Complete genome sequence analysis of the peanut pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum strain Rs-P.362200.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum species complex is an important soil-borne disease worldwide that affects more than 450 plant species, including peanut, leading to great yield and quality losses. However, there are no effective measures to control bacterial wilt. The reason is the lack of research on the pathogenic mechanism of bacterial wilt. RESULTS: Here, we report the complete genome of a toxic Ralstonia solanacearum species complex strain, Rs-P.362200, a peanut pathogen, with a total genome size of 5.86 Mb, encoding 5056 genes and the average G + C content of 67%. Among the coding genes, 75 type III effector proteins and 12 pseudogenes were predicted. Phylogenetic analysis of 41 strains including Rs-P.362200 shows that genetic distance mainly depended on geographic origins then phylotypes and host species, which associated with the complexity of the strain. The distribution and numbers of effectors and other virulence factors changed among different strains. Comparative genomic analysis showed that 29 families of 113 genes were unique to this strain compared with the other four pathogenic strains. Through the analysis of specific genes, two homologous genes (gene ID: 2_657 and 3_83), encoding virulence protein (such as RipP1) may be associated with the host range of the Rs-P.362200 strain. It was found that the bacteria contained 30 pathogenicity islands and 6 prophages containing 378 genes, 7 effectors and 363 genes, 8 effectors, respectively, which may be related to the mechanism of horizontal gene transfer and pathogenicity evaluation. Although the hosts of HA4-1 and Rs-P.362200 strains are the same, they have specific genes to their own genomes. The number of genomic islands and prophages in HA4-1 genome is more than that in Rs-P.36220, indicating a rapid change of the bacterial wilt pathogens. CONCLUSION: The complete genome sequence analysis of peanut bacterial wilt pathogen enhanced the information of R. solanacearum genome. This research lays a theoretical foundation for future research on the interaction between Ralstonia solanacearum and peanut.

Anaerobic digestion of chicken manure: Sequences of chemical structures in dissolved organic matter and its effect on acetic acid production.

The use of chicken manure (CM) leads to serious environmental pollution due to the existence of bacteria and insect pests. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the important technologies of CM treatment. However, methane production is limited by the accumulation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from AD. Therefore, the study explored the possible formation mechanism of acetic acid by understanding the effect of sequences of chemical structure variation in DOM on acetic acid production. The chemical structures of DOM were observed. The tyrosine-like substances (C1, 53.53-29.99%) and humic-like substances (C3, 18.38-5.96%) showed a tendency to decrease. Tryptophan-like substances (C2, 28.09-64.04%) showed the increasing trend. The results indicated that C2 was unwilling to biodegrade. In DOM, the order of biodegradability was C2< C1< C3. AD resulted in the enrichment of N-H in-plane (0-22.75%) and COO- stretch (7.53-18.57%) and the loss of O-H stretch (19.39-13.72%), C-H stretch (4.56%-0), CC stretch (12.04-9.61%) and C-O stretch (10.02-5.03%). Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy is applied to investigate the sequences of chemical structures in DOM, the order is as follows: CC stretch > COO- stretch > N-H in-plane > C-O stretch. The result confirmed that protein was rapidly decomposed and utilized, which would result in the increase of microorganism metabolism and hydrolysis rate, polysaccharide was hydrolyzed to form phenol and carboxylic acid. Four possible pathways were identified in AD by the structural equation model. C1and hydroxyl can promote propionic and butyric acid formation by the pathway of valeric or iso-butyric acid production and further effected acetic acid production. This study proposed the possible formative mechanisms of acetic acid according to sequences of chemical structures variation in DOM during AD, which can provide the theoretical basis for directional regulating the conversion of different chemical structures of DOM into acetic acid in AD.

Versatile objectives with NA = 0.55 and NA = 0.78 for cold-atom experiments.

