The role of regulatory T cells in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury.

The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) is on the rise and is associated with high mortality; however, there are currently few effective treatments. Moreover, the relationship between Tregs and other components of the immune microenvironment (IME) in the pathogenesis of AKI remains unclear. We downloaded four publicly accessible AKI datasets, GSE61739, GSE67401, GSE19130, GSE81741, GSE19288 and GSE106993 from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Additionally, we gathered two kidney single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) samples from the Department of Organ Transplantation at Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University to investigate chronic kidney transplant rejection (CKTR). Moreover, we also collected three samples of normal kidney tissue from GSE131685. By analysing the differences in immune cells between the AKI and Non-AKI groups, we discovered that the Non-AKI group contained a significantly greater number of Tregs than the AKI group. Additionally, the activation of signalling pathways, such as inflammatory molecules secretion, immune response, glycolytic metabolism, NOTCH, FGF, NF-κB and TLR4, was significantly greater in the AKI group than in the Non-AKI group. Additionally, analysis of single-cell sequencing data revealed that Tregs in patients with chronic kidney rejection and in normal kidney tissue have distinct biology, including immune activation, cytokine production, and activation fractions of signalling pathways such as NOTCH and TLR4. In this study, we found significant differences in the IME between AKI and Non-AKI, including differences in Tregs cells and activation levels of biologically significant signalling pathways. Tregs were associated with lower activity of signalling pathways such as inflammatory response, inflammatory molecule secretion, immune activation, glycolysis.

Synthesis and nonlinear optical properties of polyurethane composites containing a pyrene derivative.

The pyrene derivative (PD) was synthesized with pyrene-1-carboxaldehyde and p-aminoazobenzene by a Schiff base reaction. Then the obtained PD was dispersed in polyurethane (PU) prepolymer to prepare polyurethane/pyrene derivative PU/PD materials with good transmittance. The nonlinear optical (NLO) performances of the PD and PU/PD materials were studied by the Z-scan technique under picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses. The PD has reverse saturable absorption (RSA) properties under the excitation of 532 nm 15 ps pulses, 650 and 800 nm 180 fs pulses, and a low optical limiting (OL) threshold (0.01J/c m 2). The PU/PD has a larger RSA coefficient than that of the PD under 532 nm 15 ps pulses. With the enhanced RSA, the PU/PD materials exhibit excellent OL (OL) performance. Good NLO properties, high transparency, and easy processing performances make the PU/PD an excellent choice for use in OL and laser protection fields.

LncRNA-ANAPC2 and lncRNA-NEFM positively regulates the inflammatory response via the miR-451/npr2/ hdac8 axis in grass carp.

In grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), septicemia is a systemic inflammatory response to bacterial infection and could be leaded to lethality. MiR-451 involved in septicemia progression has been reported. However, the underlying mechanism of miR-451 in septicemia induced inflammatory response remains to be revealed. In the present study, miR-451 was highly expressed in Aeromonas hydrophila induced CIK cells, opposite to lncRNA-ANAPC2 and lncRNA-NEFM expression. Furthermore, we found that miR-451 interacted with lncRNA-ANAPC2 and lncRNA-NEFM, also targeted the 3' UTR of npr2 and hdac8. In CIK cells, the inhibition of npr2 and hdac8 were down-regulated by lncRNA-ANAPC2 and lncRNA-NEFM knockdown, while downstream proinflammatory factors were inhibited. In a word, this study indicates that lncRNA-ANAPC2 and lncRNA-NEFM regulation the LPS-induced progression of inflammatory response by modulating miR-451/npr2/hdac8 axis.

A light-heat synergism in the sub-bandgap photocatalytic response of pristine TiO2: a study of in situ diffusion reflectance and conductance.

Pristine TiO2 materials are mainly used as photocatalysts under super-bandgap light illumination. The sub-bandgap (SBG) photocatalytic response has seldom been investigated and the mechanism of action remains unclear. In the current research, we firstly study the SBG light electronic transition of pristine P25 TiO2 by means of in situ diffusion reflectance and (photo)conductance measurements under finely controllable conditions. It is revealed that the SBG light can promote valence band (VB) electrons to the exponentially-distributed gap states of the TiO2, which can then be thermally activated to the CB states. A hole in the VB and an electron in the CB can be generated by the synergism of a SBG photon and heat. It is also seen that the photoinduced electrons can transfer to O2 through the CB states, and that the holes can be captured by isopropanol molecules. As a result, isopropanol dehydrogenation can occur over pristine TiO2 under SBG light illumination. It is seen that the photocatalytic activity increases with temperature and the energy of the SBG photons, in agreement with the light-heat synergistic electric transition via the exponential gap states. The present research reveals a mechanism for the SBG light photocatalytic response of pristine TiO2 materials, which is important in designing highly-active visible light active photocatalysts.

