Quality of life of medical students in Brazil. A comparative study.

BACKGROUND: VERAS survey multicenter project, carried out in 2011-2012, evaluated the quality of life (QoL) of students from 22 Brazilian medical schools. AIM: To evaluate QoL of undergraduate medical students, taking Veras-q national data as comparison. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated the QoL of 197 medical students in a Brazilian private medical school at Salvador, Bahia, Brazil in 2014. Students in the first two years were grouped in Phase I; those in years three and four were grouped in Phase II. Those in the internship (fifth and sixth years) were grouped in Phase III. RESULTS: Students from Phase I group had better QoL averages than those from Phase II. Phase I students presented significantly (p < 0.05) better scores in the Psychological and Use of Time domains. Compared to Phase II students, those in Phase III obtained better scores in the Physical and Environmental domains. Female students had significantly lower (p < 0.01) scores than male students in Physical, Psychological and Use of Time domains. Compared to the national sample survey, these students had higher (p < 0.01) scores in all domains, except for the Physical domain in Phase II (p < 0.4352). CONCLUSIONS: These students had a better quality of life than those surveyed in the national Veras-q study. Female students had lower scores. Adjusted schedules and lower work overload, as consequences of effective interdisciplinarity in curricular components, may have contributed to higher students' QoL.

Oral health and health-related quality of life in HIV patients.

BACKGROUND: Oral health care may improve the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of HIV/AIDS patients. We aimed to evaluate oral health and HRQoL of HIV/AIDS patients using antiretroviral therapy. METHODS: A cross-sectional study included 120 HIV-infected patients, aged ≥18 years, from February, 2016 to September, 2017. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to evaluate the HRQoL. We assessed dental caries status using the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. Information about demographic, socioeconomic status, depression, and other comorbidities were collected. All patients with depression had a medical diagnosis. Comorbidities were defined as medical diagnoses of arterial hypertension, type-2 diabetes, tuberculosis, syphilis, cardiopathy, chronic renal failure, lymphoma, HCV infection, HBV infection and fatty liver disease. Independent t-tests were used to compare differences between mean levels of HRQoL, age, and DMFT and its components according to groups of sex, comorbidities and depression. Simple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between the Mental Component Summary (MCS) and DMFT, and a multiple regression equation investigated depression, age, MCS, and comorbidities as predictors of DMFT. RESULTS: The mean DMFT index was 12.4 ± 8.2. A linear regression equation estimated a significant (p = 0.022) decrease of 0.25 unit (%) in MCS for each unit increase in DMFT. Among depressed patients, a significant (p = 0.008) decrease of 0.67% in MCS for each unity increase in DMFT was estimated. Depressed patients showed worse oral health indicators (DFMT index; p ≤ 0.001; and mean Missing Teeth; p ≤ 0.052) and lower HRQoL domains than non-depressed patients. DMFT remained associated with depression (P < 0.005) after controlling for age, MCS, and comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: We found association between poorer oral health (higher DMFT index) and lower Mental Health Component Summary in HIV-infected patients with depression. Patients with depression deserve especial attention to their HRQoL and oral care.

Increased expression of CD38 and HLADR in HIV-infected patients with oral lesion.

Persistent immune actiation is associated with innadequate immune recovery in HIV-patients. This study assessed the relationship between frequency of expression of cell activation markers (CD38 and HLADR) and presence of oral lesions in HIV-1 infected patients. Fifty-seven HIV-infected persons, undergoing antiretroviral treatment, were divided into three groups, according to the number of CD4+ T cells and CD4+ /CD8+ ratio: adequate, partial, and inadequate immune restauration. All patients underwent full mouth assessments for saliva flow measurement, oral mucosal lesion, periodontal disease, and severity of periodontitis. Immune activation markers levels were compared according to three groups of periodontal disease ("No periodontal disease," "gingivitis," and "periodontitis"). Oral mucosal lesions (P = 0.03) and peridodontal disease (P = 0.03) were associated with lower CD4+ /CD8+ ratio. Patients with oral mucosal lesions had significantly higher median levels of HLADR and CD38 markers in all T-lymphocytes populations than patients without oral lesions. Patients with gingivitis and with periodontitis presented significantly higher median levels of CD3+ HLADR+ , CD4+ HLADR+ , CD8+ HLADR+ , and CD3+ CD38+ and significantly lower CD4+ /CD8+ ratio than patients with no periodontal disease. Increased levels of HLADR and CD38 expressions in peripheral blood were associated with oral lesions in HIV-positive patients. Periodontal disease was associated with HLADR expression.