We present two sets of versatile high-numerical-apeture objectives suitable for various cold-atom experiments. The objectives are assembled entirely by the commercial on-shelf singlets. The two objectives are initially optimized at working wavelength of 852 nm with a standard 5-mm silica optical flat window. They have numerical apertures of NA=0.55 and NA=0.78, working distances of 23 and 12.8 mm, diffraction-limited fields of view of 98 and 15 µm, and spatial resolutions of 0.94 and 0.67 µm, respectively. These performances are simulated by the ray-tracing software and experimentally confirmed by imaging line patterns and a point-like emitter on a resolution chart. The two objectives can be further reoptimized at any single wavelengths from ultraviolet to near infrared and for various optical flat window with different thickness by only tuning one of lens spacing. The two objectives provide convenient and flexible options to observe and address individual atoms in single atom arrays or optical lattices for various cold-atom experiments.

Departure Velocity of Rolling Droplet Jumping.

Droplet jumping phenomenon widely exists in the fields of self-cleaning, antifrosting, and heat transfer enhancement. Numerous studies have been reported on the static droplet jumping while the rolling droplet jumping still remains unnoticed even though it is very common in practice. Here, we used the volume of fluid (VOF) method to simulate the droplet jumping induced by coalescence of a rolling droplet and a stationary one with corresponding experiments conducted to validate the correctness of the simulation model. The departure velocity of the jumping droplet was the main concerned here. The results show that when the center velocity of the rolling droplet (V0 = ωR, where ω is the angular velocity of the rolling droplet and R is the droplet radius) is fixed, the vertical departure velocity satisfies a power law which can be expressed as Vz,depar = aRb. When the droplet radius is fixed, the vertical departure velocity first decreases and then increases if the center velocity exceeds a critical value. Interestingly, the critical center velocity is demonstrated to be approximately 0.76 times the capillary-inertial velocity, corresponding to a constant Weber number of 0.58. Different from the vertical departure velocity, the horizontal departure velocity is basically proportional to the center velocity of the rolling droplet. These results deepen the understanding of the droplet jumping physics, which shall further promote related applications in engineering fields.

Triply Magic Conditions for Microwave Transition of Optically Trapped Alkali-Metal Atoms.

We report the finding of "triply magic" conditions (the doubly magic frequency-intensity conditions of an optical dipole trap plus the magic magnetic field) for the microwave transitions of optically trapped alkali-metal atoms. The differential light shift (DLS) induced by a degenerate two-photon process is adopted to compensate a DLS associated with the one-photon process. Thus, doubly magic conditions for the intensity and frequency of the optical trap beam can be found. Moreover, the DLS decouples from the magnetic field in a linearly polarized optical dipole trap, so that the magic condition of the magnetic field can be applied independently. Therefore, the triply magic conditions can be realized simultaneously. We also experimentally demonstrate the doubly magic frequency-intensity conditions as well as the independence of the magnetic field. When the triply magic conditions are fulfilled, the inhomogeneous and homogeneous decoherences for the optically trapped atom will be dramatically suppressed, and the coherence time can be extended significantly.

Realization of Nonlinear Optical Nonreciprocity on a Few-Photon Level Based on Atoms Strongly Coupled to an Asymmetric Cavity.

Optical nonreciprocity is important in photonic information processing to route the optical signal or prevent the reverse flow of noise. By adopting the strong nonlinearity associated with a few atoms in a strongly coupled cavity QED system and an asymmetric cavity configuration, we experimentally demonstrate the nonreciprocal transmission between two counterpropagating light fields with extremely low power. The transmission of 18% is achieved for the forward light field, and the maximum blocking ratio for the reverse light is 30 dB. Though the transmission of the forward light can be maximized by optimizing the impedance matching of the cavity, it is ultimately limited by the inherent loss of the scheme. This nonreciprocity can even occur on a few-photon level due to the high optical nonlinearity of the system. The working power can be flexibly tuned by changing the effective number of atoms strongly coupled to the cavity. The idea and result can be applied to optical chips as optical diodes by using fiber-based cavity QED systems. Our work opens up new perspectives for realizing optical nonreciprocity on a few-photon level based on the nonlinearities of atoms strongly coupled to an optical cavity.

Efficient genome editing in rice with miniature Cas12f variants.

