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This research was supported by Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ014204032019) and the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2020R1A6A3A01100042).
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Prunus , Rosaceae , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Flavonoides , Frutas/química , Fenoles/farmacología , Fenoles/análisisRESUMEN
The bitter taste of M. charantia fruit limits its consumption, although the health benefits are well known. The thermal drying process is considered as an alternative method to reduce the bitterness. However, processing studies have rarely investigated physiochemical changes in fruit stages. The antioxidant activities and physiochemical properties of various fruit stages were investigated using different thermal treatments. The color of the thermally treated fruit varied depending on the temperature. When heat-treated for 3 days, the samples from the 30 °C and 90 °C treatments turned brown, while the color of the 60 °C sample did not change significantly. The antioxidant activities were increased in the thermally processed samples in a temperature-dependent manner, with an increase in phenolic compounds. In the 90 °C samples, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity presented a 6.8-fold higher level than that of nonthermal treatment in mature yellow fruit (S3), whereas the activity showed about a 3.1-fold higher level in immature green (S1) and mature green (S2) fruits. Regardless of the stages, the carotenoid content tended to decrease with increasing temperature. In terms of antioxidant activities, these results suggested that mature yellow fruit is better for consumption using thermal processing.
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Antioxidantes , Momordica charantia , Antioxidantes/análisis , Carotenoides/análisis , Momordica charantia/química , Fenoles/química , Frutas/químicaRESUMEN
The isoflavone changes occurring in mature soybeans during food processing have been well studied, but less information is available on the changes in immature soybeans during thermal processing. This study aimed to determine the effect of thermal processing by dry- or wet-heating on the changes in the isoflavone profiles of immature and mature soybeans. In the malonylglycoside forms of isoflavone, their deglycosylation was more severe after wet-heating than after dry-heating regardless of the soybean maturity. The malonyl forms of isoflavones in the immature seeds were drastically degraded after a short wet-heating process. In the acetylglycoside forms of isoflavone, dry-heating produced relatively low amounts of the acetyl types in the immature soybeans compared with those in the mature soybeans. These results were explained by the content of acetyldaidzin being relatively less changed after dry-heating immature soybeans but increasing four to five times in the mature soybeans. More of the other types of acetylglycoside were produced by dry-heating soybeans regardless of their maturity. Acetylgenistin in wet-heating was a key molecule because its content was unchanged in the immature soybeans during processing but increased in the mature soybeans. This determined the total acetylglycoside content after wet-heating. In contrast, most of the acetyl forms of isoflavone were produced after 90 to 120 min of dry-heating regardless of the seed maturity. It can be suggested that the pattern of isoflavone conversion was significantly affected by the innate water content of the seeds, with a lower water content in the mature soybeans leading to the greater production of acetyl isoflavones regardless of the processing method even if only applied for a relatively short time. The results suggested that the isoflavone conversion in the immature soybeans mainly follows the wet-heating process and can be promoted in the application of stronger processing.
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Glycine max/efectos de los fármacos , Isoflavonas/farmacología , Temperatura , Manipulación de Alimentos , Isoflavonas/químicaRESUMEN
Ubiquitination, an important process in post-translational modification, regulates various mechanisms in eukaryotes including protein degradation and interaction, cell cycle, stress response, and pathogenicity. The Skp1/Cullin/F-box and the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) complexes, RING E3 ligase complexes, are involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and protein quality control. The F-box protein has FBXO (F-box only or others), FBXW (with WD40), and FBXL (with LRR) classes depending on which interaction domain is present on the C-terminus. The ubiquitin system component cue (CUE) protein is a key factor of ERAD. However, the biological roles of FBXO and CUE proteins are largely unknown in plant pathogenic fungi including Magnaporthe oryzae. To elucidate the roles of FBXO and CUE proteins in fungal development and pathogenicity, MoFBX15 and MoCUE1 were functionally characterized in M. oryzae. Two ubiquitination-associated genes were crucial for conidiation, alkaline stress tolerance, and pathogenicity in M. oryzae. In particular, MoCUE1 was important for ER stress response and localization and translocation of cytoplasmic effectors. Moreover, ubiquitination and SUMOylation levels were decreased and transcript levels of deSUMOylation-associated genes were increased in ΔMofbx15 and ΔMocue1. This study will provide not only comprehensive understanding of the role of ubiquitination but also new insights on crosstalk between ubiquitination and SUMOylation in rice blast fungus and other fungal pathogens.
