Intussusception due to intramural jejunal splenosis.

Splenosis is defined as the growth of ectopic splenic tissue, due to its direct seeding, usually seen after traumatic or surgical procedures to the spleen. It often occurs on highly vascularized surfaces such as the omentum or the mesentery, and grows in sessile form, supplied by adjacent vessels. Intestinal splenosis with endoluminal extension is extremely rare. We present a case of intestinal splenosis with endoluminal growth in a 14-year-old boy that provoked a small bowel intussusception requiring surgical resolution.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical skills training in pediatric surgery residents.

PURPOSE: To analyze the initial impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on surgical skills training and performance of Pediatric Surgery Residents. METHODS: Retrospective study considering the modifications on the Pediatric Surgery Residency training from March 1st-May 31st, 2020. Exposure to OR learning opportunities was compared to the same 2018-2019 trimesters. An anonymous survey about self-perception on surgical skills development was also performed. RESULTS: Residents performed 209 procedures as leading surgeons during the 2020 trimester with a mean number of surgeries per resident of 20.9, representing a reduction of 46% and 56.8% compared to the 2018-2019 averages, respectively. Reduction in both the number and the percentage of total procedures (n: 209, 56.8%) compared to both 2019 (n: 354, 68.7%, p: 0.000272) and 2018 (n: 420, 76.1%, p < 0,00,001) showed statistical correlation with no changes in their complexity pattern. From the survey (response rate: 100%), hours dedicated to simulation-based training were highly increased. More time was spent studying, but only 60% achieved better preparation for surgery and 70% perceived a decrease in surgical confidence. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the pandemic promoted new teaching strategies and the use of simulation-based training, it drastically reduced "on-the-job" learning opportunities with potential effects on residents' performance and self-confidence during surgery.

Childhood liver tumors in Argentina: Incidence trend and survival by treatment center. A report from the national pediatric cancer registry, ROHA network 2000-2015.

BACKGROUND: Information on the epidemiology of pediatric liver tumors in Latin America is limited. PURPOSE: To describe the incidence of liver tumors in a pediatric registry in Argentina according to geographic region, national trends over 16 years, and survival related to stage, age, sex, and care center. METHODS: Newly diagnosed liver tumors cases are registered in the Argentine Pediatric Oncology Hospital Registry (ROHA) with an estimated coverage of 91% of national cases. Age-standardized incidence rate per millon (ASR) was calculated based on the National Vital Statistics Reports. Five-year overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test was used to compare subgroup survival. RESULTS: Two hundred seven cases of hepatoblastoma (HB) and 73 of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were identified. ASR of liver tumors was 1.8/million (95% confidence Interval [CI], 1.6-2.0) per year. ASR was 1.4 (1.2-1.6) for HB and 0.4 (0.3-0.5) for HCC. For HB, the highest incidence was found in the northwest region including the Altiplano. OS was 60.4% (53.4-66.8) for HB and 36.1% (25.2-47.2) for HCC. Five-year survival rate of children with metastatic HB treated at liver transplant hospitals (LTH) was 54.2% (30.3-73.0) compared to 13.3% (2.2-34.6) for those seen at other hospitals (OH) (P = .02), while for HCC this rate was 46.3% (30.7-60.6) at LTH compared to 17.5% (3.1-41.9) at OH (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence rate of pediatric liver tumors was stable over the 16-year study period. Patients may benefit if at treatment initiation they are evaluated jointly with LTH specialists to define treatment strategies.

Thyroid cancer in children: A multicenter international study highlighting clinical features and surgical outcomes of primary and secondary tumors.

