Spatiotemporal patterns of leaf nutrients of wild apples in a wild fruit forest plot in the Ili Valley, China.

Malus sieversii, commonly known as wild apples, represents a Tertiary relict plant species and serves as the progenitor of globally cultivated apple varieties. Unfortunately, wild apple populations are facing significant degradation in localized areas due to a myriad of factors. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the nutrient status and spatiotemporal variations of M. sieversii, green leaves were collected in May and July, and the fallen leaves were collected in October. The concentrations of leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were measured, and the stoichiometric ratios as well as nutrient resorption efficiencies were calculated. The study also explored the relative contributions of soil, topographic, and biotic factors to the variation in nutrient traits. The results indicate that as the growing period progressed, the concentrations of N and P in the leaves significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the concentration of K in October was significantly lower than in May and July. Throughout plant growth, leaf N-P and N-K exhibited hyperallometric relationships, while P-K showed an isometric relationship. Resorption efficiency followed the order of N < P < K (P < 0.05), with all three ratios being less than 1; this indicates that the order of nutrient limitation is K > P > N. The resorption efficiencies were mainly regulated by nutrient concentrations in fallen leaves. A robust spatial dependence was observed in leaf nutrient concentrations during all periods (70.1-97.9% for structural variation), highlighting that structural variation, rather than random factors, dominated the spatial variation. Nutrient resorption efficiencies (NRE, PRE, and KRE) displayed moderate structural variation (30.2-66.8%). The spatial patterns of nutrient traits varied across growth periods, indicating they are influenced by multifactorial elements (in which, soil property showed the highest influence). In conclusion, wild apples manifested differentiated spatiotemporal variability and influencing factors across various leaf nutrient traits. These results provide crucial insights into the spatiotemporal patterns and influencing factors of leaf nutrient traits of M. sieversii at the permanent plot scale for the first time. This work is of great significance for the ecosystem restoration and sustainable management of degrading wild fruit forests.

Leaf-root-soil N:P stoichiometry of ephemeral plants in a temperate desert in Central Asia.

Ephemeral plants are a crucial vegetation component in temperate deserts of Central Asia, and play an important role in biogeochemical cycle and biodiversity maintenance in desert ecosystems. However, the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) status and interrelations of leaf-root-soil of ephemeral plants remain unclear. A total of 194 leaf-root-soil samples of eight ephemeral species at 37 sites in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China were collected, and then the corresponding N and P concentrations, and the N:P ratio were measured. Results showed that soil parameters presented no significant difference among the eight species. The total soil N:P was only 0.116 (geomean), indicating limited soil N, while the available soil N:P (4.896, geomean) was significantly larger than the total N:P. The leaf N (averagely 30.995 mg g-1) and P (averagely 1.523 mg g-1) concentrations were 2.64-8.46 and 0.93-3.99 times higher than the root N (averagely 8.014 mg g-1) and P (averagely 0.802 mg g-1) concentrations, respectively. Thus, leaf N:P (averagely 21.499) was 1.410-2.957 times higher than root N:P (averagely 11.803). Meanwhile, significant interspecific differences existed in plant stoichiometric traits. At the across-species level, N content scaled as the 3/4-power of P content in both leaves and roots. Leaf and root N:P ratios were mainly influenced by P; however, the leaf-to-root N or P ratio was dominated by roots. Leaf and root N, P contents and N:P were generally unrelated to soil nutrients, and the former presented lower variation than the latter, indicating a strong stoichiometric homeostasis for ephemerals. These results demonstrate that regardless of soil nutrient supply capacity in this region, the fast-growing ephemeral plants have formed a specific leaf-root-soil stoichiometric relation and nutrient use strategy adapting to the extreme desert environment.

Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and heart failure in a Chinese elderly population.