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Ascomicetos/genética , Proteínas F-Box/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Oryza/microbiología , Ascomicetos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ascomicetos/patogenicidad , Regulación Fúngica de la Expresión Génica/genética , Oryza/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional/genética , Proteolisis , Esporas Fúngicas/genética , Esporas Fúngicas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ubiquitinación , VirulenciaRESUMEN
Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa & Pradeep) is a perennial leguminous vine, and its root and flower have been used for herbal medicine in Asia for a long time. Most dietary flavonoids are reported to be concentrated in its root, not in its aerial parts including leaves. In this study, we investigated whether kudzu leaf and its major constituent, robinin (kaempferol-3-O-robinoside-7-O-rhanmoside) possessed anti-inflammatory activity. To test this hypothesis, we used peritoneal macrophages isolated from BALB/c mice and stimulated the cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS plus interferon (IFN)-γ. Compared with kudzu root extract, its leaf extract was more potent in inhibiting the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6. Kudzu leaf extract decreased LPS-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and TANK-binding kinase 1(TBK1) with no effects on nuclear factor-κB and activator protein 1 transcriptional activity. Also, kudzu leaf extract inhibited LPS/IFN-γ-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation partly via an altered level of STAT1 expression. Robinin, being present in 0.46% of dry weight of leaf extract, but almost undetected in the root, decreased iNOS protein involving modulation of JNK and STAT1 activation. However, robinin showed no impact on other inflammatory markers. Our data provide evidence that kudzu leaf is an excellent food source of as yet unknown anti-inflammatory constituents.
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Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Pueraria/química , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 4/antagonistas & inhibidores , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 4/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción STAT1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Transcripción STAT1/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Algal infestation in Korean lakes, rivers, and in agroecosystems is a catastrophic problem resulting in contaminated drinking and agricultural irrigation water. Developing allelochemical-based algicides has previously faced difficulties, including dosage requirements and chemical instability. Despite these challenges, these algicides have enormous potential for eco-friendly use. This study presents the efficient use of tannin derivatives as antialgal chemicals modeled on a tannin-rich stem extract of Rhus chinensis in a thermal processing application. RESULTS: Tannic acids are the key component of algal necrosis in R. chinensis stem extract, and although heat extraction from the stem increased the crude extraction yield 1.8-fold, the procedure induced the conversion of tannic acids to gallic acid, resulting in lower antialgal activity. Gallotannin showed stronger antialgal activity (The 50% lethal dosage (LD50 )= 44.6 mg L-1 ) than gallic acid (LD50 = 99.2 mg L-1 ), and the nonheated extract exhibited 3.7-fold lower LD50 (0.66 g L-1 ) than the heated extract (LD50 = 2.45 g L-1 ), resulting in 2.6-fold higher content of gallotannin. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that heat treatment of R. chinensis stems during the extraction process is not beneficial to algal control because of the acceleration of thermal tannin degradation, despite it showing higher crude extract yields. Therefore, it is suggested extraction processes minimizing the loss of tannic acids should be the preferred methods used to develop tannin-based natural algicides for controlling algal infestation. Tannic acids showed higher toxicity into necrosis of M. aeruginosa than gallic acid where heat-processed extraction of R. chinensis stems produces more gallic acid content resulting in thermal degradation of tannic complexes than the extraction of nonthermal treatment. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Microcystis , Rhus , Taninos/farmacología , Microcystis/metabolismo , Taninos Hidrolizables/metabolismo , Ácido Gálico/metabolismo , Ácido Gálico/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Red and blue artificial light sources are commonly used as photosynthetic lighting in smart farm facilities, and they can affect the metabolisms of various primary and secondary metabolites. Although the soybean plant contains major flavonoids such as isoflavone and flavonol, using light factors to produce specific flavonoids from this plant remains difficult because the regulation of light-responded flavonoids is poorly understood. In this study, metabolic profiling of soybean seedlings in response to red and blue lights was evaluated, and the isoflavone-flavonol regulatory mechanism under different light irradiation periods was elucidated. Profiling of metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acids, organic acids, free sugars, alcohol sugars, and sugar acids, revealed that specific flavonol, isoflavone, and phenolic acid showed irradiation time-dependent accumulation. Therefore, the metabolic gene expression level and accumulation of isoflavone and flavonol were further investigated. The light irradiation period regulated kaempferol glycoside, the predominant flavonol in soybeans, with longer light irradiation resulting in higher kaempferol glycoside content, regardless of photosynthetic lights. Notably, blue light stimulated kaempferol-3-O-(2,6-dirhamnosyl)-galactoside accumulation more than red light. Meanwhile, isoflavones were controlled differently based on isoflavone types. Malonyl daidzin and malonyl genistin, the predominant isoflavones in soybeans, were significantly increased by short-term red light irradiation (12 and 36 h) with higher expressions of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, which contributed to the increased total isoflavone level. Although most isoflavones increased in response to red and blue lights, daidzein increased in response only to red light. In addition, prolonged red light irradiation downregulated the accumulation of glycitin types, suggesting that isoflavone's structural specificity results in different accumulation in response to light. Overall, these findings suggest that the application of specific wavelength and irradiation periods of light factors enables the regulation and acquisition of specialized metabolites from soybean seedlings.
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Fungal effectors play a pivotal role in suppressing the host defence system, and their evolution is highly dynamic. By comparative sequence analysis of plant-pathogenic fungi and Magnaporthe oryzae, we identified the small secreted C2 H2 zinc finger protein MoHTR3. MoHTR3 exhibited high conservation in M. oryzae strains but low conservation among other plant-pathogenic fungi, suggesting an emerging evolutionary selection process. MoHTR3 is exclusively expressed in the biotrophic stage of fungal invasion, and the encoded protein localizes to the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) and the host cell nucleus. The signal peptide crucial for MoHTR3' secretion to the BIC and the protein section required for its translocation to the nucleus were both identified by a functional protein domain study. The host-nuclear localization of MoHTR3 suggests a function as a transcriptional modulator of host defence gene induction. After ΔMohtr3 infection, the expression of jasmonic acid- and ethylene-associated genes was diminished in rice, in contrast to when the MoHTR3-overexpressing strain (MoHTR3ox) was applied. The transcript levels of salicylic acid- and defence-related genes were also affected after ΔMohtr3 and MoHTR3ox application. In pathogenicity assays, ΔMohtr3 was indistinguishable from the wild type. However, MoHTR3ox-infected plants showed diminished lesion formation and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, accompanied by a decrease in susceptibility, suggesting that the MoHTR3-induced manipulation of host cells affects host-pathogen interaction. MoHTR3 emphasizes the role of the host nucleus as a critical target for the pathogen-driven manipulation of host defence mechanisms and underscores the ongoing evolution of rice blast's arms race.
