Mutations in and Expression of the Tumor Suppressor Gene p53 in Egg-Type Chickens Infected With Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus.

To investigate the molecular mechanisms of the oncogenic effects of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), we examined mutations in and the expression of p53 in the myelocytomas distributed in the liver, spleen, trachea, and bone marrow, as well as in fibrosarcomas in the abdominal cavity and hemangiomas in skin from chickens that were naturally or experimentally infected with ALV-J. Two types of mutations in the p53 gene were detected in myelocytomas of both the experimentally infected and the naturally infected chickens and included point mutations and deletions. Two of the point mutations have not been reported previously. Partial complementary DNA clones with a 122-bp deletion in the p53 gene ORF and a 15-bp deletion in the C-terminus were identified in the myelocytomas. In addition, moderate expression of the mutant p53 protein was detected in the myelocytomas that were distributed in the liver, trachea, spleen, and bone marrow. Mutant p53 protein was not detected in the subcutaneous hemangiomas or in the abdominal fibrosarcomas associated with natural and experimental ALV-J infection, respectively. These results identify mutations associated with abnormal expression of p53 in ALV-J-associated myelocytomas, suggesting a role in tumorigenesis.

Interaction effects of stride angle and strike pattern on running economy.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between stride angle and running economy (RE) in athletes with different foot strike patterns. 30 male runners completed 4 min running stages on a treadmill at different velocities. During the test, biomechanical variables such as stride angle, swing time, contact time, stride length and frequency were recorded using an optical measurement system. Their foot strike pattern was determined, and VO2 at velocities below the lactate threshold were measured to calculate RE. Midfoot/forefoot strikers had better RE than rearfoot strikers (201.5±5.6 ml · kg(-1) · km(-1) vs. 213.5±4.2 ml · kg(-1) · km(-1)respectively; p=0.019). Additionally, midfoot/fore-foot strikers presented higher stride angles than rearfoot strikers (p=0.043). Linear modelling analysis showed that stride angle is closely related to RE (r=0.62, p<0.001) and that the effect of stride angle on RE was different in the 2 groups. From an arbitrary value of 4°, a rearfoot strike pattern is likely to be more economical, whereas at any lower degree, the midfoot/forefoot strike pattern appears to be more desirable. A biomechanical running technique characterised by high stride angles and a midfoot/forefoot strike pattern is advantageous for a better RE. Athletes may find stride angle useful for improving RE.

OBLA is a better predictor of performance than Dmax in long and middle-distance well-trained runners.

AIM: The main purpose of this study was to investigate if the lactate threshold estimated by the maximal deviation method (LTDmax) and the onset of blood lactate accumulation speed (LTOBLA) are good correlates of middle- and long-distance running performance in well-trained endurance runners. METHODS: Eleven long- and eleven middle-distance runners participated in this study. All participants completed a maximal incremental running test on a treadmill to determine maximal physiological variables and velocities corresponding to LTDmax and LTOBLA (4 mmol·L-1 of lactate concentration). The relationships between LTDmax, LTOBLA and the best 10-km (S10km) and 3-km (S3km) race pace were analyzed in the long- and middle distance runners, respectively. RESULTS: The velocities for LTDmax and LTOBLA were 17.0±0.7 km·h-1 and 17.5±1.3 km·h-1 for the long-distance runners and 16.9±1.1 km·h-1 and 17.4±1.3 km·h-1 for the middle-distance runners. A positive linear relationship was found between LTDmax and S10km (r=0.873, P<0.001), as well as between LTOBLA and S10km (r=0.919, P<0.001) in the long-distance runners. Similarly, LTDmax and LTOBLA were significantly correlated with S3km in the middle-distance runners (r=0.825, P<0.01 and r=0.849, P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that both LTOBLA and LTDmax are highly associated to running performance according to S10km and S3km in well-trained long- and middle-distance runners. Thus, we conclude that competitive middle- and long-distance athletes may find these measures useful to monitor running performance within 3 weeks of laboratory testing.