OBJECTIVE: Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Low vitamin D status has been shown to be associated with increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In this study, we examined the association between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and HF in and elderly population in China. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the spring of 2013 among 2,047 community-dwelling healthy individuals, aged 60 to 101 years. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) was measured using a chemiluminescence assay. PTH levels were measured with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS: A total of 2,047 participants, including 1,121 women (54.7%), were evaluated in 2013. The median concentrations of serum 25(OH)D and PTH for the entire group were 16.1 ng/mL and 41.5 pg/mL, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels were associated with serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels and left ventricular ejection fraction in a multivariate adjusted linear regression analysis (P<.05). In logistic regression analyses, serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels were associated with a risk of HF in single and multiple regression models (P<.05). Compared with patients with 25(OH)D levels between 30.0 and 44.9 ng/mL, patients with 25(OH)D levels less than 10 ng/mL had a higher mean hazard ratio for HF (2.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.59 to 4.38). CONCLUSION: Serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels are independently associated with risk of HF in a Chinese elderly population.

The relationship between diaspore characteristics with phylogeny, life history traits, and their ecological adaptation of 150 species from the cold desert of Northwest China.

Diaspore characteristics of 22 families, including 102 genera and 150 species (55 represented by seeds and 95 by fruits) from the Gurbantunggut Desert were analyzed for diaspore biological characteristics (mass, shape, color, and appendage type). The diaspore mass and shape were significantly different in phylogeny group (APG) and dispersal syndromes; vegetative periods significantly affected diaspore mass, but not diaspore shape; and ecotypes did not significantly affect diaspore mass and shape, but xerophyte species had larger diaspore mass than mesophyte species. Unique stepwise ANOVA results showed that variance in diaspore mass and shape among these 150 species was largely dependent upon phylogeny and dispersal syndromes. Therefore, it was suggested that phylogeny may constrain diaspore mass, and as dispersal syndromes may be related to phylogeny, they also constrained diaspore mass and shape. Diaspores of 85 species (56.67%) had appendages, including 26 with wings/bracts, 18 with pappus/hair, 14 with hooks/spines, 10 with awns, and 17 with other types of appendages. Different traits (mass, shape, color, appendage, and dispersal syndromes) of diaspore decided plants forming different adapted strategies in the desert. In summary, the diaspore characteristics were closely related with phylogeny, vegetative periods, dispersal syndromes, and ecotype, and these characteristics allowed the plants to adapt to extreme desert environments.

[Interleukin-8 monoclonal antibody attenuates smooth muscle cell proliferation and balloon inflation-induced abdominal aorta stenosis in rabbits].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of interleukin-8 monoclonal antibody on smooth muscle cell proliferation and balloon inflation-induced abdominal aorta stenosis in rabbits. METHODS: Thirty-six New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to balloon inflation group (group A, n = 12), interleukin-8 monoclonal antibody pre-treated rabbits (2 mg/kg for 3 days before balloon inflation, group B, n = 12) and sham-operated control group (group C, n = 12). Peripheral blood was collected before experiment and at 4 h, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post balloon inflation or sham operation and the levels of IL-8 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ratio of positive and negative masculine cells in the high power microscopic field was determined in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) stained slide. Histopathologic examination was performed in abdominal aorta and luminal area, intima and tunica media area were measured. RESULTS: Plasma interleukin-8 began to rise at 4 h and peaked at 1 day and remained increased up to 28 days after balloon inflation in rabbits of group A, plasma interleukin-8 level in group A was significantly higher than in group B and C at 4 h and thereafter post operation. The ratio of positive and negative masculine cells was significantly increased in group A compared to group C and was significantly lower in group B than in group A. Abdominal aorta stenosis, luminal area, intima and tunica media area were significantly reduced in group B than in group A. Correlation analysis indicated that there were positive relations between plasma IL-8 level and intima thickness, area of intima and tunica media, respectively (r = 0.894, 0.783, 0.801, 0.912, all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Plasma IL-8 level is increased in this abdominal aorta stenosis model and is positively correlated to the severity of abdominal aorta stenosis. IL-8 monoclonal antibody could significantly reduce abdominal aorta stenosis in this abdominal aorta stenosis model.