Background: Thyroid gland malignancies are rare in pediatric patients (0.7% of tumors); only 1.8% are observed in patients aged <20 years, with a higher prevalence recorded in women and adolescents. Risk factors include genetic syndromes, MEN disorders, autoimmune diseases, and exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiotherapy is also associated with an increased risk of secondary thyroid cancer. This study describes the clinical features and surgical outcomes of primary and secondary thyroid tumors in pediatric patients. Methods: Institutional data were collected from eight international surgical oncology centers for pediatric patients with thyroid cancer between 2000 and 2020. Statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism software. Results: Among 255 total cases of thyroid cancer, only 13 (5.1%) were secondary tumors. Primary thyroid malignancies were more likely to be multifocal in origin (odds ratio [OR] 1.993, 95% confidence interval [CI].7466-5.132, p = 0.2323), have bilateral glandular location (OR 2.847, 95% CI.6835-12.68, p = 0.2648), and be metastatic at first diagnosis (OR 1.259, 95% CI.3267-5.696, p > 0.999). Secondary tumors showed a higher incidence of disease relapse (OR 1.556, 95% CI.4579-5.57, p = 0.4525) and surgical complications (OR 2.042, 95% CI 0.7917-5.221, p = 0.1614), including hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. The overall survival (OS) was 99% at 1 year and 97% after 10 years. No EFS differences were evident between the primary and secondary tumors (chi-square 0.7307, p = 0.39026). Conclusions: This multicenter study demonstrated excellent survival in pediatric thyroid malignancies. Secondary tumors exhibited greater disease relapse (15.8 vs. 10.5%) and a higher incidence of surgical complications (36.8 vs. 22.2%).

Choledochal cyst in pediatric patients: a 10-year single institution experience.

BACKGROUND: Choledochal cysts (CCs) are rare congenital dilatations of the biliar tree. The incidence is 1:150,000. A correct diagnosis and surgical treatment are important because of the long term risks of infection and neoplasia. We report our experience with CCs in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with CC disease, who were seen at the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires between 1999 and 2009, were identified retrospectively from our prospectively acquired hepato-pancreatico-biliary database. Prenatal, clinical, surgical and pathological records were analysed. RESULTS: We included 12 children (10 girls and 2 boys), all of them affected by a cystic dilatation type I of Todani classification. Between the 4 patients with antenatal diagnosis only one presented symptoms before surgery, expressed in acolic feces. Between the 8 patients with postnatal diagnosis, the most common clinical presentation was abdominal pain, occurring in all patients. Ultrasound was used for the diagnosis of all patients. Mean age at surgery was 74 months. All patients had intraoperative cholangiograms to definitively confirm the diagnosis. Five patients underwent open surgery and 7 laparoscopic approach. From patients with a laparoscopic approach, 1 had to be converted to open surgery due to intraoperative complications and 2 underwent an initial surgery for a cholecystectomy and a CC cyst excision. The complications observed were: anastomotic biliary fistula 1, residual lithiasis in the pancreatic portion of the duct 1 and anastomotic stenosis 1. The last 2 cases required reoperation. CONCLUSIONS: Once CCs are diagnosed, careful treatment decisions need to be taken because both intra hepatic and extra hepatic CCs, if untreated, have an increased risk of cancer. After a careful study of the cyst's characteristics, we recommend a laparoscopic approach when possible, as the best choice, after 3 months of life to increase the success of the treatment according to the size of the anatomic structure. We recommend early treatment, before 3 months of life, only in case of severe symptoms.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the pediatric population with acute appendicitis: Experience at a general, tertiary care hospital. / Impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la población pediátrica con apendicitis aguda: experiencia en un hospital general de tercer nivel.

INTRODUCTION: Appendicitis is the leading cause of surgical acute abdomen in pediatrics. During the COVID-19 pandemic, management strategies were reassessed and the number of visits to the emergency department dropped down, which may be associated with delayed diagnoses and complications. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the pandemic on children with acute appendicitis. METHODS: Analytical, retrospective, comparative study of pediatric patients with acute appendicitis in the 5 months of COVID-19 lockdown versus the same period in the previous year. Incidence, clinical data, stage, surgical approach, and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: The total number of appendicitis cases went down by 25% (n = 67 versus n = 50 in 2020). The mean time to consultation was 24 hours in both periods (p = 0.989). The incidence of peritonitis was 44% (n = 22) versus 37% (n = 22) (p = 0.22) in 2019. No differences were observed in terms of appendicitis stage based on surgery reports. In 2019, all surgeries were laparoscopic; while in 2020, only 42% (n = 21). The incidence of complications was 6% versus 7.5% in the previous period (p = 0.75). One patient was COVID-19 positive. CONCLUSION: Although in our population the number of appendicitis cases dropped down, consultation was not delayed. The greater impact was associated with the reformulation of management strategies, in which the laparoscopic approach is avoided to reduce virus transmission.