Genome editing, particularly using the CRISPR/Cas system, has revolutionized biological research and crop improvement. Despite the widespread use of CRISPR/Cas9, it faces limitations such as PAM sequence requirements and challenges in delivering its large protein into plant cells. The hypercompact Cas12f, derived from Acidibacillus sulfuroxidans (AsCas12f), stands out due to its small size of only 422 amino acids and its preference for a T-rich motif, presenting advantageous features over SpCas9. However, its editing efficiency is extremely low in plants. Recent studies have generated two AsCas12f variants, AsCas12f-YHAM and AsCas12f-HKRA, demonstrating higher editing efficiencies in mammalian cells, yet their performance in plants remains unexplored. In this study, through a systematic investigation of genome cleavage activity in rice, we unveiled a substantial enhancement in editing efficiency for both AsCas12f variants, particularly for AsCas12f-HKRA, which achieved an editing efficiency of up to 53%. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that AsCas12f predominantly induces deletion in the target DNA, displaying a unique deletion pattern primarily concentrated at positions 12, 13, 23, and 24, resulting in deletion size mainly of 10 and 11 bp, suggesting significant potential for targeted DNA deletion using AsCas12f. These findings expand the toolbox for efficient genome editing in plants, offering promising prospects for precise genetic modifications in agriculture. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-024-00168-2.

Direct air capture of CO2 using biochar prepared from sewage sludge: Adsorption capacity and kinetics.

As an emerging carbon-negative emission technology, carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from the air is an essential safeguard for alleviating global warming. Sludge-activated carbon with excellent mesoporous structure is a potential material for CO2 capture. In this paper, the amino modified sewage sludge materials were used to prepare the porous CO2 adsorbent from air. The effect of preparation conditions on the microstructure of sewage sludge-based activated carbon materials was analyzed by microstructural characterization, and the impacts of activator, pyrolysis temperature, and the concentration of modifier on the CO2 adsorption performance of sewage sludge-based activated carbon materials were also systematically investigated. The results show that the pyrolysis temperature, the type of activator and the modifier concentration significantly affect the adsorption performance of sewage sludge-based CO2 adsorption materials. Among them, the sewage sludge-based CO2 adsorption material prepared with solid NaOH as an activator, with an activation temperature of 600 °C and loading concentration of 20 %, exhibited the best performance, that is the CO2 adsorption capacity reached 1.17 mmol/g, and the half time is about four min, which shows better performance, compared with other adsorbents for CO2 capture from air. The research results can reduce CO2 emissions on the one hand, and on the other hand, realize the resourceful utilization of sewage sludge, which sheds light on "treating the wastes with wastes".

Deep learning methods for diagnosis of graves' ophthalmopathy using magnetic resonance imaging.

Background: The effect of diagnosing Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) through traditional measurement and observation in medical imaging is not ideal. This study aimed to develop and validate deep learning (DL) models that could be applied to the diagnosis of GO based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and compare them to traditional measurement and judgment of radiologists. Methods: A total of 199 clinically verified consecutive GO patients and 145 normal controls undergoing MRI were retrospectively recruited, of whom 240 were randomly assigned to the training group and 104 to the validation group. Areas of superior, inferior, medial, and lateral rectus muscles and all rectus muscles on coronal planes were calculated respectively. Logistic regression models based on areas of extraocular muscles were built to diagnose GO. The DL models named ResNet101 and Swin Transformer with T1-weighted MRI without contrast as input were used to diagnose GO and the results were compared to the radiologist's diagnosis only relying on MRI T1-weighted scans. Results: Areas on the coronal plane of each muscle in the GO group were significantly greater than those in the normal group. In the validation group, the areas under the curve (AUCs) of logistic regression models by superior, inferior, medial, and lateral rectus muscles and all muscles were 0.897 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.833-0.949], 0.705 (95% CI: 0.598-0.804), 0.799 (95% CI: 0.712-0.876), 0.681 (95% CI: 0.567-0.776), and 0.905 (95% CI: 0.843-0.955). ResNet101 and Swin Transformer achieved AUCs of 0.986 (95% CI: 0.977-0.994) and 0.936 (95% CI: 0.912-0.957), respectively. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of ResNet101 were 0.933, 0.979, and 0.869, respectively. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of Swin Transformer were 0.851, 0.817, and 0.898, respectively. The ResNet101 model yielded higher AUC than models of all muscles and radiologists (0.986 vs. 0.905, 0.818; P<0.001). Conclusions: The DL models based on MRI T1-weighted scans could accurately diagnose GO, and the application of DL systems in MRI may improve radiologists' performance in diagnosing GO and early detection.