The Expression of miR-365 in Serum of Hypertension Patients with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Was Up-Regulated, Which Was Positively Correlated with Left Ventricular Mass Index.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to investigate micro ribonucleic acid-365 (miR-365) serum expression and its correlation with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with hypertension (HT). METHODS: Eighty-four patients were selected as study subjects and divided into three groups: the experimental group (n = 28), the observation group (n = 29), and the control group (n = 27). The experimental group included patients with LVH-accompanied HT who were treated in the People's Hospital of Hebei Province between November 2019 and November 2020, the observation group included patients with HT unaccompanied by LVH, and the control group included healthy age and gender-matched subjects who underwent health examinations in our physical examination center. The cardiac echocardiography, 24-h Holter electrocardiogram, and circulating miR-365 levels in all subjects were measured. The differences in circulating miR-365 expression levels among the three groups were compared, and the correlations between the miR-365 expression levels and the blood pressure parameters (24-h mean systolic blood pressure [SBP] and 24-h mean diastolic blood pressure [DBP]), inter-ventricular septal thickness (IVST), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), left ventricular internal diameter (LVID), left ventricular mass (LVM), LVM index (LVMI), and LVH-related indicators were analyzed. RESULTS: The relative miR-365 expressions in the experimental, observation, and control groups were 2.08 (1.60, 2.34), 0.62 (0.44, 0.83), and 0.66 (0.35, 0.86), respectively. Patient miR-365 expression was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the observation group and the control group; the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.000). Furthermore, miR-365 expression was significantly correlated with SBP, DBP, IVST, LVPWT, LVID, LVM, and LVMI; the greatest correlation was with LVMI. Further univariate linear regression analysis revealed that miR-365 expression was linearly and positively correlated with LVMI and that miRNA-365 expression increased with the LVMI value. CONCLUSION: The miR-365 serum expression in patients with LVH-accompanied HT was increased compared with the observation group and the control group and positively correlated with the LVH degree.

[Effects of increased precipitation on growth of two ephemeral plants in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China]. / é™æ°´å¢žåŠ å¯¹å¤å°”ç­é€šå¤ç‰¹æ²™æ¼ ä¸¤ç§çŸ­å‘½æ¤ç‰©ç”Ÿé•¿çš„å½±å“.

Ephemeral plants are a major component of biodiversity in the deserts of Northwest China, with important ecological functions. Information on plant morphological characteristics and biomass accumulation and allocation during different growth stages could enhance our understanding of the functional features and survival strategy of ephemeral plants. We examined the effects of increased precipitation on ephemeral species Eremopyrum distans and Nepeta micrantha in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Changes in morphological characteristics and biomass accumulation and allocation were analyzed under increasing precipitation 30% and 50% treatments. The results showed that increased precipitation 30% and 50% treatments promoted the growth of E. distans, with leaf area and reproductive organ biomass being increased by 14.2%-188.5% and 55.9%, respectively. The effects of increased precipitation on the growth of N. micrantha varied across different growth stages. At leaf expansion stage, increased precipitation promoted growth of N. micrantha, while at fruit ripening stage, increased precipitation 50% treatment reduced leaf area, plant height, and reproduction biomass by 54.9%, 20.5%, 43.2%, respectively. Thus, the responses of the two species to increased precipitation was species-specific. Increased precipitation would change the survival strategies of the two species, with consequence on the species composition and structure of desert community.

Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of dual-axis rotational versus standard coronary angiography.