Introducción. La apendicitis constituye la principal causa de abdomen agudo quirúrgico en pediatría. Durante la pandemia por COVID-19, se replantearon las estrategias de manejo y disminuyeron las consultas en las guardias, lo que podría asociarse a diagnósticos tardíos y complicaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto de la pandemia en los niños con apendicitis aguda. Métodos. Estudio analítico retrospectivo comparativo de pacientes pediátricos con apendicitis aguda durante los cinco meses del confinamiento por COVID-19 versus los meses equivalentes del año previo. Se analizaron la incidencia, la clínica, el estadio, el abordaje quirúrgico y las complicaciones. Resultados. Los casos totales de apendicitis se redujeron un 25% (n = 67 versus n = 50 en 2020). El tiempo medio hasta la consulta fue de 24 horas en ambos períodos (p = 0,989). La incidencia de peritonitis fue del 44% (n = 22) versus el 37% (n = 22) (p = 0,22) en 2019. No se evidenció diferencia en los estadios de enfermedad de acuerdo con lo informado en los partes quirúrgicos. En 2019, todas las cirugías se realizaron por vía laparoscópica; en 2020, solo un 42% (n = 21). La incidencia de complicaciones fue del 6%, contra 7,5% en el período previo (p = 0,75). Un paciente fue COVID-19 positivo. Conclusión. A pesar de la reducción en el número de casos de apendicitis, no se evidenció una demora en la consulta en nuestra población. El mayor impacto se asoció a la readecuación del manejo, evitando el abordaje laparoscópico para reducir la diseminación del virus.

[Facial nerve schwannoma as differential diagnosis of parotid tumors in pediatrics]. / Schwannoma del nervio facial como diagnóstico diferencial en tumores de la región parotídea en pediatría.

Schwannomas are benign tumors which arise from Schwann cells and take place along peripheral nerves. Extra-temporal facial nerve schwannomas are infrequent and present as painless masses in the parotid region, slow-growing and involvement of the facial nerve. Although rare, they should be taken into account as a differential diagnosis in parotid masses in children. Surgical strategies include superficial parotidectomy and surgical tumor resection with electrical nerve stimulation and nerve preservation. The following case describes a paediatric patient treated with the previously mentioned nerve sparing surgical technique.

El schwannoma es un tumor benigno originado de las células de Schwann y puede producirse a lo largo de cualquier nervio en el que estas células formen parte de su vaina. Los schwannomas del nervio facial extratemporales son infrecuentes y se presentan como masas indoloras en la región parotídea, de lento crecimiento y con compromiso del nervio facial. Se los debe tener en cuenta como diagnóstico diferencial en masas parotídeas en los niños, aunque sean raros. La utilización de la punción aspirativa con aguja fina y la resonancia magnética nuclear evidencia la mejor aproximación diagnóstica. El tratamiento quirúrgico de elección en la localización intraparotídea es la parotidectomía superficial. Otra opción es la tumorectomía completa con electroestimulación intraoperatoria y preservación del nervio facial. Se presenta un caso de schwannoma intraparotídeo en una paciente pediátrica operada con esta última técnica.

[Minimally invasive treatment of biliary tract injury secondary to closed abdominal trauma: Clinical case]. / Tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de una lesión de la vía biliar secundaria a un traumatismo abdominal cerrado: Caso clínico.