Differences in ground contact time explain the less efficient running economy in north african runners.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between biomechanical variables and running economy in North African and European runners. Eight North African and 13 European male runners of the same athletic level ran 4-minute stages on a treadmill at varying set velocities. During the test, biomechanical variables such as ground contact time, swing time, stride length, stride frequency, stride angle and the different sub-phases of ground contact were recorded using an optical measurement system. Additionally, oxygen uptake was measured to calculate running economy. The European runners were more economical than the North African runners at 19.5 km · h(-1), presented lower ground contact time at 18 km · h(-1) and 19.5 km · h(-1) and experienced later propulsion sub-phase at 10.5 km · h(-1),12 km · h(-1), 15 km · h(-1), 16.5 km · h(-1) and 19.5 km · h(-1) than the European runners (P < 0.05). Running economy at 19.5 km · h(-1) was negatively correlated with swing time (r = -0.53) and stride angle (r = -0.52), whereas it was positively correlated with ground contact time (r = 0.53). Within the constraints of extrapolating these findings, the less efficient running economy in North African runners may imply that their outstanding performance at international athletic events appears not to be linked to running efficiency. Further, the differences in metabolic demand seem to be associated with differing biomechanical characteristics during ground contact, including longer contact times.

Prevalence of adult female acne in Colombia: A population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Acne is a common inflammatory skin disease with adolescents being the most affected by this condition; however, acne also occurs frequently in the adult population. Adult acne is defined as late-onset acne or acne that persists beyond age 25 years. In terms of epidemiologic data, reports of adult female acne prevalence range from 5.5% to 61.5% around the world. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and trace the trend of adult female acne in Colombia over the last 5 years. METHODS: Using nationwide data from the General System of Social Security and Health in Colombia through the Sistema Integrado de Información de la Protección Social database and International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, diagnostic codes, a cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of adult female acne in outpatients in Colombia from 2015 to 2019. RESULTS: For the 5-year study period, overall acne prevalence was 2.14 per 1000 population. The highest annual prevalence (2.94 per 1000 population) was in 2019 and the lowest prevalence (1.71 per 1000 population) was in 2015. Prevalence peaked in patients age 25 to 29 years, and decreased to <1 per 1000 population in those age <50 years. CONCLUSION: This nationwide study of adult female acne in Colombia suggests an increasing trend in prevalence over the last 5 years. We recommend further studies to determine risk factors involved in this condition.

Exophiala psychrophila: A new agent of chromoblastomycosis.

Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic cutaneous and subcutaneous mycosis, is caused by dematiaceous fungi, the most frequently implicated are Fonsecaea, Phialophora, Cladophialophora, Rhinocladiella and Exophiala. We report a woman who was treated before with mycological cure, but she experience a relapse requiring treatment again. Direct microscopic examination and skin biopsy with culture were necessary to identify a Exophiala psychrophila, and for our knowledge this is the first case reported.

Functional outcomes of distal radius fractures with and without ulnar styloid fractures: a meta-analysis.

The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the functional outcomes of patients with a distal radius fracture with and without a concomitant fracture of the ulnar styloid process. A systematic literature search was performed to identify all studies comparing patients with a distal radius fracture with and without an ulnar styloid process fracture. The initial search revealed 511 articles, of which 12 articles with a total of 2243 patients were included; 1196 patients with and 1047 patients without an ulnar styloid process fracture. A statistically significant mean difference of 3.40 points (95% CI 1.33-5.48) in the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score was found in favour of patients without an ulnar styloid process fracture. This difference is less than 10 and therefore not clinically important. No significant difference was found in Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation scores, range of motion, grip strength, visual analogue scale pain scores, ulnar-sided wrist pain and distal radio-ulnar joint instability between patients with and without an ulnar styloid process fracture after 1 year of follow-up. Moreover, no significant differences were found between ulnar styloid base and nonbase fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I.