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Ascomicetos , Magnaporthe , Oryza , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Ascomicetos/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Oryza/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
In the thermal-drying processing of astringent persimmon fruit, the tissue-specific changes in the key antioxidants have hardly been investigated, while they have been well investigated in the flesh. We report here the different patterns of the antioxidant activities in the thermally processed flesh and peel of astringent persimmon, with analyses of the carotenoids, the condensed and hydrolysable tannins, and the total phenolics and flavonoids. The persimmon powders presented different colors on the basis of the drying temperatures: brown in 30 °C; light yellow in 60 °C; and dark brown in 90 °C, respectively. Non-maillard reaction and reduction of carotenoids caused the light-yellow color of 60 °C dried persimmon. Thermal drying reduced the antioxidant activities of the flesh in a temperature-dependent manner, with decreases in the carotenoids, the condensed and hydrolysable tannins, and the total phenolics and flavonoids, whereas it enhanced the antioxidant activities of the peel. The increase in the antioxidant activities in the peel were mainly the result of the increase in the total phenolics by the thermal effect, and especially in the content of the hydrolysable tannins, although the thermal processing decreased the other components. The heat-induced increase of antioxidant activity in the peel showed a strong significant correlation only with the contents of total phenolics (r2 = 0.9493) and total hydrolysable tannins (r2 = 0.9288), suggesting that the main antioxidant contributors differ from the flesh.
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Marigold petals contain numerous antioxidative flavonoids and carotenoids that can be affected by environmental stressors. There is yet no detailed study on the relationship between phytochemical accumulation and stressors in marigold petals. This study evaluated quercetin derivatives and antioxidant activity in marigold petals in response to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. The limiting UV-B radiation intensity and MeJA dose that caused no wilting damage under 1-h daily treatment for 10 days were <2 Wâm−2âs−1 and <10 mM, respectively. Marigold petals contained three major flavonoids, quercetin-7-O-glucoside (Q7G, 6.6 mgâg−1dw), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (Q3G, 62.7 mg), and quercetin (26.6 mg), possessing different antioxidant potential and exhibiting the highest power in quercetin and next value in Q7G. Single UV-B irradiation exerted a limited effect on the changes in the content of the three quercetin derivatives, whereas combined treatment with 1 W UV-B radiation and 5 mM MeJA resulted in the highest total quercetin content, showing >20% increase compared to that without treatment. This increase primarily resulted in an increase in quercetin content. MeJA treatment positively affected the increase in Q3G and Q7G contents in a dose-dependent manner during the 10-d experimental period but exerted no considerable effect on quercetin accumulation. The antioxidant activity was increased when flowers were exposed to mild MeJA treatment of 5−10 mM. UV-B irradiation decreased the antioxidant activity of marigold petals, but this decrease could be compensated by MeJA treatment.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is divided into canonical, Dicer-dependent and non-canonical, Dicer-independent pathways according to Dicer protein dependency. However, sRNAs processed in a Dicer-independent manner have not been reported in plant pathogenic fungi, including Magnaporthe oryzae. We comparatively profiled the Dicer-dependent and -independent sRNAs of M. oryzae. Dicer-dependent sRNAs were 19-24-nt in length, had low strand-specificity, and showed a preference for uracil at the 5'-end. By contrast, Dicer-independent sRNAs presented irregular patterns in length distribution, high strand-specificity, and a preference for cytosine at the penultimate position. Dicer-dependent sRNA loci were mainly associated with LTR-transposons, while Dicer-independent sRNAs were associated with protein-coding genes and transposons. We identified MoERI-1, a non-canonical RNAi component, and profiled the sRNA and mRNA transcriptomes of ΔMoeri-1 at the mycelia and conidiation stages, as the mutant showed increased conidiation. We found that genes involved in conidiation and cell cycle were upregulated by MoERI-1 deletion. Furthermore, a comparison between sRNA and mRNA transcriptome revealed that MoERI-1-dependent sRNAs mediate the regulation of gene expression. Overall, these results showed that M. oryzae has non-canonical RNAi pathways distinct to the Dicer-dependent manner and exploits MoERI-1-dependent sRNAs to regulate the conidiation process.