Hepatic and biliary tract injuries due to traumatic causes are rare in pediatric patients. Of the total number of patients with closed abdominal trauma, less than 9 % have liver injury, and the frequency varies between 2 and 3 % of biliary tract lesions. Currently, the recommended treatment for closed abdominal trauma with liver injury without hemodynamic repercussion is conservative. In case of presenting intra or extrahepatic biliary tract lesion, the preferred approaches are minimally invasive, such as percutaneous or endoscopic surgery, using laparotomy in selected cases. We present the case of a patient with closed abdominal trauma and liver trauma, initially laparotomized on 2 occasions due to hemodynamic instability and hemoperitoneum; presented a subdiaphragmatic and coleperitoneal bilioma; it was performed minimally invasive percutaneous drainage under tomographic control.

Las lesiones hepáticas y de las vías biliares por causa traumática son poco usuales en la edad pediátrica. Del total de pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado, menos del 9 % presentan lesión hepática, y la frecuencia varía entre el 2 % y el 3 % de la lesión de las vías biliares. Actualmente, el tratamiento recomendado para el trauma abdominal cerrado con lesión hepática sin repercusión hemodinámica es conservador; en caso de presentar lesión de la vía biliar intra- o extrahepática, los abordajes de preferencia son mínimamente invasivos, como la cirugía percutánea o endoscópica, y se utiliza la laparotomía en casos seleccionados. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con trauma abdominal cerrado y trauma hepático, inicialmente laparotomizado en 2 ocasiones por inestabilidad hemodinámica y hemoperitoneo; presentó un bilioma subdiafragmático y coleperitoneo, en el que se realizó un manejo mínimamente invasivo por drenaje percutáneo bajo control tomográfico.

[Fetal ascites as clinical presentation of inferior vena cava agenesis]. / Ascitis fetal como forma de presentación de agenesia de la vena cava inferior.

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) is composed of three segments from different embryological origin. Its lack of fusion originates a wide spectrum of anomalies of the IVC. These malformations are present in 0.07-8.7% of the population. It is generally diagnosed as an incidental finding in adult life. It represents between 5 and 9.5% of idiopathic deep vein thrombosis in patients younger than 30 years old without associated risk factors. We present a case of a term newborn with prenatal diagnosis of ascites during the 20th week of gestation. IVC Agenesis was diagnosed with the use of abdominal angiotomography. The treatment of patients with IVC Agenesis is based on the management of its complications. Due to the increased thrombotic risk of these patients, we should consider lifelong anticoagulation. We suggest initiating it during puberty.

La vena cava inferior (VCI) está constituida por tres segmentos de diferente origen embriológico. De su mala fusión, surge un amplio espectro de anomalías. La prevalencia de anomalías de la VCI es de 0,07-8,7% de la población. Generalmente, se diagnostica como hallazgo incidental en la vida adulta. Representa el 5-9,5% de las trombosis venosas profundas idiopáticas en menores de 30 años sin factores de riesgo asociados. Se presenta a una recién nacida a término con diagnóstico prenatal de ascitis en la semana 20 de gestación. Se diagnosticó, mediante angiotomografía abdominal, la agenesia de VCI. El tratamiento de pacientes con agenesia de la VCI se basa en el manejo de las complicaciones. Debido al mayor riesgo que presentan de sufrir un evento trombótico, se debe considerar la profilaxis antitrombótica a largo plazo. Se recomienda iniciar profilaxis anticoagulante en la pubertad.

[Post traumatic diaphragmatic rupture in children: Case report]. / Ruptura diafragmatica postraumatica en pediatria: A proposito de un caso.

Diaphragmatic rupture is a relatively uncommon entity in pediatrics that can occur as a result of a high-impact trauma. Only between 25 and 50% of the cases are detected in the initial evaluation of the patient, which increases the risk of complications. This paper presents the case of an asymptomatic 8-year-old patient who was referred to our institution after a vehicular accident. A day and a half after admission, a left pulmonary hypoventilation was detected. Computed tomography scan showed intrathoracic elevation of the splenic angle of the colon and the small bowel. Surgical exploration and treatment were performed. Deferred radiographic controls showed no signs of relapse.