Perception of illegal practice of medicine by Brazilian medical students.

INTRODUCTION: Illegal practice of medicine by medical students is a worldwide problem. In Brazil, information about this issue is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To describe the perception of illegal practice of medicine by medical students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in a stratified random sample of 130 medical students in the 6th to 12th semesters from a private faculty of medicine in Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil, from September to October 2011. Students responded to a standardised questionnaire about the illegal practice of medicine by medical students. RESULTS: Knowing medical students who practised medical activities without supervision was reported by 86% of the respondents, and 93.8% had heard about someone who performed such practices. Medical specialties most often associated with illegal practice were general medicine (78.8%) and occupational health (55.9%). Illegal practice of medicine was more common in peripheral cities/towns (83.9%) than in the State capital, Salvador City (52.4%). Only 10.5% of illegal activities were reported to the authorities. Unsupervised medical practice was more often reported in the 8th-9th semester (56.8%) and 10th-11th semester (54.4%) of medical school. CONCLUSIONS: Illegal practice of medicine was commonly reported by the medical students questioned. The high frequency of reported illegal practice for financial reasons highlights the need for greater availability of paid internships for medical students. Educational institutions represent the social control responsible for supervising the activities of academics.

Oral health profile in patients infected with HTLV-1: clinical findings, proviral load, and molecular analysis from HTLV-1 in saliva.

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and has also been implicated in several disorders, including periodontal disease. The proviral load is an important biological marker for understanding HTLV-1 pathogenesis and elucidating whether or not the virus is related to the clinical manifestation of the disease. This study describes the oral health profile of HTLV-1 carriers and HAM/TSP patients in order to investigate the association between the proviral load in saliva and the severity of the periodontal disease and to examine virus intra-host variations from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and saliva cells. It is a cross-sectional analytical study of 90 individuals carried out from November 2006 to May 2008. Of the patients, 60 were HTLV-1 positive and 30 were negative. Individuals from the HTLV-1 positive and negative groups had similar mean age and social-economic status. Data were analyzed using two available statistical software packages, STATA 8.0 and SPSS 11.0 to conduct frequency analysis. Differences of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. HTLV-1 patients had poorer oral health status when compared to seronegative individuals. A weak positive correlation between blood and saliva proviral loads was observed. The mean values of proviral load in blood and saliva in patients with HAM/TSP was greater than those in HTLV-1 carriers. The HTLV-1 molecular analysis from PBMC and saliva specimens suggests that HTLV-1 in saliva is due to lymphocyte infiltration from peripheral blood. A direct relationship between the proviral load in saliva and oral manifestations was observed.

Frailty and Its Association with Health Related Quality of Life in Older HIV Patients, in Salvador, Brazil.