The data about the accuracy of dual-axis rotational coronary angiography (DARCA) in detecting coronary artery disease (CAD) is scare. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of DARCA versus standard coronary angiography (SA). 70 patients with possible CAD underwent SA following by DARCA were prospectively enrolled. The primary endpoint was the non-inferiority comparison of the two modalities regarding diagnosis of CAD. Coronary lesion assessment, quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) analysis, and screening adequacy comparisons were performed. All images were analyzed by two independent reviewers except QCA analysis that was analyzed by the third independent reviewer. Radiation dose, contrast usage and procedural time were recorded. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, Number NCT01776866. 63 of 70 patients were analyzed. DARCA was non-inferior to SA regarding the diagnosis of CAD (reviewer one-positive agreement: 100%, negative agreement: 100%, p = 1; p = 0.003 for non-inferiority; reviewer two-positive agreement: 96%, negative agreement: 95%, p = 1; p = 0.016 for non-inferiority). All reviewers showed good agreement between the two modalities for the diagnosis of CAD, coronary lesion assessment, QCA analysis, and screening adequacy, as reflected by kappa coefficients between 0.61 and 1.00. DARCA was associated with 41% reduction in radiation dose, 30% in contrast usage and 29% in procedure time (all p < 0.001). DARCA is clinically comparable to SA concerning the diagnostic accuracy for CAD, while markedly reduces radiation dose, contrast usage and procedure time.

Research progress of CA125 and BDNF in serum of patients with acute myocardial infarction for predicting acute heart failure.

BACKGROUND: At present, the treatment for acute myocardial infarction has achieved great progress. Reperfusion therapy in the short term can effectively reduce recurrence rates and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. According to a report of a large national registry, the mortality of patients with acute coronary syndrome combined with acute heart failure is 10 times of that of patients without heart failure, and the mortality in nearly 10 years has no significant change. Therefore, people are constantly exploring indicators for acute heart failure prognosis to improve a patient's prognosis. With the constant understanding and exploration of acute myocardial infarction, more and more researches have focused in determining how to predict the occurrence of acute heart failure. The present study focuses on presenting the latest progress of Carbohydrate Antigen-125 (CA125) and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in serum of patients with acute myocardial infarction in predicting acute heart failure.

Understanding molecular mechanisms of Rhodiola rosea for the treatment of acute mountain sickness through computational approaches (a STROBE-compliant article).

Rhodiola rosea has been used in the treatment of acute mountain sickness (AMS) for a long time, but the mechanism of its action is not still completely clear. In this paper, the therapeutic mechanism of R rosea for AMS was investigated by analysis of the relationship between R rosea compositions and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) degradation pathway.System biology and network biology, computational approaches were used to explore the molecular mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).Our results showed that chemical compositions of R rosea could inhibit the targets of HIF-1 degradation pathway in multi-composition/multi-target ways.We conclude that the 18 components with more than 2 targets and 5 targets (arrest-defective-1 [ARD1], forkhead transcription factor [FOXO4], osteosarcoma-9 [OS-9], prolyl hydroxylase 2 [PHD2], human double minute 2 [Hdm2]) deserve to be noticed, and PHD2, receptor for activated C-kinase1 (RACK1) and spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase-1 (SSAT1) may be the targets of active ingredients of rhodionin, rhodiosin, and rhodiolatuntoside, respectively.

[Efficacy, safety and tolerance of Felodipine controlled release tablets and Felodipine controlled release tablets associated combination therapy in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension in China].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerance of Felodipine controlled release tablets and Felodipine controlled release tablets associated combination each with Metoprolol, Lisinopril or Hydrochlorothiazide in the 12 weeks treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension in China. METHODS: Multicenter, random samples, and open study have been processed. RESULTS: (1)After 12 weeks associated combination treatment of anti-hypertension, the percentages of the persons who had attained the target were 80.2% of ITT group in Felodipine controlled release tablets associated combination with Hydrochlorothiazide, 74.1% of ITT group in with Metoprolol,and 80.5% of ITT group in with Lisinopril, respectively. (2)Mean reductions of systolic/diastolic blood pressure from baseline were 16.8/10.6 mm Hg in combination with Hydrochlorothiazide, 16.6/10.7 mm Hg in combination with Metoprolol,and 18.0/12.8 mm Hg in combination with Lisinopril each. There was no significant difference among these three groups (P>0.05). With the Felodipine controlled release tablets treatment alone, the mean reductions from baseline was 24.8/17.5 mm Hg. But in combination with Lisinopril, the blood pressure could lower more quickly, and then could reach the target more rapidly. (3)In the ITT group, the drug compliance with Felodipine controlled release tablets was 97.7%, with those in combination with Hydrochlorothiazide 89.8%, with those in combination with Metoprolol 100.0%, and with those in combination with Lisinopril 96.4%. The main adverse event related to Felodipine was headache, and to Lisinopril was cough. CONCLUSION: Antihypertensive drug Felodipine controlled release tablets are good and effective. And Felodipine controlled release tablet associated combination each with Metoprolol, Lisinopril or Hydrochlorothiazide can make most patients reach the treatment target, with safety, good tolerance, and high compliance.