Iron-modified carriers accelerate biofilm formation and resist anammox bacteria loss in biofilm reactors for partial denitrification-anammox.

The slow formation of anammox biofilms presents a bottleneck for resolving anammox bacterial loss and achieving stable performance in biofilm-based partial denitrification-anammox (PD-A) processes. This study utilized iron-modified (K1/Fe3O4 NPs) carriers, which were prepared and used for the first time in PD-A processes. Parallel moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) indicated that iron-modified carriers facilitated the formation of biofilms at a faster rate than K1 carriers, consequently improving the nitrogen removal performance of the process by over 40 %. 16S rDNA analysis showed that anammox bacteria were approximately four times more abundant in the iron-modified carrier biofilm than in the K1 carrier biofilm. XPS and zeta potential analysis suggested that the improved microbial affinity of the iron-modified carrier surface caused this. As a result, the iron-modified carriers facilitated the formation of anammox biofilms and enhanced PD-A performance.

Self-calibrated atom-interferometer gyroscope by modulating atomic velocities.

Atom-interferometer gyroscopes have attracted much attention for their long-term stability and extremely low drift. For such high-precision instruments, self-calibration to achieve an absolute rotation measurement is critical. In this work, we propose and demonstrate the self-calibration of an atom-interferometer gyroscope. This calibration is realized by using the detuning of the laser frequency to control the atomic velocity, thus modulating the scale factor of the gyroscope. The modulation determines the order and the initial phase of the interference stripe, thus eliminating the ambiguity caused by the periodicity of the interferometric signal. This self-calibration method is validated through a measurement of the Earth's rotation rate, and a relative uncertainty of 162 ppm is achieved. Long-term stable and self-calibrated atom-interferometer gyroscopes have important applications in the fields of fundamental physics, geophysics, and long-time navigation.

Impact of antibiotics on microbial community in aquatic environment and biodegradation mechanism: a review and bibliometric analysis.

Antibiotic residues in aquatic environments pose a potential hazard, and microbes, which play important roles in aquatic ecosystems, are vulnerable to the impacts of antibiotics. This study aimed to analyze the research progress, trends, and hot topics of the impact of antibiotics on microbial community and biodegradation mechanism using bibliometric analysis. An in-depth analysis of the publication characteristics of 6143 articles published between 1990 and 2021 revealed that the number of articles published increased exponentially. The research sites have been mainly concentrated in the Yamuna River, Pearl River, Lake Taihu, Lake Michigan, Danjiangkou Reservoir, etc., illustrating that research around the world is not even. Antibiotics could change the diversity, structure, and ecological functions of bacterial communities, stimulate a widespread abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes, and increase the diversity of eukaryotes, thus triggering the shift of food web structure to predatory and pathogenic. Latent Dirichlet allocation theme model analysis showed three clusters, and the research hotspots mainly included the effect of antibiotics on the denitrification process, microplastics combined with antibiotics, and methods for removing antibiotics. Furthermore, the mechanisms of microbe-mediated antibiotic degradation were unraveled, and importantly, we provided bottlenecks and future research perspectives on antibiotics and microbial diversity research.

Compact multi-channel radio frequency pulse-sequence generator with fast-switching capability for cold-atom interferometers.