Frailty is a geriatric syndrome that may develop earlier in the presence of HIV. Frail individuals are more vulnerable to adverse health outcomes and poorer quality of life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with frailty and to define the impact of frailty on quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 201 adults living with HIV, aged 50 or older, receiving outpatient care between April and November of 2017 at a referral center in Salvador, Brazil. Frailty was assessed using Fried frailty phenotype. Factors related to frailty were identified using multinomial logistic regression. The association between frailty and quality of life was tested through multiple linear regression. All but one patient were on antiretroviral therapy. The median age was 55 years (range 50-83 years), 63.7% were males, and 91.6% self-identified as black or racially mixed. The median CD4 cell count was 673 cells/mm3 (IQR 470-900), and 88.1% were virally suppressed. The prevalence of frailty and prefrailty was 19.4% and 49.3%, respectively. Female sex, unemployment, and pain were associated with frailty. Unemployment and the use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were associated with prefrailty. Frailty was associated with a decrease in health-related quality of life. The prevalence of frailty was higher than the prevalence found in general population which was at least 10 years older. Half of the participants were prefrail, indicating the need for improved long-term care. Pain management is a potential target for interventions to prevent frailty and to improve quality of life.

Soil Contamination by a Lead Smelter in Brazil in the View of the Local Residents.

A primary lead smelter operated in Santo Amaro City in Brazil from 1960 to 1993, leaving approximately 500,000 tons of industrial dross containing 2⁻3% of lead and other toxic elements that contaminated the industry grounds and the urban environment. This study aimed to present the local residents' perception towards soil contamination by the smelter. In a cross-sectional study, 208 residents from randomly selected households were interviewed about dross hazards and proposals for its management. A city map depicts the distribution and concentration of lead, cadmium, arsenic, zinc, nickel, and antimony, measured in the soil of the 39 households with visible smelter dross. Only one site complies with the soil quality reference values; 27 (69.2%) call for preventive measures, and 11 (28.2%) require intervention. The smelter dross continues widely spread over the city. Thirty (76.9%) out of the 39 residents were able to recognize the smelter dross on household surroundings. However, this ability was not associated with the concentrations of toxic elements in the soil of their residences and surroundings. The smelter and the local Prefecture were most frequently held liable for taking soil cleanup actions. The most frequently (38.0%) cited solution for managing the dross found in the households was "to provide the residents with information about health risks related to the dross".

Association Between Health-Related Quality of Life and Physical Functioning in Antiretroviral-Naive HIV-Infected Patients.

BACKGROUND: Poor functional status can significantly affect Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of HIV patients. However, there is scarce information on the functional profile of such patients before starting antiretroviral therapy (ART). OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between health-related quality of life and physical functioning in Antiretroviral-Naive HIV-infected patients. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study with HIV-infected patients older than 18 years, and naïve to antiretroviral therapy. The patients were evaluated for functional profile by pulmonary function (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at one second, and Tiffeneau index), handgrip strength, and six-minute walk test in a cross-sectional study. HRQoL was evaluated by the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey and its Physical (PCS) and Mental (MCS) Component Summaries. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the association of predictor variables with PCS and MCS scores. RESULTS: We found lower HRQoL among females patients, with far below average impairment of mental health component. Both male and female patients presented lower 6MWD function test values. Patients with dynapenia were older than patients without it, presented lower PCS mean score, lower family income, poor 6 MWD function test, lower FVC, and lower FEV1 t. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that Grip Strength, age and family income were predictor variables for Physical component of HRQoL. Female gender and smoking habit were predictive for the mental component of HRQoL. CONCLUSION: HRQoL in HIV, drug-naïve patients is predicted by level of dynapenia, smoking, income and gender. Therefore, lifestyle changes and active exercising can help to improve HRQoL in such patients.

Quality of life, work ability, and facial deformities.

BACKGROUND: The face plays a central role in interpersonal relationships. Individuals with congenital or acquired facial deformities might experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships. Treatment should seek to improve their quality of life and work ability. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the health-related quality of life and work ability of individuals with facial deformities. METHOD: Study with mixed, quantitative and qualitative methods. We conducted semi-structured interviews on health-related quality of life and its implications for work with 16 individuals with facial deformities, eight cases of congenital and eight of acquired deformities, cared at specialized services in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Work Ability Index (WAI) and 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey were administered. RESULTS: Thematic analysis led us to detect two categories of themes associated with facial deformities: interpersonal relationships and work ability; and quality of life and access to treatment. The participants with acquired facial deformities exhibited lower educational level and income, and lower quality of life and WAI scores compared to the ones with congenital deformities. All the participants with congenital deformities had received some form of rehabilitation and their social relationships were less impaired. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with acquired facial deformities exhibited poorer work ability and quality of life compared to the ones with congenital deformities. Early rehabilitation of congenital deformities seems to considerably improve work ability and health-related quality of life.