Correlation between dual-axis rotational coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound in a coronary lesion assessment.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of dual-axis rotational coronary angiography (DARCA) for coronary lesion assessment by directly comparing with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). From October 2014 to December 2015, 40 patients (58 lesions) who had undergone both DARCA and IVUS were included in the image analysis. The minimum lumen diameter (MLD), lesion length, reference vessel diameter (RVD) and percent diameter stenosis at the same lesion, were identified and assessed. Significant correlation with IVUS was found for DARCA in either lesion length (r = 0.90, P < 0.001) or RVD (r = 0.81, P < 0.001) comparison. DARCA had fair correlation with IVUS for both MLD (r = 0.65, P < 0.001) and diameter stenosis (r = 0.48, P < 0.001). From the Bland-Altman plots, there was a good agreement between DARCA and IVUS regarding MLD (mean difference: -0.23 mm, 95 % limits of agreement: -0.96 to 0.50 mm) and RVD (mean difference: -0.15 mm, 95 % limits of agreement: -0.85 to 0.55 mm), while lesser agreement was found on lesion length (mean difference: -3.39 mm, 95 % limits of agreement: -12.63 to 5.85 mm) and diameter stenosis (mean difference: 4.82 %, 95 % limits of agreement: -17.05 to 26.68 %). There is an adequate correlation and agreement between DARCA and IVUS in coronary lesion assessment.

Antiplatelet Effect of Different Loading Doses of Ticagrelor in Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The APELOT Trial.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that a high ticagrelor loading dose (LD) may improve platelet inhibition in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: This interventional multicentre open-label trial randomized 278 patients with NSTE-ACS to a high (360 mg) or conventional (180 mg) ticagrelor LD. The primary outcome was the platelet reactivity index (PRI) 1 hour after administration of the LD. Secondary outcomes included PRI at 0.5 hour, 1 hour, 8 hours, and 24 hours; periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI); major cardiac adverse events; and bleeding events. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-two patients completed the major end points. PRI was lower in the high-LD group than in the conventional-LD group at any time point (all, P < 0.05), including at 1 hour (12.2% vs 16.7%; P = 0.023). At 0.5 hour, the high-LD group showed a lower high-platelet reactivity rate (49.6% vs 60.2%; P = 0.013) and a higher low-platelet reactivity rate (24.8% vs 12.8%; P = 0.017) than did the conventional LD group. No significant differences in the bleeding rates were found between the 2 groups (14% vs 14.3%). Four cases of PMI and 1 death in each group, as well as 1 acute myocardial infarction in the conventional LD group, occurred. There was no stroke, target lesion revascularization, or target vessel revascularization. CONCLUSIONS: Doubling the ticagrelor LD achieved faster onset and greater platelet inhibition without an increase in adverse events in patients with NSTE-ACS undergoing PCI.

Five-year outcomes of ST-elevation myocardial infarction versus non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome treated with biodegradable polymer-coated sirolimus-eluting stents: Insights from the CREATE trial.

