Dementia Reported Missing: Use of an Online Search Engine to Track Outcomes in Persons With Dementia Reported Missing.

BACKGROUND: Persons with dementia (PWD) reported missing are known to be at high risk for mortality. Analysis of online search engines' reports of missing PWD may show patterns in the data of this relatively common event and the broad patterns relevant to mortality risk factors. METHODS: We searched Google news for PWD reported missing for 2015. Demographics, personal details, and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: Of 673 cases, 67 were found deceased, 525 alive, and the remainder had unknown outcomes. Mortality did not differ significantly by race/ethnicity for cases with known outcomes, but cases with unknown outcomes were significantly overrepresented among non-Caucasians (P<0.001; analysis of variance). Duration missing predicted mortality (P<0.001; χ(2)), and mortality was lower if a photograph was provided (P<0.05; χ(2)). Five states had no reports and some appeared to have fewer reports that would be expected based on estimates of dementia prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Duration missing was the strongest predictor of mortality. Likelihood of mortality was not predicted by use of missing person alerts, and this may be a consequence of inconsistent reporting and follow-up of cases across states. Prevalence and mortality may likewise be underestimated because of the variability in usage and reporting of relevant search terms and definitions. Online resources and social media can provide information about trends and outcomes related to missing persons with dementia, but greater consistency is needed in definitions, searching, and reporting.

Detrending Changes the Temporal Dynamics of a Semantic Fluency Task.

Objective: To study the dynamics of clustering semantic fluency responses and switching between clusters. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of participants (N = 60) in a study of patient reported outcomes who were given the Saint Louis University Mental Status test. Sixty-second animal naming tests were scored for the timing of responses as well as the clustering of responses into semantic categories. Time scores were detrended to correct for exponential exhaustion and normalize the time scale across individuals. Results: Grouped by number of responses given, low performers (LP; Carter et al., 2012) switched between clusters fewer times than medium performers (MP) and high performers (HP). Prior to detrending, LP showed increased intracluster response times when compared to the other groups, but no differences were shown in intercluster response times. After detrending, however, the difference in intracluster response times disappeared and LP showed significantly faster detrended intercluster response times compared to both MP and HP. Conclusion: Prior to detrending, slower intracluster response times appear to be driving poorer performance. When time scores are detrended, our findings suggest that LP participants have quicker intercluster response times but exhaust more quickly as well. Detrending can help describe the interplay between the structure-loss and retrieval-slowing models of declining semantic fluency by isolating the component mechanisms involved in each.

From Neurodegeneration to Brain Health: An Integrated Approach.

The term "brain health" integrates general health and well-being with cognitive fitness, in the context of an environment that includes the spectrum of positive and negative factors affecting the individual. Brain health incorporates the effects of neurodegeneration in an ecological sense and the effects of environment and health practices on brain function. It also provides a framework for understanding and maximizing cognitive function across the lifespan. Despite decades of research into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, our understanding of how to treat them is relatively rudimentary. Unidimensional approaches, such as medication monotherapies, have generally produced negative results in treatment trials. New integrative paradigms that cut across the molecular and cellular level to the individual and societal level may provide new approaches to understand and treat these disorders. This report on proceedings of a multi-disciplinary conference held in Cleveland, Ohio, in October 2013 summarizes research progress in understanding neurodegenerative disorders in a brain health context. A new "brain health" paradigm is essential to finally understand neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and overcome the relative stand-still in therapeutics research that has characterized the last decade. The authors summarize progress in these emerging areas with the aim of producing new integrated scientific models for understanding brain health, potentially modifying disease course and advancing care for individuals and families affected by neurodegenerative conditions.