Conjugated Poly(ionic liquid)-Based Nanoporous Membrane for Rapid Moisture Response.

Stimuli-responsive nanoporous materials represent a newly emerging category of functional materials, for which instant and significant response behavior is strongly demanded but still challenging. Herein, a new kind of conjugated poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) synthesized via a simple one-pot spontaneous nucleophilic substitution and polymerization between 4,4'-vinylenedipyridine and propargyl bromide is reported. A nanoporous membrane actuator is further developed via ionic complexation between the current PIL and trimesic acid. The actuator carries a gradient density in the hydrophobicity content along the membrane cross-section, which results in a fast response to moisture.

Atorvastatin reduces contrast media-induced pyroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is the third most common cause of hospital-acquired renal failure. However, there is no effective treatment of CI-AKI, and its mechanism is unknown. Interestingly, atorvastatin has been reported to be effective in renal injury. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the effect and possible molecular mechanism of atorvastatin in CI-AKI. METHODS: On the CI-AKI in vitro model, rat tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) were treated with 18 mg I/ml meglumine diatrizoate (MEG) and then pretreated with atorvastatin. pcDNA3.1-TLR4 treatment was performed to overexpress toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in NRK-52E cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) kits were used to detect NRK-52E cell viability as well as LDH release in each group, respectively; qRT-PCR to determine mRNA expression of TLR4 in cells; western blot to detect protein expression levels of pyroptosis-related proteins (NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC, and GSDMD) and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins (TLR4, MyD88, NF-κBp65, and p-NF-κB p65) in cells. RESULTS: MEG treatment significantly inhibited the viability of NRK-52E cells, increased pro-inflammatory factor levels and promoted pyroptosis, representing successful establishment of a rat tubular epithelial cell (NRK-52E) CI-AKI in vitro model. Notably, atorvastatin increased the activity of MEG-treated NRK-52E cells and alleviated cell injury in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, atorvastatin significantly down-regulated the expression of TLR4 in MEG-treated NRK-52E cells. However, overexpression of TLR4 inhibited the effects of atorvastatin on increasing cell viability, alleviating cell injury, reducing pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α) levels, and inhibiting apoptosis (by down-regulating the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC, and GSDMD). Furthermore, atorvastatin also inhibited the expression of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway-related proteins (TLR4, MyD88, and p-NF-κB p65). CONCLUSION: Atorvastatin can attenuate CI-AKI through increasing the activity of MEG-treated renal tubular epithelial cells, relieving cell injury, as well as inhibiting pyroptosis and inflammation. More importantly, the mechanism was achieved by inhibiting the TLR4//MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

[A new polyketide of endophytic fungi Aspergillus sp. ZJ-58 from Coptis chinensis].

A new polyketide, coptaspin A(1), along with two known compounds 4-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methylisocoumarin(2), and cytochalasin Z_(12)(3), was isolated from the endophytic fungi Aspergillus sp. ZJ-58, which was isolated from the genuine medicinal plant Coptis chinensis in Chongqing after solid-state fermentation on rice and silica gel, MCI, and HPLC-based separation. Their structures were elucidated by MS, NMR, IR, UV, and ECD. The newly isolated compound 1 showed moderate inhibitory activities against LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages with the IC_(50) value of 58.7 µmol·L~(-1), suggesting its potential anti-inflammatory activity.

[Secondary metabolites of endophyte fungi Xylaria sp. from Coptis chinensis].

Two new polyketides, lasobutone A(1) and lasobutone B(2), along with three known compounds, guignardianone C(3), guignardic acid(4), and 4-hydroxy-17R-methylincisterol(5), were isolated from the endophytic fungi Xylaria sp. by silica gel, MCI, and preparative HPLC, which was separated from the Chinese medicinal material Coptis chinensis and cultivated through solid fermentation with rice. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, such as MS, NMR, IR, UV, and ECD. Compounds 2 and 4 showed inhibitory activities against the nitric oxide(NO) production in the LPS-induced macrophage RAW264.7 with IC_(50) values of 58.7 and 42.5 µmol·L~(-1) respectively, while compound 5 exhibited cytotoxic activities against HT-29 with IC_(50) value of 14.3 µmol·L~(-1).

Highly efficient detection of Cu2+ and B4 O7 2- based on a recyclable asymmetric salamo-based probe in aqueous medium.