Kinetics and energetic analysis of the slow dispersive electron transfer from nano-TiO2 to O2 by in situ diffusion reflectance and Laplace transform.

Electron transfer to O2 is a universally existing process for the physiochemistry of many materials. Electron transfer to O2 is also an inevitable process for photocatalytic reactions over TiO2 and other materials. In the present research, a diffusion reflectance system was developed to measure in situ optical diffusion reflectances caused by photoinduced electrons in nano-TiO2 under a steady light illumination; in situ absorption decays can be obtained to study the electron transfer from their trapped states to O2. It is seen that the kinetics of electron transfer to O2 is persistent and dispersive; this lasts for several minutes and approximately agrees with a stretched exponential kinetics. The result implies that variable apparent energy barriers (Eis) are involved in the electron transfer. The effects of O2 amount, light intensity, and temperature are studied and the results mean the trap-filling effect should be involved in the electron transfer to O2. A Laplace transform is used to derive the Ei distributions. It is found that the Ei dispersion shape almost does not change; this indicates that the physical reason causing the Ei dispersion is the same for different experimental conditions and possibly comes from the trap-filling effect. It is shown that the slow kinetics of the electron transfer is also dependent on the slow rate for an electron transferring from a trap to O2, in additional to the trapping-filling effect. The results indicate that the photocatalytic activity can be increased through a modulation in trap distribution.

Characterization of DOC and CDOM and their relationship in turbid waters of a high-altitude area on the western Loess Plateau, China.

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in rivers and reservoirs on the western Loess Plateau, which is an area of severe soil erosion, were investigated in September 2017 to analyze the CDOM characteristics and composition, DOC distribution and influence of environmental factors on these parameters. Great differences of water parameters were exhibited between different groups based on the analysis of variance (p < 0.01). The results indicated that rivers exhibited higher DOC concentrations (mean: 3.70 mg/L) than reservoir waters (mean: 2.04 mg/L). Artificial and agricultural lands exert a large influence on DOC concentrations, which verifies the hypothesis that intense anthropogenic activity results in high DOC concentrations. The CDOM absorption at 350 nm [aCDOM(350)] of tributary water samples was 2.73 m-1, which was higher than that in the Yellow River (1.71 m-1) and reservoir waters (1.33 m-1). The effects of DOC, TC and turbulence (Tur) on CDOM are positive and significant (p < 0.05) according to the multiple linear regressions. An analysis of the optical characteristics of CDOM indicated that waters on the Loess Plateau contained abundant humic acid and higher levels of allochthonous DOM with a higher molecular weight (MW) based on the spectral slopes (S) and specific UV absorbance (SUVA254) values.

Bone mesenchymal stem cells pretreated with erythropoietin enhance the effect to ameliorate cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