Cold-atom interferometers have matured into a powerful tool for fundamental physics research, and they are currently moving from realizations in the laboratory to applications in the field. A radio frequency (RF) generator is an indispensable component of these devices for controlling lasers and manipulating atoms. In this work, we developed a compact RF generator for fast switching and sweeping the frequencies and amplitudes of atomic-interference pulse sequences. In this generator, multi-channel RF signals are generated using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to control eight direct digital synthesizers (DDSs). We further propose and demonstrate a method for pre-loading the parameters of all the RF pulse sequences to the DDS registers before their execution, which eliminates the need for data transfer between the FPGA and DDSs to change RF signals. This sharply decreases the frequency-switching time when the pulse sequences are running. Performance characterization showed that the generated RF signals achieve a 100 ns frequency-switching time and a 40 dB harmonic-rejection ratio. The generated RF pulse sequences were applied to a cold-atom-interferometer gyroscope, and the contrast of atomic interference fringes was found to reach 38%. This compact multi-channel generator with fast frequency/amplitude switching and/or sweeping capability will be beneficial for applications in field-portable atom interferometers.

[Core stability training combined with acupuncture in treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain: a prospective randomized controlled trial].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of core stability training combined with acupuncture in the treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain (CLBP). METHODS: Seventy-five CLBP patients were randomly divided into experimental group (n=38) and control group (n=37) according to a random number table. Patients in the control group were required to perform core stability training, whereas those in the experimental group received core stability training combined with fire needle acupuncture, once every two days, three times per week, for four successive weeks. The Oswestry disability index (ODI), visual analogue scale (VAS), lumbar muscular endurance index, clinical efficacy, as well as average electromyographic (AEMG), root mean square (RMS), median frequency (MF), and average median frequency (AMF) values during multifidus muscle contraction in the two groups before and after the treatment were compared. RESULTS: After treatment, ODI, VAS, MF, and AMF of the two groups were lower than those before the treatment (P<0.01), while the lumbar static and dynamic muscular endurance, AEMG, and RMS values were higher (P<0.01). The ODI, VAS, MF, and AMF of the experimental group significantly declined as compared with those of the control group (P<0.01), whereas the lumbar static and dynamic muscular endurance, AEMG, and RMS values were elevated (P<0.01). The total effective rate of the experimental group was 97.14%(34/35), higher than 85.71%(30/35) of the control group(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Core stability training combined with acupuncture effectively enhances lumbar muscular endurance, improves electromyographic signals of multifidus muscle and lumbar function, and relieves pain, implying the good efficacy of such combined therapy in treating CLBP.

[Effect of administration of acupuncture stimulation combined with Gushen Zhuyu Decoction on lumbar function in patients with disc herniation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of acupuncture stimulation combined with administration of"Gushen Zhuyu Tang"(decoction for consolidating kidney to eliminate blood stasis, DCKEBS) in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) patients. METHODS: A total of 147 patients with LDH were randomly divided into DCKEBS, acupuncture and DCKEBS+acupuncture groups (n= 49 cases in each group). The patients of the acupuncture group received a) acupuncture stimulation of Dazhui (GV14), Ganshu (BL18), Shenshu (BL23), Tianshu (ST25), Yanglingquan (GB34), etc., b) fire needle pricking of the topical tendons, cord-like points, tender-points, c) row-needles stimulation of the attachment sites of muscles of the sacroiliac joint or crista iliaca, and d) acupotomy-debonding of the topical high-tension muscles, twice a week for 4 weeks. Those patients of the DCKEBS group were ordered to take DCKEBS [containing fried Yiyiren (Semen Coicis), Shanzhuyu (Fructus Corni), fried Baizhu (Rhizoma Astractylodis), Sangjisheng (Ramulus Loranthi), Duzhong (Cortex Eucommiae), Buguzhi (Fructus Psoraieae), etc.] 150 mL, twice daily, continuously for 4 weeks, and those of the DCKEBS+acupuncture group received the combined treatment mentioned above in the acupuncture and DCKEBS groups. The pain severity was assessed by using visual ana-logue scale (VAS, 0-10 points) and the modified Japan Orthopaedic Association questionnaire (M-JOA) score (0-30 points), separately, and the lumbar range of motion (ROM) and lumbar muscle strength were tested to evaluate the lumbar motor function. The levels of serum tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and apoptosis related factors Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 were assayed using ELISA. The total effective rates of the three groups were compared. RESULTS: After the treatment, the VAS and M-JOA scores, contents of serum TNF-α, MMP-2, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 were significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the myodynamia of lumbar muscular flexor and extensor was considerably increased (P<0.01) in the three groups, and the ROM angles of lumbar extending and buckling were increased (P<0.01) in the DCKEBS+acupuncture group compared with pretreatment. Comparison among the 3 groups showed that the VAS and M-JOA scores, and serum TNF-α, MMP-2, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 contents of the DCKEBS+acupuncture group were significantly lower than those of both DCKEBS and acupuncture groups (P<0.01), while the ROM angles of lumbar extending and buckling, and the myodynamia of lumbar muscular flexor and extensor were obviously higher in the DCKEBS+acupuncture group than those of the DCKEBS and acupuncture groups (P<0.01). The total effective rate was 93.88%(46/49) in the DCKEBS+acupuncture group, higher than 75.51%(37/49) in the DCKEBS group and 71.43%(35/49) in the acupuncture group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture combined with DCKEBS can relieve pain, improve lumbar muscle strength and lumbar movement function, and reduce serum TNF-α, MMP-2, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 levels in LDH patients.