INTRODUÇÃO: A face exerce papel central nas relações interpessoais. Pessoas com deformidades faciais adquiridas ou congênitas tendem a apresentar dificuldades nas relações interpessoais. O tratamento desses pacientes deve visar à melhoria de sua qualidade de vida e da capacidade para o trabalho. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde e a capacidade para o trabalho de pessoas com deformidades faciais. MÉTODO: Estudo misto de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. Entrevistas semiestruturadas sobre qualidade de vida em saúde e implicações no trabalho foram realizadas com 16 pessoas com deformidades faciais, oito congênitas e oito adquiridas, procedentes de serviços de atenção especializada de Salvador, Bahia. Aplicaram-se os questionários Índice de Capacidade para o Trabalho (ICT) e 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. RESULTADOS: A análise temática permitiu identificar duas categorias associadas às deformidades faciais: relações interpessoais e capacidade para o trabalho; e qualidade de vida e acesso a tratamento. Indivíduos com deformidades faciais adquiridas apresentaram menor escolaridade, renda e índices mais baixos nos indicadores de qualidade de vida e ICT, quando comparados aos do grupo com deformidades congênitas. Todos com deformidades congênitas receberam algum tipo de reabilitação e apresentaram menor comprometimento das relações sociais. CONCLUSÕES: Pessoas com deformidades faciais adquiridas apresentam maior comprometimento da sua capacidade para o trabalho e qualidade de vida do que aquelas com deformidades faciais congênitas. A reabilitação precoce das anormalidades congênitas parece exercer papel importante na melhora dos índices de ICT e de qualidade de vida em saúde.

Quality of life, anxiety and depression in patients with HIV/AIDS who present poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional study in Salvador, Brazil.

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy marked a major gain in efficacy of HIV/AIDS treatment and a reduction in morbidity and mortality of the infected patients. However, high levels of adherence are required to obtain virologic suppression. In Brazil, the policy of free and universal access to antiretroviral therapy has been in place since 1996, although there are reports of poor adherence. OBJECTIVE: To define the clinical, demographic and psychological characteristics, and quality of life of patients with HIV/AIDS who present poor adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. To be included in the study patients had to be 18 through 65 years old, diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, having the two previous viral loads above 500 copies, a surrogate for poor adherence to antiretrovirals. The following instruments were applied to all eligible patients: the sociodemographic questionnaire "Adherence Follow-up Questionnaire", the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the 36-Item Short Form Survey. RESULTS: 47 patients were evaluated, 70.2% were female, mean age of 41.9 years (±10.5), 46.8% were single, 51.1% self-reported adherence ≥95%, 46.8% mentioned depression as the main reason for not taking the medication, 59.5% presented symptoms of moderate to severe depression, and 44.7% presented symptoms of moderate to severe anxiety. Finally, regarding health-related quality of life these patients obtained low scores in all dimensions, physical component summary of 43.96 (±9.64) and mental component summary of 33.19 (±13.35). CONCLUSION: The psychological component is considered to be fundamental in the management of HIV/AIDS patients. Psychoeducation should be conducted at the initial evaluation to reduce negative beliefs regarding antiretroviral therapy Assessment of anxiety and depression symptoms should be done throughout therapy as both psycological conditions are associated with patient adherence, success of treatment, and ultimately with patients' quality of life.

SF-36 total score as a single measure of health-related quality of life: Scoping review.