Epidemiology of rosacea in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of rosacea has been estimated around the world in the range of 0-22%. In Colombia, the prevalence of rosacea remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of rosacea and the frequencies of its subtypes in Colombia. METHODS: This cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted in six outpatient dermatology clinics across Colombia. A total of 33 dermatologists conducted a comprehensive medical history and physical examination for all rosacea patients seen at their offices over the course of 2 months. All patients who accepted to participate were encouraged to answer a survey about the history of their illness. RESULTS: Of 10,204 outpatients evaluated for rosacea between July and August 2014, 291 rosacea patients were included in this study. The prevalence of rosacea subtypes in this cohort was: 45.3% erythematotelangiectatic (ETR) (n = 132), 48.7% papulopustular (PPR) (n = 142), 4.8% phymatous (n = 14), and 1% ocular (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the prevalence in Colombia was 2.85%. Our data represent an important first step to understanding the current state of rosacea in Colombia. The prevalence of rosacea in Colombia is the highest in Latin America among a few reports published, which might be explained by geographic features. However, contrary to our expectations, the prevalence is lower than that in some European countries. We postulate that this finding may be due to methodological differences.

Adaptation to a commercial diet alters post-larvae growth and development of striped catfish (Pseudoplatystoma sp) and yaque (Leiarius marmoratus) / Crecimiento y sobrevivencia de post-larvas de bagre rayado (Pseudoplatystoma sp) y yaque (Leiarius marmoratus) consumiendo una dieta seca / Crescimento e sobrevivência de pós-larvas do pintado (Pseudoplatystoma sp) e yaque (Leiarius marmoratus) alimentadas com ração seca

The main challenges facing fish farming include the optimization of Silurid fingerling production through efficient larval rearing and nursery management. This study evaluated growth performance of catfish (Pseudoplatystoma sp) and yaque (Leiarius marmoratus) post-larvae during adaptation to commercial diet containing 40% crude protein of animal origin (e.g., bovine liver and heart). A total of 240 L. marmoratus and Pseudoplatystoma sp. post-larvae were selected at 16 days of age. Postlarvae average weight and lengh were 57.2 ± 4.8 mg and 17.1 ± 1.4 mm for L. marmoratus, and 55.9 ± 6.6 mg and 13.5 ± 2.7 mm for Pseudoplatystoma sp, respectively. Housing density was 4 larvae / L. Four treatments (T) were evaluated, with five replicates each, as follows: T1: commercial feed (C), T2:C + bovine heart (CO), T3: C + liver (HI), and T4: C + liver + fish oil (HI + AP). The best weight gain for larvae of L. marmoratus was observed in T4 (3213 ± 278 mg). For Pseudoplatystoma sp., no significant differences were observed between treatments, although T2 was numerically better (695 ± 149 mg). In conclusion, conditioning to a dry diet was more effective for L. marmoratus post-larvae compared to Pseudoplatystoma sp. This is mainly due to the attractiveness and digestibility of the feed, as well as certain post-larvae characteristics (e.g., development of the digestive tract). It is necessary to conduct specific studies related to the ontogenetic development of the digestive tract to uncover the nutritional needs of each species during growth to match allowances with specific dietary requirements.

El principal desafío de la piscicultura con silúridos consiste en optimizar la producción de alevinos mediante prácticas eficientes de larvicultura y alevinaje. El presente estudio evaluó el desempeño productivo de post-larvas de bagre rayado (Pseudoplatystoma sp) y de yaque (Leiarius marmoratus) durante su acostumbramiento a una dieta comercial del 40% de proteína bruta de origen animal (ej: hígado y corazón de bovino). Fueron seleccionadas 240 post-larvas de L. marmoratus y de Pseudoplatystoma sp de 16 días de edad, con peso y talla promedio de 57.2 ± 4.8 mg y 17.1 ± 1.4 mm para L. marmoratus, y de 55.9 ± 6.6 mg y 13.5 ± 2.7 mm para Pseudoplatystoma sp, respectivamente. La densidad de alojamiento fue de 4 larvas/L. Fueron evaluados 4 tratamientos (T) con cinco réplicas cada uno, así: T1: alimento balanceado comercial (C); T2: C + corazón de bovino (CO); T3: C + hígado (HI) y; T4: C + hígado + aceite de pescado (HI+AP). La mejor ganancia de peso para larvas de L. marmoratus se observó en el T4 (3213 ± 278 mg). Para Pseudoplatystoma sp no se observaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos, aunque el mejor resultado numérico fue para el T2 (695 ± 149 mg). En conclusión, el acondicionamiento a dieta seca fue más eficiente en post-larvas de L. marmoratus que en Pseudoplatystoma sp, debido principalmente a la atractabilidad y digestibilidad del alimento, así como a características de las post-larvas (desarrollo del tracto digestivo). Se hace necesario realizar estudios específicos de desarrollo ontogénico relacionados con las características del tracto digestivo que permitan evidenciar las necesidades nutricionales de cada especie durante su crecimiento, para formular dietas acordes con los requerimientos específicos.