An asymmetric salamo-based probe molecule (H2 L) was synthesized and characterized structurally. When DMF/H2 O (9:1) was used as the solvent, it was shown probe H2 L has high sensitivity to Cu2+ . Using high-resolution mass spectrometry and theoretical calculation, it was found that probe H2 L could form a more stable complex (1:1) with Cu2+ , the minimum limit of detection (LOD) of H2 L for Cu2+ was calculated as 9.95 × 10-8 M. In addition, probe H2 L could also be used to identify B4 O7 2- under the same detection conditions and the minimum LOD of H2 L for B4 O7 2- was calculated as 4.98 × 10-7 M. At the same time, density functional theory theoretical calculation further proved the flexibility of probe H2 L. Through the action of EDTA, probe H2 L had a cyclic ability to recognize Cu2+ , and showed a better response in the physiological pH range; probe H2 L had the characteristics of fast recognition speed and high efficiency. In addition, with probe H2 L test paper for Cu2+ and B4 O7 2- , the effect was more obvious. Meanwhile, probe H2 L can be used to quantitatively detect Cu2+ in water samples.

Chemical Composition and Anti-Alzheimer's Disease-Related Activities of a Functional Oil from the Edible Seaweed Hizikia fusiforme.

Cholinergic disorder, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation play important roles in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. To explore the healthy potential of the edible seaweed Hizikia fusiforme on this aspect, a functional oil (HFFO) was extracted from this alga and investigated on its constituents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in this study. Its anti-Alzheimer's related bioactivities including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, antioxidation, and anti-neuroinflammation were evaluated, traced, and simulated by in vitro and in silico methods. GC/MS analysis indicated that HFFO mainly contained arachidonic acid (ARA), 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (ETrA), palmitic acid, phytol, etc. HFFO showed moderate AChE inhibition and antioxidant activity. Bioactivity tracing using commercial standards verified that AChE inhibition of HFFO mainly originated from ARA and ETrA, whereas antioxidant activity mainly from ARA. Lineweaver-Burk plots showed that both ARA and ETrA are noncompetitive AChE inhibitors. A molecular docking study demonstrated low CDOCKER interaction energy of -26.33 kcal/mol for ARA and -43.70 kcal/mol for ETrA when interacting with AChE and multiple interactions in the ARA (or ETrA)-AChE complex. In the anti-neuroinflammatory evaluation, HFFO showed no toxicity toward BV-2 cells at 20 µg/mL and effectively inhibited the production of nitroxide and reduced the level of reactive oxygen species in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 cells. The results indicated that HFFO could be used in functional foods for its anti-Alzheimer's disease-related activities.

[Design and exploration of genetic comprehensive experiments based on Ds insertion mutants].

The cultivation of innovative abilities has become an important guide for higher education in China. Strengthening the integrated knowledge to design experiments is an effective way to improve undergraduate students' innovative abilities. Herein we designed a comprehensive experiment for molecular genetics by utilizing a rice Ds insertion mutant identified previously in our research project. In the comprehensive experiment, we adopt the method of scientific research as the main line of teaching and take the interesting phenotype of the rice mutant as the breakthrough point to reform and innovate genetics laboratory teaching. On the basis of this, we combined the progressive teaching method and guided the students to learn the TAIL-PCR skill and conduct an innovative experiment through expanding their knowledge. The comprehensive experiment will deepen students' understandings of the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes, help them master the effective way of thinking and technologies for scientific research to further improve their ability of the integrated application capability of theory and practices.

Cardioprotective effects of rutin in rats exposed to pirarubicin toxicity.

We established both an acute and chronic cardiac toxicity rat model, which showed pretreatment with rutin attenuated pirarubicin-induced myocardial histopathological injury, electrocardiogram abnormalities, and cardiac dysfunction. Rutin also significantly reduced serum levels of MDA, BNP, CK-MB, CTnT, and LDH and increased serum SOD levels. Treatment with rutin and dexrazoxane resulted in an increase in Bcl-2/Bax ratio (p < 0.05) and reduction in JNK and Caspase-3 protein levels, compared to the pirarubicin group (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, rutin at a dose of 50 mg/kg significantly attenuated the above-mentioned alterations. Our study suggests the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of rutin may be responsible for the cardioprotective effects observed.

Aneuploid progenies of triploid hybrids between diploid and tetraploid loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in China.