BACKGROUND: Long-term outcome of drug-eluting stents (DES) for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) versus non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) remains unclear. This study sought to compare the long-term outcomes of biodegradable polymer-coated DES in patients with STEMI versus NSTE-ACS. METHODS: We explored a post hoc analysis of the 5-year outcome of the CREATE trial in the subgroup of patients with STEMI (n=318) versus NSTE-ACS (n=1223) who were implanted with biodegradable polymer-coated DES. The primary outcome was the rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 5 years. Clopidogrel and aspirin for 6 months followed by chronic aspirin therapy were recommended. RESULTS: STEMI patients showed a trend of increase in MACE (8.7% vs. 6.8%, log rank p=0.289) compared to NSTE-ACS patients at 5 years, and a greater risk of cardiac death (5.4% vs. 2.1%, log rank p=0.003), mainly driven by the higher cardiac death rate within the first month after stent placement (log rank p=0.003) and the last year of follow-up (log rank p=0.001). No significant difference in stent thrombosis was found between them (3.1% vs. 2.5%, log rank p=0.653). Prolonged clopidogrel therapy (>6 months) showed no effect on risk of MACE or stent thrombosis between the two groups (both p for interaction >0.1). CONCLUSIONS: STEMI patients have a higher risk of cardiac mortality compared with NSTE-ACS patients after biodegradable polymer-coated DES placement, primarily attribute to more cardiac deaths that happened within the first month after the event and the last year of follow-up.

Design and Rationale of the APELOT Trial: A Randomized, Open-Label, Multicenter, Phase IV Study to Evaluate the Antiplatelet Effect of Different Loading Dose of Ticagrelor in Patients With Non-ST Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Ticagrelor is a direct acting on the P2Y12 receptor blocker, which provides faster and greater platelet inhibition than clopidogrel. However, several studies suggested that in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), ticagrelor exhibits initial delay in the onset of antiplatelet action. Unlike ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS), management pathways are highly variable, and some patients may require surgery. Effect of higher loading dose (LD) of ticagrelor in patients with NSTE-ACS in providing faster and stronger inhibition of platelet aggregation is unknown and needs to be explored further.The AntiPlatelet Effect of different Loading dOse of Ticagrelor trial is an interventional, randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase IV trial designed to evaluate whether a high LD (360 mg) of ticagrelor compared with the conventional LD (180 mg) will result in a higher inhibition of platelet aggregation without increasing bleeding events in NSTE-ACS participants undergoing PCI.A total of 250 NSTE-ACS participants will be randomized to receive a ticagrelor LD (360 or 180 mg), followed by a maintenance dose of 90 mg twice a day (bid) starting 12 hours after the LD. The primary endpoint is platelet reactivity index measured by vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation 2 hours after the LD, and the secondary endpoints include occurrence of periprocedural myocardial infarction and bleeding events.The AntiPlatelet Effect of different Loading dOse of Ticagrelor trial will provide important information on the risks and benefits of a high LD (360 mg) of ticagrelor in achieving a faster and stronger platelet inhibition compared with the conventional LD (180 mg) in NSTE-ACS patients undergoing PCI.

Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms and risk for coronary artery disease in Chinese Xinjiang Uygur and Han population.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between apolipoprotein E (Apo E) gene polymorphism and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), analyzing association of polymorphism with classical risk factors. METHODS: A total of 124 patients (including 84 Han population and 40 Uygur population) with angiographically verified CAD or myocardial infarction were prospectively evaluated. Data referring to hypertension, diabetes, and tobacco consumption were recorded. The levels of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, Apo A1 and B, and triglycerides (TG) were determined. DNA was obtained from 124 patients and 70 controls. In order to determine Apo E genotypes, DNA was PCR amplified and digested with HhaI. The genetic polymorphism of Apo E is due to three common alleles, epsilon (epsilon) 2, epsilon3, epsilon4, at a single autosomal gene locus. These alleles determine the six phenotypes E2/2, E3/3, E4/4, E4/2, E4/3, and E3/2. RESULTS: In Uygur population, the frequency of the epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 was 0.155, 0.648, and 0.197 respectively. In Han population, the frequency of the epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 was 0.081, 0.772, and 0.146 respectively. In the patient group, the frequency of the epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 was 0.060, 0.758, and 0.182 respectively. In the control group, the frequency of the epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 was 0.193, 0.671, and 0.136 respectively. epsilon2 frequency of Uygur' patients and controls was 0.050 and 0.290 respectively. Serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, TC, and TG values tended to decrease from the Apo E-4 phenotypes to Apo E-2 phenotypes. When deletion polymorphism of epsilon2 was compared with the common risk factors for CAD, its risk ratio (RR) is 4.38. CONCLUSIONS: These studies confirm and find that Apo E phenotype distribution in Uygur population differs significantly from that in Han population in Xinjiang. CAD patients have significantly lower epsilon2 allele and slightly higher epsilon3 or epsilon4 allele frequency than controls, especially in Uygur population. It shows protective effects of epsilon2 on CAD.