Initiating an anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactor by inoculation with starved anaerobic ammonium oxidation sludge and modified carriers.

Prolonged starved anammox sludge (SAS) obtained during initial rejuvenation was inoculated into a reactor together with activated sludge (AS), anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) and modified carriers consisting of honeycomb carrier with high biological interception and activated carbon carrier with high adsorption performance. SAS accounted for 5% of the inoculated sludge. The anammox process was started and operated at around 25℃. After 160 days, the nitrogen loading rate and nitrogen removal rate reached 1.12 kgN·m-3·d-1 and 0.97 kgN·m-3·d-1, respectively. Obvious red anammox biofilms were observed on the modified carriers. Microbial community analysis showed that the relative abundance of anammox bacteria increased from < 0.1% to 22.96%. Candidatus Jettenia and Candidatus Brocadia were the dominating anammox species. This work demonstrates the potential to reuse SAS to improve the start-up efficiency of anammox reactors, which makes good economic sense.

[Effects of Carriers on ANAMMOX Sludge Activity Recovery and Microbial Flora Characteristics].

In order to realize the rapid recovery of ANAMMOX sludge bacterial activity after long-term room temperature storage, three groups of reactors were added to ANAMMOX sludge that had been stored without substrate at room temperature (15-30℃) for 9 months. Among the three groups of reactors, comet fiber carrier and K3 carrier were added to R2 and R3 reactors, respectively, as biological carriers. The effects of different carriers on the recovery rate of ANAMMOX sludge bacterial activity were investigated. The results showed that ANAMMOX reactions in the R2 and R3 reactors began taking place on the 8th and 10th day, respectively, with respective TIN removal rates of 82.25% and 80.92%, which were significantly improved compared with that in the R1 reactor, in which no carrier was added (ANAMMOX reaction started occurring on the 15th day with a TIN removal rate of 80.26%). After 42 days with influent, ρ(NH4+-N) and ρ(NO2--N) respectively increased to 300 mg·L-1 and 396 mg·L-1, and the TIN removal rates of the three groups of reactors were respectively 78.96%, 84.92%, and 84.66%. Microbial community structure analysis showed that the relative abundances of ANAMMOX bacteria in the R2 and R3 reactor were respectively 6.85% and 6.06%, two to four times that in the R1 reactor. The predominant ANAMMOX bacteria in the sludge was Candidatus Jettenia, whose relative abundances in the three groups of reactors were respectively 1.62%, 5.74%, and 5.21%. The results show that ANAMMOX biofilm-granular sludge complex systems constructed by adding carriers can considerably shorten the time for recovering ANAMMOX sludge bacterial activity after long-term room temperature storage without substrate. The carriers effectively promoted the relative abundances of ANAMMOX bacteria in the reactors, whereas the promoting effect of comet fiber carrier was slightly more significant than that of the K3 carrier.

Recognize and assessment of key host humic-reducing microorganisms of antibiotic resistance genes in different biowastes composts.

