However, until now, scant information is available on the bioactivity of quinoa albumin or its hydrolysates. To promote its usage, we extracted albumin in this study from quinoa bran assisted with cellulase and hemicellulose, and hydrolyzed it by alcalase and trypsin to produce bioactive peptides. The hydrolysates (QBAH) were purified by gel filtration and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), followed by identification using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Furthermore, based on in silico analysis, one angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory and antioxidant peptide, RGQVIYVL (946.6 Da), and two antioxidant peptides, ASPKPSSA (743.8 Da), and QFLLAGR (803.5 Da), from QBAH were synthesized. RGQVIYVL showed a high ACE-inhibitory activity (IC50 = 38.16 µM) with competitive mode of inhibition, and showed significant antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats at a concentration of 100-150 mg/kg body weight (bw). Molecular docking simulation showed that it could interact with the active ACE site via hydrogen bonds with high binding power. Moreover, RGQVIYVL, ASPKPSSA, and QFLLAGR all demonstrated high ·OH scavenging activity (IC50 = 61.69-117.46 µM), ABTS+ scavenging activity (58.29-74.28%) and Fe2+ chelating ability (32.54-82.48% at 0.5 mg/mL). They could also retain activity after gastrointestinal enzyme digestion. These results indicate that quinoa albumin is a potential source of bioactive peptides possessing antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities.

Two HSP90 genes in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi: identification, characterization and their specific expression profiles during embryogenesis and under stresses.

HSP90 plays important roles in multiple cellular stress responses. Here, two cytoplasmic HSP90 isoforms, ScHSP90α and ScHSP90ß, were identified from Siniperca chuatsi. Their cDNA and gDNA structures, amino acid sequence features, and sequence identities and phylogenetic analysis with other species were described. Their expression profiles during embryonic development in different tissues and under stressful conditions were analyzed using real-time quantitative PCR. During embryogenesis, transcripts of both genes were detected at low levels during the early developmental stages and were up-regulated from appearance of myomere for ScHSP90a and closure of blastopore for ScHSP90ß. ScHSP90α showed a tissue-specific variation with high expression in ovary and brain under non-stressed conditions, while ScHSP90ß was ubiquitously highly expressed in different tissues. Acute heat shock resulted in a strong up-regulation of ScHSP90α in heart, liver, and head kidney, while it only weakly induced ScHSP90ß in these tissues. ScHSP90α was also markedly induced in liver in a time-dependent manner under hypoxia, while the expression of ScHSP90ß was not affected by hypoxia. Additionally, Aeromonas hydrophila infection markedly augmented ScHSP90α in head kidney and spleen and mildly up-regulated ScHSP90ß in spleen, while suppressing ScHSP90ß in head kidney. These results suggest that ScHSP90α and ScHSP90ß are differently involved in embryogenesis and under different environmental conditions including high temperature, hypoxia, and bacterial infection. This study will benefit to further clarify the roles of fish HSP90 isoforms in embryogenesis and under stressful conditions and contribute to further study on enhancing stress tolerance and disease resistance of mandarin fish.

Anti-Caries Effect of Arginine-Containing Formulations in vivo: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the anti-caries effect of arginine-containing formulations in vivo on caries lesions compared with fluorides or placebo. METHODS: Randomized or quasi-randomized human clinical trials wherein arginine was delivered by any method were considered. The MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CBM databases were searched to identify relevant articles published up to December 2014. Grey literature was also searched. Two authors performed data extraction independently and in duplicate using data collection forms. Each included study was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. RESULTS: Of the 470 studies screened, 31 full articles were scrutinized and assessed for eligibility. Ten studies (n = 15,546 participants) were selected for final inclusion. The meta-analysis results (n = 7 studies) demonstrated a synergistic effect of arginine when used in conjunction with fluoride on early coronal and root caries compared with placebo or fluoride alone. No specific side effects related to arginine usage were identified. CONCLUSIONS: When used in combination with a calcium compound and fluoride, arginine potentially provides a superior anti-caries effect compared with matched formulations of fluoride alone. However, the level of evidence was downgraded because of risks of bias and potential publication bias. In the future, more high quality, non-industry-supported clinical studies in this research area are required before any definitive recommendations can be made.

The roles of typical emerging pollutants on N2O emissions during biological nitrogen removal from wastewater.

N2O as a potent greenhouse gas often generates in the biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes during wastewater treatment, which makes BNR become an important greenhouse gas emission source. The emerging pollutants (EPs) are ubiquitous in wastewater and they have shown to influence the BNR processes. However, the deep discussion on potential impacts of EPs on N2O emissions during BNR is rare. Moreover, the experimental parameters for EPs investigation in most of literatures are generally not in line with real-world BNR processes, which calls for deep elucidating the roles of EPs on N2O production and emission. In this work, a critical review summarizes the existing literature about influences of typical EPs on N2O emissions and associated mechanisms during BNR, and it discusses the impacts of some easily overlooked factors, such as real EPs environmental concentrations, EPs bioaccumulation, and multiple EPs coexistence on N2O emissions. This review will provide an insight into exploring and mitigating threats posed by typical EPs on N2O emissions.