Administration of a loading dose of atorvastatin before percutaneous coronary intervention prevents inflammation and reduces myocardial injury in STEMI patients: a randomized clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Administration of a loading dose of atorvastatin 80 mg/d has been shown to be beneficial in patients with stable coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndromes. However, little is known about the impact and mechanism behind the beneficial effects of loading-dose atorvastatin treatment before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), especially for those patients experiencing cardiovascular inflammation in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). OBJECTIVE: The goal of this randomized clinical study was to investigate whether, before emergency PCI, administration of loading-dose atorvastatin therapy in STEMI patients inhibits inflammation and improves cardiac function during 24 weeks of follow-up. METHODS: A total of 102 STEMI patients were enrolled into 3 groups: group A (n = 32) received 80 mg of atorvastatin before emergency PCI, post-PCI follow-up atorvastatin 40 mg for 4 weeks, and atorvastatin 20 mg for 20 weeks; group B (n = 32) received no pre-PCI loading dose of atorvastatin but did receive atorvastatin 40 mg for 4 weeks and then atorvastatin 20 mg for 20 weeks; and group C (n = 38) received only post-PCI atorvastatin 20 mg for 24 weeks. RESULTS: No differences were found in baseline demographic and angiographic characteristics among the 3 groups. Patients in group A had the lowest plasma levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and matrix metalloproteinase type 9 (MMP-9) (P < 0.05). Patients in group A also showed improvement in heart performance, with significant increases in their left ventricular ejection fraction. To a lesser extent, group B displayed reductions in the plasma levels of hs-CRP, BNP, and MMP-9 at later time points (P < 0.05). Compared with those in group C, patients in group B also exhibited significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Loading-dose atorvastatin therapy before emergency PCI reduced the inflammatory response and myocardial dysfunction in these STEMI patients by lowering hs-CRP, BNP, and MMP-9. Pre-PCI loading-dose atorvastatin treatment may help prevent inflammatory response and improve cardiac function in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing emergency PCI. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01334671.

[Medical rescue of China National Earthquake Disaster Emergency Search and Rescue Team in Lushan earthquake].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze the medical mission of China National Earthquake Disaster Emergency Search and Rescue Team (CNESAR) in Lushan earthquake, to promote the medical rescue effectiveness incorporated with search and rescue. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of medical work data by CNESAR from April 21th, 2013 to April 27th during Lushan earthquake rescue, including the medical staff dispatch and the wounded case been treated. RESULTS: The reasonable medical corps was composed by 22 members, including 2 administrators, 11 doctors [covering emergency medicine, orthopedics (joints and limbs, spinal), obstetrics and gynecology, gastroenterology, cardiology, ophthalmology, anesthesiology, medical rescue, health epidemic prevention, clinical laboratory of 11 specialties], 1 ultrasound technician, 5 nurses, 1 pharmacist, 1 medical instrument engineer and 1 office worker for propaganda. There were two members having psychological consultants qualifications. The medical work were carried out in seven aspects, including medical care assurance for the CNESAR members, first aid cooperation with search and rescue on site, clinical work in refugees' camp, medical round service for scattered village people, evacuation for the wounded, mental intervention, and the sanitary and anti-epidemic work. The medical work covered 24 small towns, and medical staff established 3 medical clinics at Taiping Town, Shuangshi Town of Lushan County and Baoxing County. Medical rescue, mental intervention for the old and kids, and sanitary and anti-epidemic were performed at the above sites. The medical corps had successful evacuated 2 severe wounded patients and treated the wounded over thousands. Most of the wounded were soft tissue injuries, external injury, respiratory tract infections, diarrhea, and heat stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the rescue action in 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the aggregation and departure of rescue team in Lushan earthquake, the traffic control order in disaster area, the self-aid and buddy aid are better, which give rise to the casualties to the lowest. The medical mission incorporated with search and rescue work showed that the medical performance manner altered with stages, the medical staff match changed with the mission, and the focus related with rescue time.