According to the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire developers, a global measure of health-related quality of life such as the "SF-36 Total/Global/Overall Score" cannot be generated from the questionnaire. However, studies keep on reporting such measure. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and to describe some characteristics of articles reporting the SF-36 Total/Global/Overall Score in the scientific literature. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method was adapted to a scoping review. We performed searches in PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, BVS, and Cochrane Library databases for articles using such scores. We found 172 articles published between 1997 and 2015; 110 (64.0%) of them were published from 2010 onwards; 30.0% appeared in journals with Impact Factor 3.00 or greater. Overall, 129 (75.0%) out of the 172 studies did not specify the method for calculating the "SF-36 Total Score"; 13 studies did not specify their methods but referred to the SF-36 developers' studies or others; and 30 articles used different strategies for calculating such score, the most frequent being arithmetic averaging of the eight SF-36 domains scores. We concluded that the "SF-36 Total/Global/Overall Score" has been increasingly reported in the scientific literature. Researchers should be aware of this procedure and of its possible impacts upon human health.

Health-related quality of life of medical students in a Brazilian student loan programme.

This study aimed to evaluate the health-related quality of life of medical students participating in a large Brazilian government loan programme for undergraduate students in private schools.A cross-sectional study in a stratified sample of students from a private medical school in Salvador, Brazil, evaluated their health-related quality of life by using a Brazilian Portuguese version of the 36-item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire (SF-36).Students supported by the loan programme consistently presented lower mean scores in all SF-36 domains and in the physical and mental component summary scores than those who were not in the programme. Students supported by the loan programme presented systematically lower physical and mental component mean scores, after stratification by age, gender, school year, physical activity, sleepiness, headache, having a car, having a housemaid, living with family, and living in a rented house.The loan programme has enabled less wealthy undergraduate students to attend private medical schools in Brazil. However, this support is insufficient to improve students' health-related quality of life during medical school, as compared with students who do not participate in the programme. Because of a poorer health-related quality of life, students supported by the loan programme deserve special attention from private medical schools.

Health-Related Quality of Life of Former Lead Workers in Brazil.

Little is known about the health-related quality of life of former lead workers. Using the Short-Form 36 Questionnaire (SF-36), a cross-section design study evaluated the health-related quality of life of 186 former workers of a lead smelter that operated in Santo Amaro da Purificação, Brazil, from 1960 to 1993, when it closed down. The smelter had very poor occupational and environmental hygiene standards. The health-related quality of life of former lead workers was low, compared to population-based and other nosological groups from Brazil. Former lead workers who indicated metal poisoning, difficulty getting another job and who could not get another job after dismissal by the smelter presented poorer health-related quality of life. Former lead workers with poor health-related quality of life form part of the huge occupational liability left by the Santo Amaro lead smelter.

Health-related quality of life of students from a private medical school in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and to describe factors associated with its variation among undergraduate medical students at a Brazilian private medical school. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in a sample (n=180) of medical students at a private medical school in Salvador, Brazil, stratified by year of medical course. Data about age, sex, year of course, physical activity, sleepiness, headaches, participation in a student loan program supported by the Brazilian government (FIES) and living arrangements were collected using a self-administered form. HRQOL was assessed by using a Brazilian Portuguese version of the SF-36 form. The eight domains of SF-36 and the Physical Component (PCS) and Mental Component (MCS) Summaries scales were calculated. RESULTS: The medical students showed poor HRQOL, mainly because of the mental component. Lower mean scores were found among those with FIES support, females, those suffering from sleepiness, headaches and lacking physical activity. No clear trend was observed in the variation of the SF-36 mean scores according to the year of medical school. However, students in the fifth year of the course had the highest HRQOL mean scores. CONCLUSIONS: Health-related quality of life of students at this private medical school was poor, mainly because of its mental component. Lower HRQOL was associated with FIES support, females, sleepiness, headaches and lack of regular physical activity. Higher scores were found among fifth year students.

Scientific integrity in Brazil.