Efficacy and safety of epidural block with lidocaine for refractory severe plaque psoriasis: An open-label pilot study in real world setting.

Epidural block using lidocaine, a non-selective blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav), has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of severe plaque psoriasis in a limited number of cases. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of epidural lidocaine block in adult patients with severe, treatment-resistant plaque psoriasis. This was an open-label pilot study. Patients with severe plaque-type psoriasis unresponsive to at least one systemic treatment were enrolled for a 1-week epidural lidocaine block and followed up for 48 weeks. Thirty-six patients participated, with 32 completing the study. At the 12-week mark, there was a remarkable 59% improvement in the mean Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score (P < 0.001). By week 48, 28 out of 32 patients (87%) achieved PASI 75, while 18 out of 32 (56%) reached PASI 90. Within 7 days, 20 out of 21 patients (95%) reported a reduction in itch, with a mean itch reduction of 82% at day 1 and 94% at day 7. Notably, no severe side effects were observed. Epidural lidocaine block proved to be an effective and safe long-term treatment option for individuals with refractory severe plaque psoriasis.

Quorum sensing mediated response mechanism of anammox consortia to anionic surfactant: Molecular simulation and molecular evidence.

The widespread use of surfactants raise challenges to biological wastewater treatment. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process has the potential to treat wastewater containing anionic surfactants, but the response of anammox consortia at the molecular level under long-term exposure is unclear. Using high-throughput sequencing and gene quantification, combined with molecular docking, the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) on anammox consortia were investigated. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) might be lower than the threshold of oxidative damage, while the increase of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) represented the cell membrane damage. Decreased abundance of functional genes (hdh, hzsA and nirS) indicated the decrease of the anammox bacterial abundance. Trace amounts of N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL, C6-HSL, C8-HSL and C12-HSL) contained in influent could induce endogenous quorum sensing (QS), which could regulate the correlation between functional bacteria to optimize the microbial community and strengthen the resistance of anammox consortia to SDS. In addition, the proliferation of disinfectant resistance genes might increase the environmental pathogenicity of sewage discharge. This work highlights the potential response mechanism of anammox consortium to surfactants and provides a universal microbial-friendly bioenhancement strategy based on QS.

Three-dimensional analysis of hard and soft tissue changes in skeletal class II patients with high mandibular plane angle undergoing surgery.

This study aimed to study 3-dimensional (3D) changes of hard and soft tissues of skeletal class II patients after 2-jaw surgery and genioplasty. 32 adult patients diagnosed with mandibular hypoplasia who underwent 2-jaw surgery of maxillary impaction, mandibular advancement and genioplasty were enrolled. Cone-beam computed tomography and 3D stereophotogrammetry was conducted 1 week before and 6 months after surgery. Dolphin imaging software was used to establish a 3D digitizing model and 3D measurement system. Paired t-test was performed to compare the values before and after surgery. Pearson's correlation test assessed the degree of correlations between hard and soft tissue change. The mean impaction of the maxilla was 2.600 ± 3.088 mm at A. The mean advancement of the mandible was 7.806 ± 2.647 mm at B. There was a significant upward and forward movement for most landmarks of the nose and lip, while a significant decrease in nasal tip height (lateral view), upper lip height, and upper and lower vermilion height. The nose's width was significantly increased. For maxillary, Sn, Ac-r, Ac-l, and Ls demonstrated a significant correlation with A and U1 in the anteroposterior axis. However, there were no significant correlations among them in the vertical axis. For mandibular, Li demonstrated a significant correlation with L1 in the anteroposterior axis specifically for the mandible. Notably, correlations between the landmarks of the chin's hard and soft tissues were observed across all axes. The utilization of 3-D analysis facilitated a quantitative comprehension of both hard and soft tissues, thereby furnishing valuable insights for the strategic formulation of orthognathic treatment plans targeting patients with skeletal class II conditions.

Co-utilization of wastewater sludge and heavy metals for single-atom electrocatalytic reduction of gaseous CO2.