An increasing number of experiments and clinical trials have demonstrated the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based therapies for the treatment of various diseases. The main drawbacks of MSC therapy are the lack of specific homing after systemic infusion and early death of injected cells because of the injury micro-environment. We pretreated bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with erythropoietin (EPO) to investigate their positive effect on cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity. BMSCs were incubated with different concentrations of EPO (10, 100, 500, and 1000 IU/mL) for 24 and 48 h, and their proliferation rate, cytoskeletal morphology, migration ability, and the expression of CXCR4 were evaluated to determine the optimal pretreatment conditions. To investigate the therapeutic effects of BMSCs pretreated with EPO in CsA-induced nephrotoxicity, we established CsA-induced in vitro and in vivo toxicity models. In our in vitro study, preconditioning of BMSCs with 500 IU/mL EPO for 48 h induced a marked increase in their proliferation rate, cytoskeletal rearrangement, migration in the scrape-healing assay, and migration toward injured HK2 cells. In vivo, EPO-BMSCs showed higher ability to improve renal function than BMSCs, and in CsA-induced rats treated with EPO-BMSCs, interstitial lymphocyte infiltration, tubular swelling, necrosis, and interstitial fibrosis decreased. We demonstrated that pretreatment with 500 IU/mL EPO before infusion markedly increased the homing ability of BMSCs, and obviously ameliorate CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Corneal thickness, residual stromal thickness, and its effect on opaque bubble layer in small-incision lenticule extraction.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of the central corneal thickness (CCT) and residual stromal thickness (RST) on the formation of opaque bubble layer (OBL) during small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). METHODS: A total of 345 eyes from Refractive Surgery Center database at Tianjin Eye Hospital that had been subjected to SMILE surgery and followed for 6 months were included in this study and divided into OBL and OBL-free groups. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data for all eyes were evaluated and analyzed using multivariate regression analysis. After adjustment for several confounding factors, potential associations of CCT and RST with OBL were elucidated by determining odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: In total, 22 of the 345 eyes developed various degrees of OBL during the femtosecond laser scanning phase of SMILE surgery. After adjustment for age, sex, and refractive errors, significant relationships were detected between CCT and RST and OBL formation (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02-1.06; OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.02-1.05, respectively, P < 0.001). Smooth curve fitting revealed an increased risk of OBL in the presence of an increased CCT or RST. However, visual outcomes were comparable between the two groups at both 3 and 6 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that OBL formation during SMILE surgery is more likely in eyes with a thicker cornea. CCT and RST can be considered independent risk factors for OBL formation. Although this phenomenon may disturb the surgical procedure, it is unlikely to affect the postoperative visual outcome.

[Analysis of intraocular pressure measurement and the influencing factors after small incision lenticule extraction].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the accuracy of intraocular pressure (IOP) values measured after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), analyze the corneal biomechanical influencing factors of IOP measurement before and after SMILE, and regress the equation of IOP variation for estimating actual IOP. METHODS: In this clinical controlled study, 116 eyes (60 patients) with myopia and myopic astigmatism undergoing SMILE surgery were included. The ocular response analyzer, noncontact tonometer (NCT), and Pentacam system were used to measure the IOP preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively, acquiring IOPg, IOPcc, NCT, Ehlers, Shah, Dresden, Orssengo, and Kohlhaas. The eight IOPs before and after surgery were analyzed with the paired t-testing. The Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to evaluate the relationship between preoperative and postoperative IOPs and influencing factors. The regression analysis of IOP variation ΔNCT and influencing factors was performed with the multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The Shah program in Pentacam showed no difference between preoperative and postoperative IOP values (t=-0.08, P=0.940). There was significant difference in the other IOPs before and after SMILE (P<0.001). The preoperative IOPg, IOPcc, and NCT were correlated with the preoperative CRF (r=0.674, 0.248, 0.710,P<0.01). The preoperative IOPg, NCT, Ehlers, and Shah were correlated with the preoperative CCT (r=0.260, 0.259, -0.418, -0.245,P<0.01). A moderately positive correlation was shown between the preoperative and postoperative IOPs (r≥0.5,P=0.000). The postoperative IOPg, Ehlers, Shah, and Dresden were correlated with the postoperative CCT (P<0.05). The postoperative IOPg, NCT, Orssengo/Pye, and Kohlhaas were correlated with the postoperative CRF (r=0.707, 0.549, 0.276, 0.346,P<0.01). The postoperative IOPg, IOPcc, NCT, Ehlers, and Shah were correlated with the postoperative CH (r=0.296, -0.366, 0.270,-0.349,-0.197,P<0.05). The regression equation of IOP variation ΔNCT and influencing factors was ΔNCT=-4.618+ 0.389NCTpre-0.431SC (SC was the algebraic sum of sphere and cylinder,R(2)=0.366, P=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of IOP values after SMILE should not only take the preoperative IOP and postoperative CCT into consideration, but also the corneal biomechanics which may affect the postoperative IOP. IOPcc and Pentacam corrective IOPs are relatively reliable after SMILE. Among the five correction methods of Pentacam system, Shah program can be used as the first choice for correct IOP after SMILE. The regression equation of the postoperative corrected NCT, NCTpost corrected=NCTpost measured +0.389NCTpre-0.431SC-4.618, may be used to evaluate the real postoperative IOP in clinical practice.

Ghrelin attenuates renal fibrosis and inflammation of obstructive nephropathy.