La ruptura diafragmática es una entidad relativamente infrecuente en pediatría que se puede presentar como consecuencia de un traumatismo de alto impacto. Solo entre el 25% y el 50% de los casos es detectado en la evaluación inicial del paciente, lo que aumenta el riesgo de complicaciones. En este trabajo, se presenta el caso de una paciente asintomática, de 8 años de edad, que, tras un accidente vehicular y la evaluación inicial en otro centro, fue derivada a nuestra Institución para el control evolutivo. A las 36 horas del ingreso, presentó hipoventilación pulmonar izquierda. La tomografía demostró un ascenso intratorácico del ángulo esplénico del colon y asas de intestino delgado. Se efectuó la exploración y el tratamiento quirúrgico. Los controles radiográficos diferidos no mostraron signos de recidiva.

[Intestinal venous vascular malformation: Unusual etiology of gastrointestinal bleeding in pediatrics. Case report]. / Malformación vascular venosa intestinal: una rara causa de hemorragia digestiva en pediatría. Presentación de un caso.

Intestinal vascular malformations, especially those in the right colon, are a frequent cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in adults, but they are a very rare condition in children. Symptoms include acute hemorrhage, intestinal obstruction, or chronic anemia of uncertain etiology, which is the most frequent form of presentation but the most difficult to diagnose and thus properly treat. We report the case of an 11 year old boy admitted to the Emergency Room with abdominal pain, vomits, hemodynamic decompensation, who required expansion and blood transfusion. With history ofrecurrent bloody stools since infancy with repeated normal endoscopies and Tc99 scintigraphy with chronic anemia and no improvement despite adequate treatment. In the last admission, the videocolonoscopy detected a venous vascular malformation in the ileocecal region. The angiography and the entero multislice computer tomography scanner were valuable tools to confirm the diagnosis and to select the appropriate surgical procedure for this rare condition.

Las malformaciones vasculares intestinales, en especial las del colon derecho, son causa frecuente de sangrado digestivo en adultos mayores, pero son raras en pediatría. Se pueden manifestar como hemorragia aguda, obstrucción intestinal o como anemia crónica de etiología incierta; esta es la presentación más frecuente, pero también la de mayor dificultad diagnóstica y terapéutica. Se presenta un niño de 11 años, que ingresó por Guardia con vómitos, dolor abdominal y descompensación hemodinámica, que requirió expansión y transfusión sanguínea. Entre sus antecedentes, figuraban episodios recurrentes de hemorragia intestinal baja desde los primeros años de vida, con estudios endoscópicos y centellograma Tc99 normales e historia de anemia persistente, a pesar del tratamiento. En la última internación, con la videocolonoscopía, se logró identificar una malformación venosa intestinal en la zona ileocecal. La angiografía digital y la enterotomografía multislice resultaron de suma utilidad en el proceso diagnóstico y en la elección de la conducta quirúrgica.

Impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la población pediátrica con apendicitis aguda: experiencia en un hospital general de tercer nivel / Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the pediatric population with acute appendicitis: Experience at a general, tertiary care hospital

Introducción. La apendicitis constituye la principal causa de abdomen agudo quirúrgico en pediatría. Durante la pandemia por COVID-19, se replantearon las estrategias de manejo ydisminuyeron las consultas en las guardias, lo que podría asociarse a diagnósticos tardíos y complicaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto de la pandemia en los niños con apendicitis aguda. Métodos. Estudio analítico retrospectivocomparativo de pacientes pediátricos conapendicitis aguda durante los cinco meses del confinamiento por COVID-19 versus los meses equivalentes del año previo. Se analizaron la incidencia, la clínica, el estadio, el abordajequirúrgico y las complicaciones. Resultados. Los casos totales de apendicitisse redujeron un 25 % (n = 67 versus n = 50 en 2020). El tiempo medio hasta la consulta fue de 24 horas en ambos períodos (p = 0,989). La incidencia de peritonitis fue del 44 % (n = 22) versus el 37 % (n = 22) (p = 0,22) en 2019. No se evidenció diferencia en los estadios deenfermedad de acuerdo con lo informado en los partes quirúrgicos. En 2019, todas las cirugías se realizaron por vía laparoscópica; en 2020, solo un42 % (n = 21). La incidencia de complicaciones fue del 6 %, contra 7,5 % en el período previo (p = 0,75). Un paciente fue COVID-19 positivo. Conclusión. A pesar de la reducción en el númerode casos de apendicitis, no se evidenció una demora en la consulta en nuestra población. El mayor impacto se asoció a la readecuación del manejo, evitando el abordaje laparoscópico para reducir la diseminación del virus.