O principal desafio da aquicultura com silúridas é optimizar a produção de alevines mediante práticas eficientes de larvicultura e alevinagem. O presente estudo avaliou o desempenho produtivo de pós-larvas de pintado (Pseudoplatystoma sp) e Yaque (Leiarius marmoratus) durante o período de adaptação a uma dieta comercial com 40% de proteína bruta de origem animal (por exemplo, fígado e coração de bovino). Foram seleccionados 240 pós-larvas de L. marmoratus e Pseudoplatystoma sp 16 dias de idade, peso e comprimento médio de 57.2 ± 4.8 mg e 17.1 ± 1.4 mm para L. marmoratus, e 55.9 ± 6.6 mg e 13.5 ± 2.7 mm para Pseudoplatystoma sp, respectivamente. A densidade de alojamento foi de 4 larvas/L. Foram avaliados quatro tratamentos (T), com cinco repetições, conforme segue: T1: ração comercial (C), T2: C + coração (CO), T3: C + fígado (HI) e T4: C + fígado + óleo de peixe (HI + AP). O melhor ganho de peso para as larvas de L. marmoratus foi observado no T4 (3213 mg ± 278). Para Pseudoplatystoma sp não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, embora o resultado numérico foi melhor para o T2 (695 mg ± 149). Em conclusão, condicionado à dieta seca foi mais eficaz no pós-larvas de L. marmoratus que no Pseudoplatystoma sp, principalmente devido à atractividade e digestibilidade de alimentos para animais,bem como características de pós-larvas (desenvolvimento do trato digestivo). É necessário realizar estudos específicos relacionados com o desenvolvimento ontogênico das características do aparelho digestivo que revelam as necessidades nutricionais de cada espécie durante o seu crescimento para fazer concessões em conformidade com os requisitos específicos.

Comparación del desarrollo embrionario de piaractus brachypomus (Serrasalmidae) y pseudoplatystoma sp. (Pimelodidae) / Comparison of the embryonic development of piaractus brachypomus (Serrasalmidae) and pseudoplatystoma sp. (Pimelodidae)

Pseudoplatystoma sp y Piaractus brachypomus son dos especies de peces dulceacuícolas endémicas de América del Sur de alto interés comercial como peces de cultivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar el desarrollo embrionario hasta la eclosión en estas dos especies. Para observar el desarrollo embrionario se incubaron oocitos fertilizados, obtenidos por inducción hormonal, en incubadoras de flujo ascendente tipo Woynarovich bajo condiciones controladas de calidad de agua. Los clivajes, la fase de blástula, gástrula hasta el cierre del blastoporo y eclosión en Pseudoplatystoma sp se observaron entre las 0:30 - 18:00 HPF, mientras que en P. brachypomus fue más rápida, observándose desde las 0:30 hasta las 14:00 HPF, siendo más homogénea que en Pseudoplatystoma sp.