PURPOSE: Ghrelin is a gastric peptide that modulates multiple biological functions, of which the stimulation of food intake is the most well-known function. Ghrelin also exerts potential anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties in different organs but to our knowledge whether ghrelin inhibits the progression of renal fibrosis is unknown. Thus, we investigated the effect and underlying mechanisms of ghrelin in a rat model of renal fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley® rats were divided into 4 groups, including vehicle or ghrelin treated sham operated groups and vehicle or ghrelin treated unilateral ureteral obstruction groups. Kidneys harvested on postoperative day 7 or 14 were evaluated for renal inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis, and the expression of profibrotic and proinflammatory factors. RESULTS: Ghrelin inhibited renal fibrosis by attenuating collagen production, extracellular matrix deposition, and α-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin expression. Ghrelin administration decreased macrophage infiltration and several proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, as well as phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB p65. Ghrelin also inhibited myofibroblast accumulation by blocking the transforming growth factor-ß1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, ghrelin attenuated renal tubular cell apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition processes induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction injury. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that ghrelin is a potent antifibrotic agent that may have therapeutic potential in patients with obstructive nephropathy.

Study on the Wettability and Methane Desorption Characteristics of Coal under High Pressure with Different Surfactants.

In the process of coalbed methane extraction, due to the strong hydrophilicity of coal, the surface interaction force between water and the coal matrix is strong. The hydrophobic effect of the coal seam during drainage and pressure reduction is not significant, and adsorbed methane is difficult to desorb. In order to reduce the surface interaction force promoting methane desorption between water and coal, the surfactants NH766, G526, and D001 with a concentration of 0.1% were selected. A pressure of 12 MPa, which is close to that used for the on-site mining of coalbed methane in Baode, was selected as the experimental condition to simulate hydraulic fracturing of high fat coal, and the influence of different surfactants on methane desorption characteristics was analyzed. Combining contact angle experiments and infrared spectroscopy experiments, we explored the changes in wettability of the coal samples. We compared the changes in wettability and methane desorption characteristics and explored the similarities between these changes. The experimental results showed that after NH766 treatment, the content of oxygen-containing functional groups in coal rock decreased by 30%, and the contact angle of the coal matrix surface increased by 10°. Furthermore, its hydrophobicity was enhanced, and the desorption amount increased by 24%. In contrast, the oxygen-containing functional groups in coal rock after G526 and D001 treatments increased by 5% and 16%, respectively, and the contact angle of the coal matrix surface became smaller. Furthermore, its hydrophilicity was enhanced, and the desorption amount was reduced by 12.5% and 20%, respectively. NH766 reduces wettability and promotes methane desorption, and it can be applied to improve CBM extraction efficiency. G526 and D001 enhance wettability and inhibit methane desorption, which make them suitable for dust prevention and gas control in coal mines.

Enhancing Dielectric Properties of (CaCu3Ti4O12 NWs-Graphene)/PVDF Ternary Oriented Composites by Hot Stretching.

Using high-dielectric inorganic ceramics as fillers can effectively increase the dielectric constant of polymer-based composites. However, a high percentage of fillers will inevitably lead to a decrease in the mechanical toughness of the composite materials. By introducing high aspect ratio copper calcium titanate (CaCu3Ti4O12) nanowires (CCTO NWs) and graphene as fillers, the ternary poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based composites (CCTO NWs-graphene)/PVDF with a significant one-dimensional orientation structure were prepared by hot stretching. CCTO NWs and graphene are arranged in a directional manner to form a large number of microcapacitor structures, which significantly improves the dielectric constant of the composites. When the ratio of CCTO NWs and graphene is 0.2 and 0.02, the oriented composites have the highest dielectric constant, which is 19.3% higher than the random composites, respectively. Numerical simulations reveal that the introduction of graphene and the construction of the one-dimensional oriented microstructure have a positive effect on improving the dielectric properties of the composites. This study provides a strategy to improve the dielectric properties of composite materials by structural design without changing the filler content, which has broad application prospects in the field of electronic devices.

MASH-Ocean 1.0: Interactive platform for investigating microbial diversity, function, and biogeography with marine metagenomic data.