Introduction. Appendicitis is the leading cause of surgical acute abdomen in pediatrics. During the COVID-19 pandemic, management strategies were reassessed and the number of visits to the emergency department dropped down, which may be associated with delayed diagnoses and complications. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the pandemic on children with acute appendicitis. Methods. Analytical, retrospective, comparative study of pediatric patients with acute appendicitis in the 5 months of COVID-19 lockdown versus the same period in the previous year. Incidence, clinical data, stage, surgical approach, and complications were analyzed. Results. The total number of appendicitis cases went down by 25 % (n = 67 versus n = 50 in 2020). The mean time to consultation was 24 hours in both periods (p = 0.989). The incidence of peritonitis was 44 % (n = 22) versus 37 % (n = 22) (p = 0.22) in 2019. No differences were  observed in terms of appendicitis stage based on surgery reports. In 2019, all surgeries were laparoscopic; while in 2020, only 42 % (n = 21). The incidence of complications was 6 % versus 7.5 % in the previous period (p = 0.75). One patient was COVID-19 positive. Conclusion. Although in our population the number of appendicitis cases dropped down, consultation was not delayed. The greater impact was associated with the reformulation of management strategies, in which the laparoscopic approach is avoided to reduce virus transmission.

Schwannoma del nervio facial como diagnóstico diferencial en tumores de la región parotídea en pediatría / Facial nerve schwannoma as differential diagnosis of parotid tumors in pediatrics

El schwannoma es un tumor benigno originado de las células de Schwann y puede producirse a lo largo de cualquier nervio en el que estas células formen parte de su vaina. Los schwannomas del nervio facial extratemporales son infrecuentes y se presentan como masas indoloras en la región parotídea, de lento crecimiento y con compromiso del nervio facial. Se los debe tener en cuenta como diagnóstico diferencial en masas parotídeas en los niños, aunque sean raros. La utilización de la punción aspirativa con aguja fina y la resonancia magnética nuclear evidencia la mejor aproximación diagnóstica. El tratamiento quirúrgico de elección en la localización intraparotídea es la parotidectomía superficial. Otra opción es la tumorectomía completa con electroestimulación intraoperatoria y preservación del nervio facial. Se presenta un caso de schwannoma intraparotídeo en una paciente pediátrica operada con esta última técnica.

Schwannomas are benign tumors which arise from Schwann cells and take place along peripheral nerves. Extra-temporal facial nerve schwannomas are infrequent and present as painless masses in the parotid region, slow-growing and involvement of the facial nerve. Although rare, they should be taken into account as a differential diagnosis in parotid masses in children. Surgical strategies include superficial parotidectomy and surgical tumor resection with electrical nerve stimulation and nerve preservation. The following case describes a paediatric patient treated with the previously mentioned nerve sparing surgical technique.

[Cervical Castleman's disease. Pediatric case report]. / Enfermedad de Castleman de localización cervical. Caso clínico pediátrico.

Castleman's disease (CD) is a rare entity, characterized by lymph node follicles hyperplasia. It rarely occurs in children. We present a case of a 9 year old girl with CD in the parotid region. This disease, although it's low incidence in pediatric population, may mimic a malignant neoplasm and should be a differential diagnosis in cervical masses.