This article focuses on scientific integrity and the identification of predisposing factors to scientific misconduct in Brazil. Brazilian scientific production has increased in the last ten years, but the quality of the articles has decreased. Pressure on researchers and students for increasing scientific production may contribute to scientific misconduct. Cases of misconduct in science have been recently denounced in the country. Brazil has important institutions for controlling ethical and safety aspects of human research, but there is a lack of specific offices to investigate suspected cases of misconduct and policies to deal with scientific dishonesty.

Quality of life of medical students in Brazil: a comparative study / Calidad de vida de estudiantes de medicina en Brasil: un estudio comparativo

ABSTRACT Background: VERAS survey multicenter project, carried out in 2011-2012, evaluated the quality of life (QoL) of students from 22 Brazilian medical schools. Aim: To evaluate QoL of undergraduate medical students, taking Veras-q national data as comparison. Material and Methods: We evaluated the QoL of 197 medical students in a Brazilian private medical school at Salvador, Bahia, Brazil in 2014. Students in the first two years were grouped in Phase I; those in years three and four were grouped in Phase II. Those in the internship (fifth and sixth years) were grouped in Phase III. Results: Students from Phase I group had better QoL averages than those from Phase II. Phase I students presented significantly (p < 0.05) better scores in the Psychological and Use of Time domains. Compared to Phase II students, those in Phase III obtained better scores in the Physical and Environmental domains. Female students had significantly lower (p < 0.01) scores than male students in Physical, Psychological and Use of Time domains. Compared to the national sample survey, these students had higher (p < 0.01) scores in all domains, except for the Physical domain in Phase II (p < 0.4352). Conclusions: These students had a better quality of life than those surveyed in the national Veras-q study. Female students had lower scores. Adjusted schedules and lower work overload, as consequences of effective interdisciplinarity in curricular components, may have contributed to higher students' QoL.

Antecedentes: El proyecto multicéntrico VERAS evaluó la calidad de vida de estudiantes de medicina en los años 2011-2012. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de vida de un grupo de estudiantes de medicina y compararla con los datos del proyecto VERAS. Material y Métodos: Se evaluó calidad de vida en 197 estudiantes de medicina de universidades privadas de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil en 2014. Los estudiantes de los dos primeros años fueron agrupados en la fase I, aquellos de tercer y cuarto año en fase II y los del internado en fase III. Resultados: Los estudiantes en fase I tuvieron mejor calidad de vida que aquellos en fase II. Los estudiantes en fase I tuvieron mejores puntajes en los dominios psicológico y uso del tiempo. Los estudiantes en fase III tuvieron mejores puntajes en los dominios físico y ambiental que los estudiantes en fase II. Las mujeres obtuvieron menores puntajes en los dominios físico, psicológico y uso del tiempo, que los hombres. Al comparar con el estudio nacional, estos estudiantes tuvieron mejores puntajes en todos los dominios, excepto el físico en estudiantes en fase II. Conclusiones: Estos estudiantes tuvieron mejor calidad de vida que sus pares estudiados previamente. Las mujeres tuvieron puntajes más bajos que los hombres. Una menor carga de trabajo, como consecuencia de un currículo multidisciplinario, puede haber influido en esta mejor calidad de vida.

Melhor no passado: a verdadeira saúde da família / It was better before: the real family health

Resumo Buscou-se avaliar os limites da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) a partir do cotidiano de trabalho de seus profissionais. Neste estudo qualitativo, realizaram-se entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com 16 profissionais da equipe de Saúde da Família de um município da região metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia. O exame dos dados utilizou a análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin e os referenciais da Política Nacional de Atenção Básica e da Política Nacional de Humanização para Atenção Básica. Identificaram-se duas categorias: a atenção básica (AB) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e a cogestão e humanização na AB. Na primeira categoria, evidenciou-se o contexto atual que permeia a AB, caracterizando os desafios que se apresentam no cotidiano de trabalho dos profissionais da ESF e as dificuldades encontradas para mudar o modelo de atenção à saúde. Na segunda categoria, destacaram-se as condições concretas em que se realizam as práticas no cotidiano de trabalho, indo de encontro aos pressupostos da humanização. Os problemas apresentados evidenciam descaracterização da AB, contradizem os preceitos da ESF e revelam dificuldades na proposta de reorientação do modelo de saúde.