A large number of oceanic metagenomic data and environmental metadata have been published. However, most studies focused on limited ecosystems using different analysis tools, making it challenging to integrate these data into robust results and comprehensive global understanding of marine microbiome. Here, we constructed a systematic and quantitative analysis platform, the Microbiome Atlas/Sino-Hydrosphere for Ocean Ecosystem (MASH-Ocean: https://www.biosino.org/mash-ocean/), by integrating global marine metagenomic data and a unified data processing flow. MASH-Ocean 1.0 comprises 2147 metagenomic samples with five analysis modules: sample view, diversity, function, biogeography, and interaction network. This platform provides convenient and stable support for researchers in microbiology, environmental science, and biogeochemistry, to ensure the integration of omics data generated from hydrosphere ecosystems, to bridge the gap between elusive omics data and biological, ecological, and geological discovery, ultimately to foster the formation of a comprehensive atlas for aquatic environments.

An Investigation of the Prognostic Role of Genes Related to Lipid Metabolism in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has become a prevalent malignancy, and its incidence and mortality rate are increasing worldwide. Accumulating evidence has indicated that lipid metabolism-related genes (LMRGs) are involved in the occurrence and development of HNSCC. This study investigated the latent association of lipid metabolism with HNSCC and established a prognostic signature based on LMRGs. A prognostic risk model composed of eight differentially expressed LMRGs (PHYH, CYP4F8, INMT, ELOVL6, PLPP3, BCHE, TPTE, and STAR) was constructed through The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Then, ELOVL6 expression was validated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is a common type of HNSCC, by immunohistochemical analysis. ELOVL6 expression in the OSCC II/III group was significantly higher than that in the other three groups (normal, dysplasia, and OSCC I), and OSCC patients with high ELOVL6 expression had poorer survival than those with low ELOVL6 expression. In summary, the LMRG-based prognostic feature had prognostic predictive capacity. ELOVL6 may be a potential prognostic factor for HNSCC patients.

Effects of Europium Complex on Thermal and Photoluminescence Properties of Polyurethane-Europium Materials.

A europium complex with double bonds was synthesized with crotonic acid as the ligand and a europium ion as the center ion. Then, the obtained europium complex was added to synthesized poly(urethane-acrylate) macromonomers to prepare the bonded polyurethane-europium materials by the polymerization of the double bonds in the complex and the poly(urethane-acrylate) macromonomers. The prepared polyurethane-europium materials had high transparency, good thermal stability and good fluorescence. The storage moduli of polyurethane-europium materials are obviously higher than those of pure polyurethane. Polyurethane-europium materials exhibit bright red light with good monochromaticity. The light transmittance of the material decreases slightly with increases in the europium complex content, but the luminescence intensity gradually increases. In particular, polyurethane-europium materials possess a long luminescence lifetime, which has potential applications for optical display instruments.

Globally distributed Myxococcota with photosynthesis gene clusters illuminate the origin and evolution of a potentially chimeric lifestyle.

Photosynthesis is a fundamental biogeochemical process, thought to be restricted to a few bacterial and eukaryotic phyla. However, understanding the origin and evolution of phototrophic organisms can be impeded and biased by the difficulties of cultivation. Here, we analyzed metagenomic datasets and found potential photosynthetic abilities encoded in the genomes of uncultivated bacteria within the phylum Myxococcota. A putative photosynthesis gene cluster encoding a type-II reaction center appears in at least six Myxococcota families from three classes, suggesting vertical inheritance of these genes from an early common ancestor, with multiple independent losses in other lineages. Analysis of metatranscriptomic datasets indicate that the putative myxococcotal photosynthesis genes are actively expressed in various natural environments. Furthermore, heterologous expression of myxococcotal pigment biosynthesis genes in a purple bacterium supports that the genes can drive photosynthetic processes. Given that predatory abilities are thought to be widespread across Myxococcota, our results suggest the intriguing possibility of a chimeric lifestyle (combining predatory and photosynthetic abilities) in members of this phylum.

Expanding Asgard members in the domain of Archaea sheds new light on the origin of eukaryotes.