Humic-reducing microorganisms (HRMs) can utilize humic substance as terminal electron mediator promoting the bioremediation of contaminate, which is ubiquitous in composts. However, the impacts of HRMs on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in composts and different HRMs community composition following the types of biowastes effected the spread of ARGs have not been investigated. Herein, the dynamics and mobility of ARGs and HRMs during protein-, lignocellulose- and lignin-rich composting were investigated. Result show that ARGs change significantly at the thermophilic phase, and the relative abundance of most ARGs increase during composting. Seven groups of HRMs communities are classified as primary host HRMs of ARGs, and most host HRMs groups from protein-rich composts. Conclusively, regulating methods for inhibiting ARGs spread for different composts are proposed. HRMs show a higher ARGs dissemination capacity in protein-rich composts than lignocellulose- and lignin-rich composts, but the spread of ARGs can be inhibited by regulate physicochemical parameters in protein-rich composts. In contrary, most HRMs have inhibitory effects on ARGs spread in lignocellulose- and lignin-rich composts, and those HRMs can be used as a new agent that inhibits the spread of ARGs. Our results can help in understanding the potential risk spread of ARGs by inoculating functional bacteria derived from different biowastes composts for environmental remediation, given their expected importance to developing a classification-oriented approach for composting different biowastes.

[Effects of acupuncture on plasma endogenous opioid peptides in patients with stroke-associated headache in convalescence].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical effect of acupuncture on patients with stroke-related headache during convalescent and analyze its related factors. METHODS: A total of 116 stroke-related headache patients admitted to the Acupuncture Department of Gongli Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, from October 2018 to December 2019 were divided into a treatment group and a control group according to a random number table, with 58 cases in each group. Patients in both groups were given conventional treatments for control of blood pressure, blood sugar, blood lipids and anticoagulation. At the same time, patients in the treatment group were treated with "nape seven needles" (acupuncture at Fengfuï¼»GV16ï¼½, bilateral Fengchiï¼»GB20ï¼½, bilateral Tianzhuï¼»BL10ï¼½ and bilateral Wanguï¼»GB12ï¼½)combined with penetration needling for 30 min; patients in the control group were treated with Flunarizine hydrochloride capsules (5 mg). Both interventions were conducted once daily for 4 weeks. The visual analogue scale(VAS) score and integrative sores of headache, and plasma serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), substance P (SP), α-endorphin (α-EP), and ß-endorphin (ß-EP) levels before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. The total therapeutic effective rate of the two groups was calculated. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in VAS score, headache score, plasma 5-HT, DA, SP, α-EP, ß-EP levels between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, both groups have significant decrease in the VAS score, integrative sores of headache, the plasma 5-HT, DA, SP levels (P<0.05), and significant increase in the plasma α-EP and ß-EP levels (P<0.05). At the same time, the VAS score, integrative sores of headache, the plasma 5-HT, DA, SP levels of the treatment group were lower (P<0.05), and the plasma α-EP and ß-EP levels were higher (P<0.05) than those in the control group. The total effective rate of the treatment group(51/58, 87.9%) was higher than that of the control group (42/58, 72.4%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture therapy can increase the release of endogenous opioid peptide, reduce the secretion of 5-HT, DA, SP, and have a significant effect in treating stroke related headache.

Recognition of core microbial communities contributing to complex organic components degradation during dry anaerobic digestion of chicken manure.

Microbial metabolism of complex organic components can drive different microbial communities, which is significant to the process of dry anaerobic digestion (AD). However, possible mechanisms between organic components and the corresponding microbial communities during the process of dry AD is poorly investigated. Results showed that the microbial species affecting the degradation of organic components were 69 nodes (13.3%) in the hydrolysis stage, hemicellulose was mainly degraded by Methanobacterium (2.3%), with a degradation rate of 35.0%. In the acetogenesis stage, the microbial species were 27 nodes (10.3%), hemicellulose was mainly degraded by LK-44f (0.1%) and Treponema (0.3%), with a degradation rate of 52.2%. In the methanogenesis stage, the microbial species were 10 nodes (4.8%), polysaccharide was mainly degraded by Ureibacillus (0.1%), with a degradation rate of 46.9%. The study provides theoretical support for the rapid degradation of complex components by segment-oriented regulation.