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Isoflavones are major secondary metabolites that are exclusively produced by legumes, including soybean. Soy isoflavones play important roles in human health as well as in the plant defense system. The isoflavone content is influenced by minor-effect quantitative trait loci, which interact with polygenetic and environmental factors. It has been difficult to clarify the regulation of isoflavone biosynthesis because of its complex heritability and the influence of external factors. Here, using a genotype-by-sequencing-based genome-wide association mapping study, 189 mutant soybean genotypes (the mutant diversity pool, MDP) were genotyped on the basis of 25,646 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor allele frequency of >0.01 except for missing data. All the accessions were phenotyped by determining the contents of 12 isoflavones in the soybean seeds in two consecutive years (2020 and 2021). Then, quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) related to isoflavone contents were identified and validated using multi-locus GWAS models. A total of 112 and 46 QTNs related to isoflavone contents were detected by multiple MLM-based models in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Of these, 12 and 5 QTNs were related to more than two types of isoflavones in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Forty-four QTNs were detected within the 441-Kb physical interval surrounding Gm05:38940662. Of them, four QTNs (Gm05:38936166, Gm05:38936167, Gm05:38940662, and Gm05:38940717) were located at Glyma.05g206900 and Glyma.05g207000, which encode glutathione S-transferase THETA 1 (GmGSTT1), as determined from previous quantitative trait loci annotations and the literature. We detected substantial differences in the transcript levels of GmGSTT1 and two other core genes (IFS1 and IFS2) in the isoflavone biosynthetic pathway between the original cultivar and its mutant. The results of this study provide new information about the factors affecting isoflavone contents in soybean seeds and will be useful for breeding soybean lines with high and stable concentrations of isoflavones.
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The development of soybean with high antioxidant activities for use in the food and cosmetics industries is a target of breeding programs. In soybean, antioxidants are associated with seed color, although the metabolic basis for seed coloration remains incompletely understood. We selected six γ-ray-induced mutant lines that exhibited black, partially black, brown, partially brown, or yellowish-white pigmentation in the seed coat. Antioxidant activity and contents of anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, and isoflavones were evaluated in the seed coat and cotyledons. The lines with black or brown seeds showed the highest antioxidant activities. The cotyledons showed no significant differences in seed coat components or antioxidant activities among lines. Black and brown seed coat components showed the highest antioxidant activities. The black seed coat contained five anthocyanins, whereas seed coats of brown- and yellow-seeded lines entirely lacked anthocyanins. Both black and brown seeds were rich in flavan-3-ols, including catechin and epicatechin, which were the predominant antioxidant contributors in brown seeds. Isoflavone contents showed weaker correlations with antioxidant activity than anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols. These results demonstrated that antioxidant activities were determined by anthocyanins in black seeds and flavan-3-ols in brown and black seeds, whereas relatively low antioxidant activities in yellow seeds reflected their high isoflavone contents.
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Organ-specific flavonoid destination in soybean sprouts following UV irradiation is still unclear although the metabolic pathway of flavonoid synthesis and UV responded flavonoid accumulation have been well investigated. We report the identification of organ-specific localization and specific gene expression of isoflavones and kaempferol glycosides in the soybean sprouts responded to UV-A irradiation. UV-A irradiation stimulated only root isoflavones, especially increase of genistein types. The daidzein types predominated in non-UV-A treated roots. Kaempferol glycosides were not increased in roots by UV-A, but distinctly increased in aerial organs, especially in the cotyledons. These results demonstrate that UV-A upregulates the naringenin pathway synthesizing genistin and kaempferol rather than the liquiritigenin pathway synthesizing daidzin and glycitin. High GmUGT9 and other gene expression related to isoflavone synthesis in roots clearly demonstrate the UV-A-induced isoflavone accumulation. Aerial organ specific increase of GmF3H, GmFLS1, and GmDFR1 expression by UV-A distinctly demonstrates the flavonol increase in aerial organs.