Ruptura diafragmatica postraumatica en pediatria: A proposito de un caso / Post traumatic diaphragmatic rupture in children: Case report

La ruptura diafragmática es una entidad relativamente infrecuente en pediatría que se puede presentar como consecuencia de un traumatismo de alto impacto. Solo entre el 25% y el 50% de los casos es detectado en la evaluación inicial del paciente, lo que aumenta el riesgo de complicaciones. En este trabajo, se presenta el caso de una paciente asintomática, de 8 años de edad, que, tras un accidente vehicular y la evaluación inicial en otro centro, fue derivada a nuestra Institución para el control evolutivo. A las 36 horas del ingreso, presentó hipoventilación pulmonar izquierda. La tomografía demostró un ascenso intratorácico del ángulo esplénico del colon y asas de intestino delgado. Se efectuó la exploración y el tratamiento quirúrgico. Los controles radiográficos diferidos no mostraron signos de recidiva.

Diaphragmatic rupture is a relatively uncommon entity in pediatrics that can occur as a result of a high-impact trauma. Only between 25 and 50% of the cases are detected in the initial evaluation of the patient, which increases the risk of complications. This paper presents the case of an asymptomatic 8-year-old patient who was referred to our institution after a vehicular accident. A day and a half after admission, a left pulmonary hypoventilation was detected. Computed tomography scan showed intrathoracic elevation of the splenic angle of the colon and the small bowel. Surgical exploration and treatment were performed. Deferred radiographic controls showed no signs of relapse.

Ascitis fetal como forma de presentación de agenesia de la vena cava inferior / Fetal ascites as clinical presentation of inferior vena cava agenesis

La vena cava inferior (VCI) está constituida por tres segmentos de diferente origen embriológico. De su mala fusión, surge un amplio espectro de anomalías. La prevalencia de anomalías de la VCI es de 0,07-8,7% de la población. Generalmente, se diagnostica como hallazgo incidental en la vida adulta. Representa el 5-9,5% de las trombosis venosas profundas idiopáticas en menores de 30 años sin factores de riesgo asociados. Se presenta a una recién nacida a término con diagnóstico prenatal de ascitis en la semana 20 de gestación. Se diagnosticó, mediante angiotomografía abdominal, la agenesia de VCI. El tratamiento de pacientes con agenesia de la VCI se basa en el manejo de las complicaciones. Debido al mayor riesgo que presentan de sufrir un evento trombótico, se debe considerar la profilaxis antitrombótica a largo plazo. Se recomienda iniciar profilaxis anticoagulante en la pubertad.

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) is composed of three segments from different embryological origin. Its lack of fusion originates a wide spectrum of anomalies of the IVC. These malformations are present in 0.07-8.7% of the population. It is generally diagnosed as an incidental finding in adult life. It represents between 5 and 9.5% of idiopathic deep vein thrombosis in patients younger than 30 years old without associated risk factors. We present a case of a term newborn with prenatal diagnosis of ascites during the 20th week of gestation. IVC Agenesis was diagnosed with the use of abdominal angiotomography. The treatment of patients with IVC Agenesis is based on the management of its complications. Due to the increased thrombotic risk of these patients, we should consider lifelong anticoagulation. We suggest initiating it during puberty.

Tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de una lesión de la vía biliar secundaria a un traumatismo abdominal cerrado: Caso clínico / Minimally invasive treatment of biliary tract injury secondary to closed abdominal trauma: Clinical case

Las lesiones hepáticas y de las vías biliares por causa traumática son poco usuales en la edad pediátrica. Del total de pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado, menos del 9 % presentan lesión hepática, y la frecuencia varía entre el 2 % y el 3 % de la lesión de las vías biliares. Actualmente, el tratamiento recomendado para el trauma abdominal cerrado con lesión hepática sin repercusión hemodinámica es conservador; en caso de presentar lesión de la vía biliar intra- o extrahepática, los abordajes de preferencia son mínimamente invasivos, como la cirugía percutánea o endoscópica, y se utiliza la laparotomía en casos seleccionados. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con trauma abdominal cerrado y trauma hepático, inicialmente laparotomizado en 2 ocasiones por inestabilidad hemodinámica y hemoperitoneo; presentó un bilioma subdiafragmático y coleperitoneo, en el que se realizó un manejo mínimamente invasivo por drenaje percutáneo bajo control tomográfico.