Triploid Chinese loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, hybrids between tetraploids from Hubei Province and diploids from Liaoning Province were mated with either diploid wild-type or triploid hybrids to analyze viability and ploidy of the resultant progenies. Both triploid males and females generated fertile gametes, but progenies from the crosses using gametes of triploid hybrids did not survive beyond the larval stages. In crosses between wild-type diploid females and triploid hybrid males, embryos ranging from 2.2n to 2.6n were predominant with a mode of either 2.4n (chromosome numbers 59, 60, 61) or 2.5n (chromosome numbers 62, 63). Those from the crosses between triploid hybrid females and diploid males gave a modal ploidy level at approximately 2.5n in one case, but a shift to a higher ploidy level was observed in other embryos. In the progenies between triploid hybrid females and males, the ploidy level at approximately 3.0n (chromosome numbers 74, 75, 76) was most frequent. The cytogenetic results of the progenies suggest the production of aneuploid gametes with a modal ploidy level at approximately 1.5n in triploid hybrids. However, a shift to higher chromosome numbers in gametes was observed in certain cases, suggesting the involvement of mortality selection of gametes and/or zygotes with lower chromosome numbers.

Indium-Mediated Intramolecular Reaction of N-(2-Iodobenzoyl)azabenzonorbornadienes: A General Access to Dihydrobenzo[c]phenanthridinones.

An efficient synthesis of dihydrobenzo[c]phenanthridinones was achieved by utilizing an indium(0)-mediated intramolecular cyclization reaction under ligand- and base-free conditions. A variety of functional groups were tolerated in the present protocol.

Analysis of Different Ploidy and Parent-Offspring Genomic DNA Methylation in the Loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus.

In this study, we selected natural polyploidy loach (diploid, triploid and tetraploid) and hybrid F1 generation obverse cross (4 × 2) and inverse cross (2 × 4) by diploids and tetraploids as the research model. The MSAP (methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism) reaction system was established by our laboratory to explore methylation levels and pattern diversification features at the whole genome level of the polyploidy loach. The results showed that the total methylation and full methylation rates decreased on increased ploidy individuals; moreover, the hemimethylation rate showed no consistent pattern. Compared with diploid loach, the methylation patterns of tetraploid sites changed 68.17%, and the methylation patterns of triploid sites changed 73.05%. The proportion of hypermethylation genes is significantly higher than the proportion of demethylation genes. The methylation level of reciprocal cross F1 generation is lower than the male diploid and higher than the female tetraploid. The hemimethylation and total methylation rate of the cross hybrid F1 generation is significantly higher than the orthogonal F1 generation (p < 0.01). After readjusting, the methylation pattern of genome DNA of reciprocal hybrids changed 69.59% and 72.83%, respectively.

[Fluorescence Spectroscopic Studies on Binding of 20 (S)-Protopanaxatriol with Bovine Serum Albumin].

The interaction between 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) and bovine serum albumin ( BSA) was studied with fluorescence quenching technique and ultra-violet absorption spectroscopy. The results indicated that PPT led to the intrinsic fluorescence quenching of BSA through a static quenching process .The binding constants of PPT with BSA obtained with fluorescence quenching method were calculated as 0.926 3×10(3) (298 K), 0.618 2×10(3) (308 K), 0.414 4×10(3) L·mol(-1)(318 K), respectively; while the number binding sites n were close to unity. The results showed that the driving force of the interaction between PPT and BSA was hydrogen bond and Van der Waals force. The result of synchronous fluorescence spectra showed that binding of PPT with BSA could induce conformational changes in BSA, that the part of tryptophan became more closely. According to Föster fluorescence resonance energy transfer theory, the binding distance r and energy-transfer efficiency E were respectively 26.2 nm and 0.32.

Meiotic chromosome configurations in triploid progeny from reciprocal crosses between wild-type diploid and natural tetraploid loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in China.

Here, we showed meiotic chromosome configurations prepared from oocyte germinal vesicles and spermatocytes of triploid loaches produced from reciprocal crosses between wild-type diploids (2n = 50) obtained from Dalian, Liaoning Province, China and natural tetraploids (4n = 100) from Chibi, Hubei Province, China. Major meiotic cells in triploids comprised 25 bivalents and 25 univalents, but cells with one to five trivalents were also observed. When three homologous chromosomes bearing nucleolar organizing regions (NOR) were identified with the detection of signals or positive sites by silver staining, chromomycin A3 staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization with a 5.8S + 28S rDNA probe, two third of selected triploid cells gave a configuration including one bivalent with two NORs (association of two homologous chromosomes) and one univalent with one NOR. However, other triploid cells showed three univalent each of which had one NOR, suggesting a failure of synapsis between homologous chromosomes. These results suggested that triploid female and male should produce aneuploid gametes with the theoretical mode at 1.5n (37 or 38 chromosomes).

Melatonin regulates the rhythmic migration of neutrophils in live zebrafish.