Abstract The aim of this qualitative study was at evaluating the limitations of the Family Health Strategy (FSH) based on the daily work of its professionals. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 professionals from the Family Health team of a municipality in the metropolitan region of Salvador, Bahia. Content analysis, as proposed by Bardin, and the references of the National Policy of Primary Care and the National Policy of Humanization for Primary Care were used. Two categories were identified: primary care (PC) of the Unified Health System (SUS), and co-management and humanization in PC. For the first category, the current context of the PC was emphasized, characterizing hardships present in the daily work of FHS professionals and the challenges in changing the health care model. For the second category, the concrete conditions wherein these practices take place in daily work were highlighted, going against humanization premises. The problems presented demonstrated lack of characterization in PC, contradicted the precepts of the FHS, and revealed challenges in the proposal for reorienting the health care model.

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: Insights for the Stomatologist.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic progressive autoimmune disease characterized by portal inflammation and immune-mediated destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Primary Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands, mainly the lachrymal and salivary glands, in the absence of other definitively diagnosed rheumatologic disease. We report a diagnosed case of primary Sjögren's syndrome associated with PBC. A 59-year-old Caucasian woman went to oral evaluation reporting dry mouth, difficulty in eating associated with burning mouth syndrome, dysgeusia and dysphagia. Intraoral examination revealed extensive cervical caries, gingivitis, gingival retraction, angular cheilitis and atrophic tongue. Hyposalivation was detected by salivary flow and Schirmer's test was positive. Antinuclear and antimitochondrial antibodies were both positive. Anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies were negative. A minor salivary gland biopsy of the lower lip was performed. Histopathologic analysis revealed lymphocytic infiltrate with destruction of salivary gland architecture in some areas and replacement of glandular tissues by mononuclear cells. Optimal management of PBC associated with Sjögren's syndrome requires a multidisciplinary approach as the key to optimal patient care. Dental practitioners should be able to recognize the clinical features of this associated condition. Appropriate dental care may prevent tooth decay, periodontal disease and oral infections as well as improve the patient's quality of life.

Uso de documentário no curso de medicina e a reflexão sobre temas éticos associados ao aborto / The use of documentary in medical course and a reflection on ethical issues associated with abortion / Uso de documental en la carrera de medicina y reflexión sobre temas éticos asociados al aborto

Resumo O ensino das humanidades na graduação de medicina, principalmente da ética e bioética, é imprescindível para o sucesso da futura relação médico-paciente. A arte cinematográfica vem se destacando como instrumento eficaz de ensino-aprendizagem, pois prepara o aluno para refletir e lidar com diversos conflitos da prática médica. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, com método qualitativo e emprego da técnica de análise temática a partir do documentário "À margem do corpo" como recurso didático para identificar as principais temáticas éticas abordadas pelos alunos e seus posicionamentos em relação a elas. Participaram deste estudo 50 alunos do segundo período de curso de medicina. Quatro temáticas principais foram discutidas: vulnerabilidade e redução da autonomia; objeção de consciência; desumanização e negligência na assistência à saúde; e aborto.

Abstract The teaching of the humanities in medical education, especially ethics and bioethics, is essential for the future doctor-patient relationship. The use of cinematographic art as a teaching-learning instrument has emerged as an effective and contributory method in this process, as it makes the student more reflective and prepared to deal with the various conflicts of medical practice. This is a descriptive study, with uses a qualitative methodology, applying the thematic analysis technique that aimed to evaluate the use of the film "À Margem do Corpo" as a teaching-learning instrument of medical ethics and also to identify the main ethical issues faced by the students and their positions in front of them. A group of 50 students from the second period of the medical course participated in the study. Four main themes were discussed: vulnerability and reduced autonomy; objection of conscience; dehumanization and neglect in health care; abortion.