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Flavonoles/genética , Flavonoles/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de la radiación , Glycine max/efectos de la radiación , Isoflavonas/genética , Isoflavonas/metabolismo , Rayos Ultravioleta , Glycine max/genética , Glycine max/metabolismoRESUMEN
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a well-known animal hormone, is involved in several biological processes including circadian rhythm and the regulation of abiotic stress. A systematic understanding of the circadian regulation of melatonin biosynthesis-related genes has not been achieved in rice. In this study, key genes for all of the enzymes in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway that showed a peak of expression at night were identified by microarray data analysis and confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. We further examined the expression patterns of the four genes under drought, salt, and cold stresses. The results showed that abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt, and cold, affected the expression patterns of melatonin biosynthetic genes. In addition, the circadian expression patterns of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), and serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) genes in wild-type (WT) plants was damaged by the drought treatment under light and dark conditions. Conversely, N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) retained the circadian rhythm. The expression of ASMT was down-regulated by the rice gigantea (OsGI) mutation, suggesting the involvement of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway in the OsGI-mediated circadian regulation pathway. Taken together, our results provide clues to explain the relationship between circadian rhythms and abiotic stresses in the process of melatonin biosynthesis in rice.
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Soybean seeds are consumed worldwide owing to their nutritional value and health benefits. In this study we investigated the metabolic properties of 208 soybean mutant diversity pool (MDP) lines by measuring the isoflavone and fatty acid contents of the seed. The total isoflavone content (TIC) ranged from 0.88 mg/g to 7.12 mg/g and averaged 3.08 mg/g. The proportion of oleic acid among total fatty acids (TFA) ranged from 0.38% to 24.66% and averaged 11.02%. Based on the TIC and TFA among the 208 MDP lines, we selected six lines with altered isoflavone content and six lines with altered oleic acid content compared with those of the corresponding wild-types for measuring gene expression. Each of twelve genes from the isoflavone and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways were analyzed at three different seed developmental stages. Isoflavone biosynthetic genes, including CHI1A, IFS1, and IFS2, showed differences in stages and expression patterns among individuals and wild-types, whereas MaT7 showed consistently higher expression levels in three mutants with increased isoflavone content at stage 1. Expression patterns of the 12 fatty acid biosynthetic genes were classifiable into two groups that reflected the developmental stages of the seeds. The results will be useful for functional analysis of the regulatory genes involved in the isoflavone and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways in soybean.
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Both anthocyanins and lignins are essential secondary metabolites in plant growth and development. Their biosynthesis is metabolically interconnected and diverges in the central metabolite 4-coumaroyl CoA of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Considerable progress has been made in understanding transcriptional regulation of genes involved in lignin and anthocyanin synthesis pathways, but the concerted regulation of these pathways is not yet fully understood. Here, we functionally characterized PtrMYB120, a R2R3-MYB transcription factor from Populus trichocarpa. Overexpression of PtrMYB120 in a hybrid poplar (i.e., 35S::PtrMYB120) was associated with increased anthocyanin (i.e., cyanidin 3-O-glucoside) accumulation and upregulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. However, transgenic poplars with dominant suppression of PtrMYB120 function achieved by fusing the ERF-associated amphiphilic repression motif to PtrMYB120 (i.e., 35S::PtrMYB120-SRDX) had a dramatic decrease in not only anthocyanin but also Klason lignin content with downregulation of both anthocyanin and lignin biosynthetic genes. Indeed, 35S::PtrMYB120-SRDX poplars had irregularly shaped xylem vessels with reduced S-lignin content in stems, which was proportionally related to the level of the introduced PtrMYB120-SRDX gene. Furthermore, protoplast-based transcriptional activation assay using the PtrMYB120-GR system suggested that PtrMYB120 directly regulates genes involved in both anthocyanin and lignin biosynthesis, including chalcone synthase and ferulate-5 hydroxylase. Interestingly, the saccharification efficiency of line #6 of 35S::PtrMYB120-SRDX poplars, which had slightly reduced lignin content with a normal growth phenotype, was dramatically enhanced (>45%) by NaOH treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that PtrMYB120 functions as a positive regulator of both anthocyanin and lignin biosynthetic pathways and can be targeted to enhance saccharification efficiency in woody perennials.