Pseudoplatystoma sp. and Piaractus brachypomus are two species of freshwater fishes endemic to South America as a high commercial crop species. The aim of this study was to compare the embryonic development of these two species until they hatch. To observe embryonic development fertilized oocytes were incubated obtained by hormonal induction in upwelling incubators Woynarovich type under controlled conditions of water quality. The cleavages were observed for Pseudoplatystoma sp. from 0:30 hours post fertilization (HPF) until 2:00 pm (HPF), whereas in P. brachypomus these occurred between 0:30 - 1:30 HPF. The stage of blastula, gastrula until the closure of blastopore Pseudoplatystoma sp. was observed in sp between 2:00 to 12:00 P. HPF while in P. brachypomus between 2:00 to 8:00. The hatching in Pseudoplatystoma sp was observed between 14:00 to 18:00 HPF, whereas P. brachypomus was faster, was observed from 12:00 until 14:00 HPF HPF, and was more homogeneous than Pseudoplatystoma sp.

Evaluación del crecimiento y sobrevivencia de larvas de bagre rayado Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linneaus, 1766) alimentadas con alimento vivo natural y enriquecido con ácidos grasos / Growth and survivability of bagre rayado (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum; Linneaus, 1766) larvae fed live feed enriched with fatty acids / Avaliação do crescimento e a sobrevivência de larvas de bagre rayado Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linneaus, 1766) alimentadas com alimento vivo natural ou enriquecido com ácidos graxos

La producción de silúridos en etapas larvales implica un suministro adecuado de alimento, el cual debe suplir las necesidades nutricionales en cada especie. El uso de zooplancton nativo como alimento vivo y su sometimiento a procesos de enriquecimiento con ácidos grasos vegetales han permitido en parte alcanzar este objetivo, no obstante, su evaluación en cada una de las especies aún es necesaria. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el crecimiento y sobrevivencia de larvas de bagre rayado Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum alimentadas con alimento vivo enriquecido con ácidos grasos. Para esto, fueron utilizadas larvas de 3 dpe obtenidas por reproducción artificial, las cuales fueron alimentadas 4 veces al día, durante 15 d con nauplios de Artemia y zooplancton nativo (Diaphanosoma sp. y Moina sp.) no enriquecidos y enriquecidos con una emulsión a base de 20% de Aceite de Canola, 7% de Lecitina de Soya y 73% de agua destilada, para suministrar 4 tratamientos: T1: Artemia Natural; T2: Artemia Enriquecida; T3: Cladóceros Natural; T4 Cladóceros Enriquecidos). Como resultados, el tratamiento que presentó la mayor ganancia de peso y talla fue el de larvas alimentadas con Artemia (91.9 ± 13.6 mg y 17.3 ± 1.1 mm, respectivamente), y la menor el tratamiento correspondiente a cladóceros enriquecidos con ácidos grasos (20.3 ± 2.5 mg y 9.9 ± 0.5 mm, respectivamente), sin embargo, las tasas más altas de sobrevivencia fueron observadas en los tratamientos de larvas alimentadas con cladóceros enriquecidos y no enriquecidos (58.8 ± 3.2 y 63.1 ± 6.4%, respectivamente), cuando comparadas con los tratamientos alimentados con artemia y artemia enriquecida (42.1 ± 9.3 y 49.8 ± 5.2%, respectivamente). En conclusión se observó que los procedimientos de enriquecimiento de zooplancton nativo aumentan la sobrevivencia larval en la especie, aun cuando las tasas de crecimiento son menores a las obtenidas con Artemia.

The larval stages of Catfish require an adequate provision of feed to meet its nutritional requirements. Native zooplankton enriched with fatty acids has been used as live feed to achieve this objective. However, this feed should be evaluated for each particular species. Therefore, this study evaluated growth and survival of Bagre rayado (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) larvae fed live feed enriched with fatty acids. Bagre rayado larvae were obtained by artificial reproduction. Larvae were fed four times per day during 15 days. Live feed consisted of Artemia nauplii and native zooplankton (Diaphanosoma sp. and Moina sp.) non-enriched or enriched with a mixture containing 20% canola oil emulsion, 7% soya lecithin, and 73% distilled water. Dietary treatments were: T1 (non-enriched Artemia), T2 (enriched Artemia), T3 (non-enriched cladocerans), and T4 (enriched cladocerans). The highest weight gain and size were observed for T1 (91.9 ± 13.6 mg and 17.3 ± 1.1 mm, respectively), while the lowest were for T4 (20.3 ± 2.5 mg and 9.9 ± 0.5 mm, respectively). Nevertheless, the highest survival rates were observed for larvae fed enriched and non-enriched cladocerans (58.8 ± 3.2 and 63.1 ± 6.4%, respectively) in comparison with Artemia and enriched Artemia (42.1 ± 9.3 and 49.8 ± 5.2%, respectively). In conclusion, native zooplankton increased larval survival, although growth rates were lower than those obtained with Artemia.