Hepatic and biliary tract injuries due to traumatic causes are rare in pediatric patients. Of the total number of patients with closed abdominal trauma, less than 9 % have liver injury, and the frequency varies between 2 and 3 % of biliary tract lesions. Currently, the recommended treatment for closed abdominal trauma with liver injury without hemodynamic repercussion is conservative. In case of presenting intra or extrahepatic biliary tract lesion, the preferred approaches are minimally invasive, such as percutaneous or endoscopic surgery, using laparotomy in selected cases. We present the case of a patient with closed abdominal trauma and liver trauma, initially laparotomized on 2 occasions due to hemodynamic instability and hemoperitoneum; presented a subdiaphragmatic and coleperitoneal bilioma; it was performed minimally invasive percutaneous drainage under tomographic control.

Malformación vascular venosa intestinal: una rara causa de hemorragia digestiva en pediatría. Presentación de un caso / Intestinal venous vascular malformation: Unusual etiology of gastrointestinal bleeding in pediatrics. Case report

Las malformaciones vasculares intestinales, en especial las del colon derecho, son causa frecuente de sangrado digestivo en adultos mayores, pero son raras en pediatría. Se pueden manifestar como hemorragia aguda, obstrucción intestinal o como anemia crónica de etiología incierta; esta es la presentación más frecuente, pero también la de mayor dificultad diagnóstica y terapéutica. Se presenta un niño de 11 años, que ingresó por Guardia con vómitos, dolor abdominal y descompensación hemodinámica, que requirió expansión y transfusión sanguínea. Entre sus antecedentes, figuraban episodios recurrentes de hemorragia intestinal baja desde los primeros años de vida, con estudios endoscópicos y centellograma Tc99 normales e historia de anemia persistente, a pesar del tratamiento. En la última internación, con la videocolonoscopía, se logró identificar una malformación venosa intestinal en la zona ileocecal. La angiografía digital y la enterotomografía multislice resultaron de suma utilidad en el proceso diagnóstico y en la elección de la conducta quirúrgica.

Intestinal vascular malformations, especially those in the right colon, are a frequent cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in adults, but they are a very rare condition in children. Symptoms include acute hemorrhage, intestinal obstruction, or chronic anemia of uncertain etiology, which is the most frequent form of presentation but the most difficult to diagnose and thus properly treat. We report the case of an 11 year old boy admitted to the Emergency Room with abdominal pain, vomits, hemodynamic decompensation, who required expansion and blood transfusion. With history ofrecurrent bloody stools since infancy with repeated normal endoscopies and Tc99 scintigraphy with chronic anemia and no improvement despite adequate treatment. In the last admission, the videocolonoscopy detected a venous vascular malformation in the ileocecal region. The angiography and the entero multislice computer tomography scanner were valuable tools to confirm the diagnosis and to select the appropriate surgical procedure for this rare condition.

Enfermedad de Castleman de localización cervical: Caso clínico pediátrico / Cervical Castleman's disease: Pediatric case report

La enfermedad de Castleman es una rara entidad, caracterizada por la hiperplasia de los folículos linfoides. Excepcionalmente afecta a los niños. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 9 años con enfermedad de Castleman en la región parotídea. A pesar de su baja incidencia en la población pediátrica, esta afección puede simular una neoplasia y debe ser tenida en cuenta entre los diagnósticos diferenciales de una masa cervical.

Castleman's disease (CD) is a rare entity, characterized by lymph node follicles hyperplasia. It rarely occurs in children. We present a case of a 9 year old girl with CD in the parotid region. This disease, although it's low incidence in pediatric population, may mimic a malignant neoplasm and should be a differential diagnosis in cervical masses.