The circadian clock plays a vital role in physiology and behavior such as the sleep-wake cycle and blood pressure and hormone levels. Immune responses also display circadian rhythmicity and particularly pineal melatonin contributes to immunological processes. Little attention, however, is given to mechanisms underlying rhythmic neutrophil responses to the injury. Here, we used a transgenic Tg(lyz:EGFP) zebrafish tail fin transection model to investigate whether the recruitment of neutrophils toward the injured site is regulated by the circadian clock. We found that migrating neutrophils display robust rhythmicity, peaking at darkness. Melatonin positively regulates rhythmic neutrophil migration, as evidenced that treatment with melatonin at low dosage can significantly enhance neutrophil recruitment toward the injured site, which is attenuated by luzindole treatment and in pinealectomized fish. Furthermore, using a transgenic zebrafish eyeball model, we observed that melatonin enhances secretion of two cytokines, TNF-α and IL-8, both of which markedly enhance neutrophil migration. Taken together, these results highlight a positive role of melatonin in rhythmic neutrophil migration and help obtain a better understanding of circadian regulation in immunology.

Establishment and characterization of fin cell lines from diploid, triploid, and tetraploid oriental weatherfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus).

Continuous fin cell lines from diploid, triploid, and tetraploid oriental weatherfish, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, were established and characterized. The cell lines, designated DIMF, TRMF, and TEMF, respectively, were subcultured more than 80 times since initiation in October 2012 and were preserved at the China Center for Type Culture Collection as sample numbers C2013109, C2013110, C2013111, respectively. The cell lines consist predominantly of fibroblast-like cells. At the 50th passage, the population doubling times were 48.43 h (DIMF), 36.01 h (TRMF), and 41.45 h (TEMF). Cell survival rate of these three kinds of cells was 80.88 ± 1.38, 84.48 ± 1.13, and 81.57 ± 1.28 %, respectively, when recovered after storage in liquid nitrogen for 60 days at the 40th passage. The chromosome numbers measured from 100 metaphase plates at the 50th passage were 2n = 50 (68 %), 3n = 75 (59 %), and 4n = 100 (54 %) for DIMF, TRMF, and TEMF cells, respectively. At the 60th passage, the chromosome numbers for DIMF and TRMF cells were still 50 (52 %) and 75 (70 %), but the chromosome number for TEMF cells ranged from 88 to 100; a chromosome number of 96 accounted for 26 % of the cells, and the karyotype analysis showed 4n = 96, 16 m + 8sm + 72t, NF = 120; thus, compared with cells at the 50th passage, a group of metacentric chromosomes was missing. Microsatellite marker analysis was conducted using DIMF, TRMF, and TEMF cells and muscle tissue of oriental weatherfish, which confirmed that the three cell lines established in this study were from oriental weatherfish. The cell lines were exposed to two fish viruses to determine their susceptibility to infection; they were susceptible to spring viremia of carp virus but not to piscine nodavirus. Establishment of fin cell lines from different ploidy oriental weatherfish increases the existing number of fish cell lines available for research, and it provides a model for investigating the mechanisms of growth and genetics in polyploid fish.

Cell-penetrating fusion peptides OD1 and OD2 interact with Bcr-Abl and influence the growth and apoptosis of K562 cells.

The Bcr-Abl oncoprotein is the cause of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Crystal structure analysis suggests that Bcr30-63 is the core of the Bcr-Abl oligomerization interface for aberrant kinase activity; however, the precise role of other residues of Bcr1-72 excluding Bcr30-63 have not been evaluated. In this study, Bcr30-63 was named OD2 and other residues of Bcr1-72 were named OD1. Cytoplasmic transduction peptide (CTP) was used to carry molecules into cytoplasm. CTP-OD1 and CTP-OD2 fusion peptides were expressed from a cold-inducible expression system. Our results demonstrated that both fusion peptides could localize into the cytoplasm, specifically interact with the Bcr-Abl protein and further inhibit growth, induce apoptosis, and decrease the phosphorylation of Bcr-Abl in K562 cell lines. However, the viability of THP-1, a Bcr-Abl negative cell line, was unaffected. These results suggested that CTP-OD1 and CTP-OD2 may be an attractive therapeutic option to inhibit the activation of Bcr-Abl kinase in CML.

[Relationship of stroke and carotid intima-media thickness and traditional Chinese medicine intervention progress: a review].

Stroke is one of the major diseases that threaten human health, early diagnosis and treatment are very important for stroke. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is measured noninvasively to diagnosis stroke, and it is a independent predictor for stroke because its thickening can timely predict the incidence and development of stroke. As an important predictor of cardiovascular disease, more and more attention is played on CIMT. In this review, we will make a summary on the important role of CIMT in stroke and the mechanisms of carotid intima-media thickening in stroke as well as the potential use of traditional Chinese medicine in treating carotid intima-media thickening.

