Exploring the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cell in rheumatoid arthritis: Insights into subsets, markers, and signaling pathways.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease characterized by an imbalance between immunological reactivity and immune tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), which play a crucial role in controlling ongoing autoimmunity and maintaining peripheral tolerance, have shown great potential for the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as RA. This review aims to provide an updated summary of the latest insights into Treg-targeting techniques in RA. We focus on current therapeutic strategies for targeting Tregs based on discussing their subsets, surface markers, suppressive function, and signaling pathways in RA.

[Present state of studies on anatomical anomalies in cryptorchidism].

Cryptorchidism is a clinically common congenital deformity of the genital organ, the etiological factors of which are still not clarified up to now. Undescended testis is frequently accompanied with the anomalies of the spermatic cord, gubernaculum testis, processus vaginalis, and epididymis. Because these anatomical anomalies act as terminal factors or the ending in the links of the cause of cryptorchidism, it is of important directive significance for the clinical treatment of the problem to seek evidence of anatomical anomalies at orchiopexy to demonstrate the etiological factors of cryptorchidism.