The hypothesis that eukaryotes originated from within the domain Archaea has been strongly supported by recent phylogenomic analyses placing Heimdallarchaeota-Wukongarchaeota branch from the Asgard superphylum as the closest known archaeal sister-group to eukaryotes. However, our understanding is still limited in terms of the relationship between eukaryotes and archaea, as well as the evolution and ecological functions of the Asgard archaea. Here, we describe three previously unknown phylum-level Asgard archaeal lineages, tentatively named Sigyn-, Freyr- and Njordarchaeota. Additional members in Wukongarchaeota and Baldrarchaeota from distinct environments are also reported here, further expanding their ecological roles and metabolic capacities. Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses further supported the origin of eukaryotes within Asgard archaea and a new lineage Njordarchaeota was supposed as the known closest branch with the eukaryotic nuclear host lineage. Metabolic reconstruction suggests that Njordarchaeota may have a heterotrophic lifestyle with capability of peptides and amino acids utilization, while Sigynarchaeota and Freyrarchaeota also have the potentials to fix inorganic carbon via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and degrade organic matters. Additionally, the Ack/Pta pathway for homoacetogenesis and de novo anaerobic cobalamin biosynthesis pathway were found in Freyrarchaeota and Wukongrarchaeota, respectively. Some previously unidentified eukaryotic signature proteins for intracellular membrane trafficking system, and the homologue of mu/sigma subunit of adaptor protein complex, were identified in Freyrarchaeota. This study expands the Asgard superphylum, sheds new light on the evolution of eukaryotes and improves our understanding of ecological functions of the Asgard archaea.

The late Archaean to early Proterozoic origin and evolution of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea.

Microorganisms, called anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME), can reduce a large amount of greenhouse gas methane and therefore have the potential to cool the Earth. We collected nearly all ANMEs genomes in public databases and performed a comprehensive comparative genomic analysis and molecular dating. Our results show that ANMEs originated in the late Archaean to early Proterozoic eon. During this period of time, our planet Earth was experiencing the Great Oxygenation Event and Huronian Glaciation, a dramatic drop in the Earth's surface temperature. This suggests that the emergence of ANMEs may contribute to the reduction of methane at that time, which is an unappreciated potential cause that led to the Huronian Glaciation.

CARARIME: Interactive web server for comprehensive analysis of renal allograft rejection in immune microenvironment.

Background: Renal transplantation is a very effective treatment for renal failure patients following kidney transplant. However, the clinical benefit is restricted by the high incidence of organ rejection. Therefore, there exists a wealth of literature regarding the mechanism of renal transplant rejection, including a large library of expression data. In recent years, research has shown the immune microenvironment to play an important role in renal transplant rejection. Nephrology web analysis tools currently exist to address chronic nephropathy, renal tumors and children's kidneys, but no such tool exists that analyses the impact of immune microenvironment in renal transplantation rejection. Methods: To fill this gap, we have developed a web page analysis tool called Comprehensive Analysis of Renal Allograft Rerejction in Immune Microenvironment (CARARIME). Results: CARARIME analyzes the gene expression and immune microenvironment of published renal transplant rejection cohorts, including differential analysis (gene expression and immune cells), prognosis analysis (logistics regression, Univariable Cox Regression and Kaplan Meier), correlation analysis, enrichment analysis (GSEA and ssGSEA), and ROC analysis. Conclusions: Using this tool, researchers can easily analyze the immune microenvironment in the context of renal transplant rejection by clicking on the available options, helping to further the development of approaches to renal transplant rejection in the immune microenvironment field. CARARIME can be found in http://www.cararime.com.

Integrating Stochastic and Deterministic Process in the Biogeography of N2-Fixing Cyanobacterium Candidatus Atelocyanobacterium Thalassa.

UCYN-A is one of the most widespread and important marine diazotrophs. Its unusual distribution in both cold/warm and coastal/oceanic waters challenges current understanding about what drives the biogeography of diazotrophs. This study assessed the community assembly processes of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium UCYN-A, developing a framework of assembly processes underpinning the microbial biogeography and diversity. High-throughput sequencing and a qPCR approach targeting the nifH gene were used to investigate three tropical seas: the Bay of Bengal, the Western Pacific Ocean, and the South China Sea. Based on the neutral community model and two types of null models calculating the ß-nearest taxon index and the normalized stochasticity ratio, we found that stochastic assembly processes could explain 66-92% of the community assembly; thus, they exert overwhelming influence on UCYN-A biogeography and diversity. Among the deterministic processes, temperature and coastal/oceanic position appeared to be the principal environmental factors driving UCYN-A diversity. In addition, a close linkage between assembly processes and UCYN-A abundance/diversity/drivers can provide clues for the unusual global distribution of UCYN-A.