Endoscopic transgastric fenestration versus percutaneous drainage for management of (peri)pancreatic fluid collections adjacent to gastric wall (with video).

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous drainage (PCD) and endoscopic approaches have largely replaced surgical drainage as the initial approach for (peri) pancreatic fluid collections (PFC)s, while complications associated with endoscopic stent implantation are common. AIM: To introduce a novel endoscopic therapy named endoscopic transgastric fenestration (ETGF), which involves resection of tissue by endoscopic accessory between gastric and PFCs without stent implantation, and to evaluate its efficacy and safety compared with PCD for the management of PFCs adjacent to the gastric wall. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with PFCs adjacent to the gastric wall and who subsequently received ETGF or PCD were restrospectively enrolled. Indications for intervention were consistent with related guidelines. We analyzed patients baseline characteristics, technical and clinical success rate, recurrence and reintervention rate, procedure-related complications and adverse events. RESULTS: Seventy-two eligible patients were retrospectively identified (ETGF = 34, PCD = 38) from October 2017 to May 2021. Patients in the ETGF group had a significantly higher clinical success rate than those in the PCD group (97.1 vs 76.3%, P = 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences regarding recurrence, reintervention and incidence of complication between the two groups. While long-term catheter drainage was very common in the PCD group. CONCLUSION: Compared with PCD, ETGF has a higher clinical success rate in the management of PFCs adjacent to the gastric wall. ETGF is an alternative effective strategy for the treatment of PFCs adjacent to the gastric wall.

Tourism dependence and poverty alleviation thresholds in Chinese ethnic tourism.

Questions persist on the relationship between tourism dependence and economic growth in ethnic tourism areas. This study addresses such gaps by constructing a threshold regression model based on socio-economic data from 2006 to 2019 for nine sites in Enshi Prefecture of central China. ArcGIS and other open-source data were also used to visualize changing tourism resources in the region. Findings suggest that tourism dependence (the ratio of tourism-based GDP to overall GDP) significantly promotes economic growth in ethnic minority areas. However, the positive influence of tourism dependence on economic growth appears dynamic and non-linear - rising at first before falling when tourism dependence exceeded a threshold of 34%, with effects varying by site and year. Methods and findings make crucial theoretical contributions to understanding tourism dependence and poverty alleviation linkages. This paper also highlights the importance of political support and balanced investment in diverse industries to minimize decreasing returns beyond tourism dependence thresholds in destinations worldwide.

Extra Loading Dose of Dexmedetomidine Enhances Intestinal Function Recovery After Colorectal Resection: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Importance: Postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction (POGD) may be caused by postoperative vagus nerve tension inhibition and systemic inflammation. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) increases vagus nerve tone and affords an anti-inflammatory property, which may play a role in pathogenesis. Objective: To investigate whether a higher dose of Dex enhances gastrointestinal function recovery. Design: In this retrospective study, patients receiving colorectal surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from 2017 to 2019 were included. We evaluated the postoperative flatus time between recipients who received loading plus maintenance dose of DEX (LMD group, 237 recipients) and those who recieved maintenance dose of DEX (MD group, 302 recipients). Data were analyzed by logical regression and stratified and interaction analyses. The simulated pharmacokinetics of two DEX regimens was compared using the Tivatrainer software. Thirty paired blood samples from patients whose propensity scores matched with POGD-related factors at 24 h postoperatively were randomly selected, and their tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), d-lactate (DLA), acetylcholine (Ach), interleukin (IL)-10, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels were measured. Setting: Operating rooms and general surgery wards. Participants: Among the 644 patients undergoing colorectal surgery, 12 who had a colostomy, 26 without Dex infusion, 20 whose Dex administration mode cannot be classified, and 47 with a history of intestinal surgery were excluded. A total of 539 patients were included. Result: Compared with the MD group, the LMD group had a shorter recovery time to flatus; lower incidences of nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and abdominal pain (p < 0.05); and a slightly decreased heart rate. The LMD group was the independent factor of POGD (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.41-0.87, p = 0.007) without being reversed in stratified and interaction analyses and had higher Dex plasma concentration from skin incision to 8 h postoperatively. The LMD group had a 39% and 43% increase in Ach and IL-10 levels, respectively, and a 33%-77% decrease in TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, iNOS, LPS, and DLA levels (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Adding an extra loading dose of Dex can increase parasympathetic tone and decrease inflammation; hence, it can enhance postoperative gastrointestinal function recovery following colorectal surgery.