Resumen La enseñanza de las humanidades en la carrera de grado de medicina, principalmente de la ética y la bioética, es imprescindible para la futura relación médico-paciente. La utilización del arte cinematográfico como instrumento de enseñanza-aprendizaje viene destacándose como un método eficaz y contributivo en este proceso, pues torna al alumno más reflexivo y preparado para lidiar con los diversos conflictos de la práctica médica. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, con metodología cualitativa, aplicando la técnica de análisis temático que tuvo como objetivo evaluar la utilización de la película "Al Margen del Cuerpo" como instrumento de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la ética médica e identificar las principales temáticas éticas abordadas por los alumnos y sus posicionamientos frente a éstas. Participó de este estudio un grupo-clase del segundo período de la carrera de medicina compuesta por 50 alumnos. Se discutieron cuatro temáticas principales: vulnerabilidad y reducción de la autonomía; objeción de conciencia; deshumanización y negligencia en la asistencia sanitaria; y aborto.

"As intermitências da morte" no ensino da ética e bioética / "Death With Interruptions" in the teaching of Ethics and Bioethics / "Las intermitencias de la muerte" en la enseñanza de la Ética y Bioética

Resumo As diretrizes curriculares para o curso de graduação em medicina preconizam formação médica humanista, reflexiva e ética. Determinam também que o profissional médico esteja apto para acompanhar o processo de morte, sendo fundamental para isso a avaliação de métodos ativos de ensino-aprendizagem das humanidades e da ética e bioética no curso de medicina. Este artigo propõe avaliar o uso da obra "As intermitências da morte" de José Saramago como ferramenta de ensino da ética e bioética, abordando essencialmente reflexões individuais e coletivas ao lidar com o tema da morte. Trata-se de estudo descritivo com análise qualitativa de avaliação da obra em questão por alunos de medicina da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública. Conclui-se que esse instrumento é recomendado no ensino das humanidades, comprovando que sua leitura atribuiu capacidades subjetivas ao estudante para lidar com situações relacionadas à morte respeitando os princípios da bioética.

Abstract The curriculum guidelines for undergraduate medical courses recommend that medical training should be humanistic, reflective, and ethical. Furthermore, medical professionals should be able to provide support in the process of death, with the evaluation of active methodologies for the teaching and learning of humanities, ethics, and bioethics a fundamental part of medical courses. The present study evaluates the use of the novel "Death with interruptions" as a teaching tool for ethics and bioethics, addressing individual and collective reflections when dealing with the theme of death. This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, analyzing the evaluation of a literary work by medical students from the Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (the Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health). The study concluded that this instrument is recommended for the teaching of humanities, finding that its reading encouraged the development of subjective abilities in students to deal with situations related to death, respecting the principles of bioethics.

Resumen Las directrices del plan de estudios de la Licenciatura en Medicina abogan por una formación médico-humanista, reflexiva y ética. También determina que el profesional de medicina es capaz de acompañar el proceso de la muerte, siendo fundamental la importancia de la evaluación de métodos activos de enseñanza en las humanidades, la ética y la bioética en la carrera de medicina. El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el uso de la obra literaria "Las intermitencias de la muerte" como herramienta de enseñanza de la Ética y Bioética, de las reflexiones para enfrentar el tema de la muerte. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, con análisis cualitativo de la evaluación por parte de los estudiantes de medicina de una obra literaria. El estudio reveló la recomendación de este instrumento en la enseñanza de las humanidades, lo que demuestra que la lectura asigna capacidades subjetivas de los estudiantes para enfrentar situaciones relacionadas con la muerte.