Para a produção de silurídeos, durante a fase larval é necessario o fornecimento de alimento que satisfaga as necessidades nutricionais da espécie. O uso de zooplâncton nativo natural ou submetido a enriquecimento com ácidos graxos de origem vegetal tem permitido, em parte, atingir esse objetivo; No entanto, sua avaliação em cada uma das espécies é mesmo necessária. Por tanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a sobrevivência de larvas do Bagre Rayado (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) alimentadas com zooplâncton vivo, enriquecido ou não com ácidos graxos. Para tal propósito, foram utilizadas larvas de 3 dias de idade, obtidas mediante reprodução artificial, as quais foram alimentadas 4 vezes ao dia, durante 15 d, com nauplios de Artemia ou zooplâncton nativo (cladóceras dos gêneros Diaphanosoma sp e Moina sp.) enriquecidas ou não com uma emulsão composta de 20% de óleo de canola, 7% de lecitina de soja e 73% de água destilada, para obter 4 tratamentos: T1, Artemia; T2, Artemia enriquecida; T3, Cladóceras; T4 Cladóceras enriquecidas. Os resultados revelaram que as larvas alimentadas com Artemia apresentaram ou maior ganho de peso e cumprimento corporal (91.9 ± 13.6 de mg e 17.3 ± 1.1 mm, respectivamente), em tanto que as larvas alimentadas com cladóceras enriquecidas com ácidos graxos foram as mais pequenas (20.3 ± 2.5 mg e 9.9 ± 0.5 mm, respectivamente); contudo, as maiores taxas de sobrevivência foram obtidas nos tratamentos de larvas alimentadas com cladóceras enriquecidas e não enriquecidas (58.8 ± 3.2 e 63.1 ± 6.4%, respectivamente), quando comparadas com os tratamentos baseados em Artemia natural e enriquecida (42.1 ± 9.3 e 49.8 ± 5.2%, respectivamente). Em conclusão, o estudo revelou que o enriquecimento do zooplâncton nativo aumenta a sobrevivência das larvas, porem as taxas de crescimento podem ser menores ás obtidas com Artemia.

Desempeño productivo del yaque (Leiarius marmoratus Gill, 1870) bajo diferentes densidades de siembra en estanques en tierra / Productive performance of yaque (Leiarius marmoratus Gill, 1870) under different stocking densities in ground ponds / Desempenho produtivo do yaque (Leiarius marmoratus Gill, 1870) sob diferentes densidades de cultivo em viveiros de terra

La producción comercial de especies pertenecientes a la familia de los silúridos o bagres es una alternativa que empieza a ser considerada en muchos países, generando gran interés especies como el yaque (Leiarius marmoratus), debido a su buen desempeño en cultivo y fácil adaptación a consumo de dieta seca. En consecuencia, el presente trabajo evaluó el desempeño productivo del yaque bajo diferentes densidades de siembra, a partir de alevinos previamente acondicionados a consumo de concentrado comercial, durante un periodo productivo de cinco meses en estanques en tierra. Fueron utilizados 591 peces de tres meses de edad, con un peso promedio inicial de 20.4 ± 2.4 g y una talla inicial de 12.2 ± 2.4 cm, distribuidos en 3 densidades de siembra (0.5, 1 y 2 peces/m²) y alimentados 3 veces al día con concentrado comercial de 30% PB. Se obtuvieron resultados favorables para la densidad de siembra de 1 pez/m², con los valores más altos en cuanto a ganancia de peso (549±42.8 g), ganancia de talla (28.1 ± 0.8 cm), ganancia diaria de peso (3.01±0.23 g/día), tasa de crecimiento específico (2.14 ± 0.07%) y factor de crecimiento relativo (14.4 ± 2.95). De acuerdo con los resultados, se puede concluir que la densidad de 1 pez/m² es la más adecuada para el cultivo comercial de Leiarius marmoratus, bajo las condiciones experimentales descritas.