[Discussion about health assessment and epidemic prevention mode for China National Earthquake Disaster Emergency Search and Rescue Team in Lushan earthquake].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss health assessment and epidemic prevention in earthquake rescue, to establish emergency health and epidemic prevention mode for the national earthquake emergency medical rescue team scientifically, and to provide references and consultations for emergency hygiene and epidemic prevention measures in disaster medicine. METHODS AND RESULTS: China National Earthquake Disaster Emergency Search and Rescue Team gathered and evaluated environment, food, drinking water and other health related information around more than 2000 earthquake victims in Baoxing County, Shuangshi Town and Qingren Township from 20th April 2013 to 27th by using methods such as field epidemiological investigations. The national earthquake emergency medical rescue team spread comprehensive evaluation focusing on the local epidemics, find out the starting point of epidemic prevention, and then built reporting system in disaster area. The team also formulated the emergency detection system of food and drinking water and carried out health education. CONCLUSION: After the golden 72 hours, by comprehensive evaluation the establishment of early response in disaster area and spreading epidemic prevention, this team achieved the full coverage of three in the earthquake area, the resettlement of residents and families in that area and gradually formed a disaster medical rescue hygiene and epidemic prevention mode.

Gender difference on five-year outcomes of EXCEL biodegradable polymer-coated sirolimus-eluting stents implantation: results from the CREATE study.

BACKGROUND: The gender difference on long-term outcome in unselected patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not yet been fully investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the gender difference on five-year outcomes following EXCEL biodegradable polymer-coated sirolimus-eluting stenting in patients with coronary disease. METHODS: A total of 2077 "all comers", consisting of 1528 (73.6%) men and 549 (26.4%) women, who were exclusively treated with EXCEL coronary stents were enrolled in the prospective CREATE study at 59 centers from four countries. After propensity score matching, the baseline characteristics of the two groups were well matched. Recommended antiplatelet regimen was clopidogrel and aspirin for six months followed by chronic aspirin therapy. The primary outcome that was the rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as a composite of cardiac mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and target lesion revascularization (TLR), and stent thrombosis (ST) at five years were compared between the two gender groups. RESULTS: In the two groups, women had higher proportions of clinical risk factors, such as being elderly, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, compared to men. Besides, the mean target vessel number per patient was higher and the mean reference vessel diameter smaller for women. Men had higher risks of cardiac death (3.7% vs. 1.6%, P = 0.021) and MACE (8.4% vs. 4.7%, P = 0.004) at five years compared with women. However, the cumulative hazards of non-fatal MI and TLR were similar between men and women. The incidence of Academic Research Consortium (ARC) definite or probable stent thrombosis was similar between the two groups (1.3% vs. 1.0%, P = 0.639). Prolonged clopidogrel therapy (>6 months) did not reduce the cumulative hazards of ST from six months to five years in both men (χ(2) = 0.098, log rank P = 0.754) and women (χ(2) = 2.043, log rank P = 0.153) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Women had a lower MACE and cardiac death rate than men after biodegradable polymer-coated sirolimus-eluting stenting in long term follow-up. Effects of prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in preventing stent thrombosis was similar with six-month DAPT after EXCEL stent implantation in both men and women groups.