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Populus , Antocianinas/metabolismo , Vías Biosintéticas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Lignina/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Populus/genética , Populus/metabolismoRESUMEN
Microorganism selection is critical to deglycosylation in soybean fermentation for producing beneficial phytochemicals. This study investigated isoflavone bioconversion in soybean extract inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum K2-12 and Lactobacillus curvatus JD0-31 exhibiting different enzyme activities. L. plantarum showed higher esterase (C4), esterase (C8), ß-galactosidase, α-glucosidase, ß-glucosidase, and N-acetyl-ß-glucosaminase activities. We found that isoflavone bioconversion was distinguished into isoflavone backbone structure types. Malonyl- and acetyl- types of isoflavones except for malonyl daidzin were not significantly differed their contents between lactobacilli. Deglycosylating severity was observed in malonyl genistin in both lactobacilli, resulting mass production of genistein. On the other hand, daidzein glycosides were dependable to lactobacilli, in which L. plantarum efficiently degraded malonyl daidzin and daidzin in fast time. Glycitein was most degradable among the three aglycones by fermentation. These results suggest that efficient control of isoflavone deglycosylation by Lactobacillus species should be controlled to the inoculation period and select target isoflavones.
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Glucósidos/química , Glycine max/química , Isoflavonas/química , Lactobacillus/enzimología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Fermentación , Glicósidos/química , GlicosilaciónRESUMEN
This study investigated the effects of persistent ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation on isoflavone accumulation in soybean sprouts. Three malonyl isoflavones were increased by UV-B. Malonylgenistin specifically accumulated upon UV-B exposure, whereas the other isoflavones were significantly increased under both dark conditions and UV-B exposure. The results of isoflavone accumulation to UV-B irradiation time were observed as following: acetyl glycitin rapidly increased and then gradually decreased; malonyl daidzin and malonyl genistin were highly accumulated within an intermediate period; genistein and daidzin were gradually maximized; daidzin, glycitin, genistein, and malonyl glycitin did not increase; and glycitin, acetyl daidzin, and acetyl genistin exhibited trace amounts. Transcriptional analysis of isoflavonoid biosynthetic genes demonstrated that most metabolic genes were highly activated in response to UV-B 24 and UV-B 36 treatments. In particular, it was found that GmCHS6, GmCHS7, and GmCHS8 genes among the eight known genes encoding chalcone synthase were specifically related to UV-B response.
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Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Glycine max/efectos de la radiación , Isoflavonas/metabolismo , Rayos Ultravioleta , Aciltransferasas/genética , Aciltransferasas/metabolismo , Genisteína/metabolismo , Glucósidos/metabolismo , Cinética , Plantones/genética , Plantones/metabolismo , Plantones/efectos de la radiación , Glycine max/genética , Glycine max/metabolismo , TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Asthma is a major health problem worldwide, and the morbidity and mortality caused by asthma are on the rise. Corticosteroid therapies for asthma treatment frequently induce many side effects. Therefore, the development of new medicines that have both high efficacy and fewer side effects has been a scientific challenge. Here we tested the effect of ginsan, a polysaccharide derived from Panax ginseng, against allergic reaction in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine asthmatic model in comparison with dexamethasone, and investigated its underlying mechanism. METHODS: To induce murine asthma, mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA. Ginsan or dexamethasone was administered by injection 3 times a week. Airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation and lung pathology were assessed in order to evaluate the effect of ginsan against asthma. RESULTS: Ginsan treatment reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, remodeling and eosinophilia. These effects of ginsan were equivalent to those of dexamethasone. Ginsan treatment decreased the IL-5 level in the supernatant of cultured splenocytes, while IFN-gamma and serum IgE were not altered. To elucidate the mechanism of ginsan, expression of inflammation-related genes were screened. Interestingly, ginsan treatment upregulated cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 mRNA, and expression of their proteins in the lung were also increased. PGE(2) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was also increased by the ginsan treatment. Lastly, ginsan inhibited the allergic reaction aggravated by COX inhibitor (indomethacin). CONCLUSION: Ginsan has anti-asthmatic effects, which seem to be partially mediated by enhancing the synthesis of COX gene products.