The commercial production of catfish species is increasing in several countries. One of these species, the so called yaque fish (Leiarius marmoratus) has interesting potential due to its good performance and adaptation to dry diets. Therefore, the present study evaluated the productive performance of yaque under several stocking densities. Fingerlings were previously conditioned to a commercial diet for five months in ground ponds. A total of 591 fish, aged three months post-hatching, were used. The initial fish weight was 20.4 ± 2.4 g and the initial size was 12.2 ± 2.4 cm. Fish were distributed under three stocking densities (0.5, 1 and 2 fish/m²) and were fed three times per day with a commercial diet (30% CP). The intermediate density (1 fish/m²) resulted in the best gain (549 ± 42.8 g), height gain (28.1 ± 0.8 cm), average daily gain (3.01 ± 0.23 g/día), specific growth rate (2.14 ± 0.07%) and relative growth factor (14.4 ± 2.95).

A produção comercial de espécies de peixes pertencentes à família dos silurídeos o bagres é uma alternativa que começa a considerar-se em muitos países, tendo grande interesse em espécies como o Yaque (Leiarius marmoratus), devido ao seu bom desempenho no cultivo e fácil adaptação ao consumo de rações secas. Por tanto, o presente trabalho avaliou o desempenho produtivo do Yaque sob diferentes densidades de cultivo, a partir de alevines acostumados previamente ao consumo de ração artificial, durante um período de cultivo de cinco meses em viveiros em terra. Foram utilizados 591 peixes de três meses de idade, com peso corporal médio de 20.4 ± 2.4 g e cumprimento inicial de 12.2 ± 2.4 cm, distribuídos ao acaso em 3 densidades de alojamento (0.5, 1 y 2 peixes/m²) e alimentados 3 vezes ao dia com ração comercial de 30% de PB. Foram obtidos resultados favoráveis pra a densidade de 1 peixe/m² apresentando os valores más altos em quanto o ganho de peso (549 ± 42.8 g), ganho em cumprimento (28.1 ± 0.8 cm), ganho diário de peso corporal (3.01 ± 0.23 g/día), taxa de crescimento específico (2.14 ± 0.07%) e fator de crescimento relativo (14.4 ± 2.95). De acordo com os resultados, pode-se concluir que a densidade de 1 peixe/m² é a más adequada para o cultivo de Leiarius marmoratus ao nível comercial sob as condições experimentais descritas.

Application of an improved biuret method to the determination of total protein in urine and cerebrospinal fluid without concentration step by use of Hitachi 7170 auto-analyzer.

A biuret automated colorimetric assay for total protein in urine and cerebrospinal fluids was established. The procedures were as follows. Acidify all urine sample before analysis. Add precipitant Na(2)WO(4) to urine samples. After 10 min, centrifuge, decant the supernatant fluid, drain the inverted tubes on absorbent tissue, dissolve the precipitation with 0.1 mol/L NaOH, and finally adapt the reconstituted urine to the Hitachi 7170 analyzer. A cell-free cerebrospinal fluid sample produced by centrifugation can be inserted in an auto-analyzer for protein measurement directly. The program: mix 35 microl sample (CSF or reconstituted urine) and standard with 0.2 mol/L NaOH; incurable at 37 degrees C for 5 min, and real A1. Add concentrated biuret reagent, and 10 min later measure absorbance A2 at 546 nm vs. reagent blank. Secondary wavelength was 700 nm. The test results were calculated against a one-point standard. This biuret colorimetric method was relatively simple, fast, and accurate for the determination of protein in urine and cerebrospinal fluid, with a wide linearity extending from 0.125 g/L up to 6 g/L, had a good correlation with Benzethonium chloride turbidimetry technique, and was a practical routine method.