Synergetic management of waste activated sludge, heavy metals (HMs) and CO2 for their valorization and cyclic utilization is rarely reported. Herein, we employed sludge-derived extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and HMs in wastewater to fabricate a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for electrochemical CO2 reduction. This approach atomically dispersed Ni at each nanofiber of the GDE. Abundant N element in the EPS proved to play a key role in the formation of Nx-Ni (mixture of N3-Ni and N4-Ni) sites for highly efficient CO2 to CO conversion. The atomical Ni3+ shows high catalytic activity. Direct gaseous CO2 reduction in a membrane electrode assembly generated a current density up to 50 mA·cm-2 with CO:H2 ratio of ∼100 and ∼75% FECO under 2.69 cell voltage. This strategy takes advantage of all waste streams generated on site and consolidates traditionally separated treatment processes to save costs, produces value-added products and generates carbon benefits during wastewater treatment.

Characteristics of demersal fish community structure during summer hypoxia in the Pearl River Estuary, China.

In recent decades, hypoxic areas have rapidly expanded worldwide in estuaries and coastal zones. The Pearl River Estuary (PRE), one of China's largest estuaries, experiences frequent seasonal hypoxia due to intense human activities and eutrophication. However, the ecological effects of hypoxia in the PRE, particularly on fish communities, remain unclear. To explore these effects, we collected fish community and environmental data in July 2021 during the summer hypoxia development period. The results revealed that bottom-layer dissolved oxygen (DO) in the PRE ranged from 0.08 to 5.71 mg/L, with extensive hypoxic zones (DO ≤ 2 mg/L) observed. Hypoxia has varied effects on fish community composition, distribution, species, and functional diversity in the PRE. A total of 104 fish species were collected in this study, with approximately 30 species (28.6%) exclusively found in hypoxic areas. Species responses to hypoxia varied: species such as Sardinella zunasi, Coilia mystus, and Nuchequula nuchalis were sensitive, while Decapterus maruadsi, Siganus fuscescens, and Lagocephalus spadiceus showed higher tolerance. Within the hypoxia area, dissolved oxygen was the main limiting factor for fish community diversity. Functional diversity (FDiv) decreased with higher dissolved oxygen levels, indicating a potential shift in the functional traits and ecological roles of fish species in response to changing oxygen conditions. Further analysis demonstrated that dissolved oxygen had a significantly stronger effect on fish community structure at hypoxic sites than in the whole PRE. Moreover, other environmental variables also had significant effects on the fish community structure and interacted with dissolved oxygen in the hypoxia area. These findings suggest that maintaining sufficient dissolved oxygen levels is essential for sustaining fish communities and ecosystem health in the PRE. This study provides novel insights into the effects of hypoxia on fish communities in estuarine ecosystems and has significant implications for the ecological health and management of the PRE.

Effect of parathyroid hormone on experimental tooth movement in rats.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of parathyroid hormone injection on experimental tooth movement in rats. METHODS: Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. Their maxillary right first molars were moved mesially with nickel-titanium closed-coil springs. The experimental group received daily subcutaneous injections of parathyroid hormone at a dose of 4 µg per 100 g of body weight for 12 days, and the control group received vehicle injections. The results were evaluated by intraoral measurements and by hematoxylin and eosin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS: The tooth movement and osteoclast numbers were significantly increased in the parathyroid hormone group compared with the control group. The expressions of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and insulin-like growth factor-I were significantly stimulated in the parathyroid hormone group. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that short-term parathyroid hormone injection might be a potential method for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement by increasing the alveolar bone turnover rate.

1-(3-Chloro-phen-yl)-5-(2,4-di-hydroxy-benzo-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one.

The chloro-phenyl group of the title compound, C18H12ClNO4, is disordered over two orientations with occupancies of 0.331 (8) and 0.669 (8). An intra-molecular hydrogen bond is formed between a hy-droxy group and the acyclic carbonyl group. In the crystal, molecules are linked into chains along [110] by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a ladder motif.

Optimization of the Process for Green Jujube Vinegar and Organic Acid and Volatile Compound Analysis during Brewing.

Healthy fruit vinegar has become very popular recently in China. This study aimed to produce fruit vinegar with a good taste, high nutritional value, and strong functional properties from green jujube. This study investigated the optimization of the process for green jujube vinegar using response surface methodology. The optimum fermentation parameters for green jujube vinegar were determined as follows: initial alcoholicity 6%, acetobacter 8%, fermentation temperature 32 °C, and time 7 d. The organic acids of the optimized sample were evaluated by HPLC, and the volatile substances were identified and analyzed by HS-SPME and GC-MS during the fermentation and aging of the green jujube vinegar. The results showed that the variation trends of the different organic acids during the making of the green jujube vinegar were significantly different. Organic acids are the key flavor compounds of green jujube vinegar, and their changes were mainly attributed to microbial metabolism. In particular, the green jujube vinegar stood out in terms of volatile aroma compounds, including a total of 61 volatile compounds whose major components were acetic acid, isoamyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, methyl palmitate, and ethanol. The results can provide theoretical support for the production of green jujube vinegar.