Distinctive subgingival microbial signatures in older adults with different levels of cognitive function.

AIM: To examine association between subgingival microbial signatures and levels of cognitive impairment in older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed subgingival plaque samples and 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for microbiota among 165 participants (normal controls [NCs]: 40, subjective cognitive decline [SCD]: 40, mild cognitive impairment [MCI]: 49 and dementia: 36). RESULTS: The bacterial richness was lower among individuals with worse cognitive function, and subgingival microbial communities differed significantly among the four groups. Declining cognitive function was associated with decreasing relative abundance of genera Capnocytophaga, Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis, Lautropia and Granulicatella, and increasing abundance of genus Porphyromonas. Moreover, there were differentially abundant genera among the groups. Random forest model based on subgingival microbiota could distinguish between cognitive impairment and NC (AUC = 0.933, 95% confidence interval 0.873-0.992). Significant correlations were observed between oral microbiota and sex, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score and Mini-Mental State Examination score. Partial correlation analysis showed that Leptotrichia and Burkholderia were closely negatively associated with the MoCA score after adjusting for multiple covariates. Gene function was not significantly different between SCD and NC groups, whereas three homozygous genes were altered in MCI patients and two in dementia patients. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to demonstrate an association between the composition, function and metabolic pathways of subgingival microbiota and different levels of cognitive function among older individuals. Future cohort studies should assess its diagnostic usefulness for cognitive impairment.

Energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index and cognitive function in Chinese older adults: a population-based cross-sectional study.

Diet can regulate systemic inflammation, which may play an important role in the development and progression of cognitive impairment and dementia. To explore the relationship between the dietary inflammatory potential and cognitive ability. A total of 2307 adults aged 60 years or older were recruited from the Fujian Provincial Hospital (Fujian, China). Dietary inflammatory properties were analyzed using the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were used to assess cognitive function. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were fit to assess the associations between variables. The MCI subjects with the highest E-DII scores had a higher risk of AD compared to subjects with the lowest E-DII scores (OR = 1.98, 95%CI = 1.49-2.64, P for trend < 0.001). Subjects with the highest E-DII levels were at increased risk of cognitive impairment compared to those with the lowest E-DII levels (OR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.25-1.93, P for trend < 0.001). The link between E-DII and cognitive impairment was significant in a nonlinear dose response analysis (P for nonlinear = 0.001). Higher E-DII scores were associated with an increased risk of developing AD or cognitive impairment. These findings may contribute to the effective prevention of cognitive impairment by constructing a multidisciplinary synergistic prevention strategy and controlling dietary inflammation levels.

[Genetic analysis of a child with Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and neurodevelopmental syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic characteristics of a child with Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and neurodevelopmental syndrome (FSGSNEDS). METHODS: A child with FSGSNEDS who had visited Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital on September 15, 2019 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the child was collected, and trio-whole exome sequencing (trio-WES), Sanger sequencing, chromosomal karyotyping analysis, and copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) were used to analyze the child and his parents. RESULTS: The child, a 3-year-old boy, had manifested developmental delay, nephrotic syndrome, and epilepsy. Trio-WES and Sanger sequencing showed that he has carried a heterozygous c.1375C＞T (p.Q459*) variant of the TRIM8 gene, for which both his parents were of the wild type. Based on guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the variant was predicted to be pathogenic. No abnormality was found in the chromosomal karyotyping and CNV-seq results of the child and his parents. CONCLUSION: The child was diagnosed with FSGSNEDS, for which the c.1375C＞T variant of the TRIM8 gene may be accountable.

[A de novo mutation leading to Marfan syndrome in a case].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic basis for a child featuring unexplained rapid growth and heart malformation. METHODS: Whole exome sequencing (WES)was carried out for the patient. Suspected variant was verified by Sanger sequencing and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS: The child was found to harbor a novel de novo c.5846_5848delATA (p. N1949del) variant in exon 48 of the FBN1 gene, which was predicted to be pathogenic by Mutation Taster. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with Marfan syndrome. CONCLUSION: Above finding has enriched the spectrum of genetic variants associated with Marfan syndrome. WES has provided a powerful tool for the diagnosis of rare diseases.

[Mutation analysis for a family affected with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To detect VHL gene mutation in a pedigree affected with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL). METHODS: Clinical data of the pedigree was reviewed. Patients were subjected to Sanger sequencing to detect mutation of the VHL gene. Structure of pVHL was predicted by 3D modeling using the swiss-model. RESULTS: A novel c.426delT(p.V142fs) [NM_000551] mutation was found in exon 2 of the VHL gene. 3D modeling suggested that the alpha-structure of pVHL is completely absent. CONCLUSION: The novel c.426delT(p.V142fs) mutation probably underlies the VHL in this pedigree.

Bandgap Engineering of Titanium-Oxo Clusters: Labile Surface Sites Used for Ligand Substitution and Metal Incorporation.

Through the labile coordination sites of a robust phosphonate-stabilized titanium-oxo cluster, 14 O-donor ligands have been successfully introduced without changing the cluster core. The increasing electron-withdrawing effect of the organic species allows the gradual reduction of the bandgaps of the {Ti6 } complexes. Transition-metal ions are then incorporated by the use of bifunctional O/N-donor ligands, organizing these {Ti6 } clusters into polymeric structures. The coordination environments of the applied metal ions show significant influence on their visible-light adsorption. Both the above structural functionalizations also tune the photocatalytic H2 production activities of these clusters. This work provides a systematic bandgap engineering study of titanium-oxo clusters, which is important not only for their future photocatalytic applications, also for the better understanding of the structure-property relationships.

Development of intergeneric conjugal gene transfer system in Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628 and its application for improvement of toyocamycin production.

Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628, capable of producing toyocamycin (TM), has exhibited a potential biocontrol effect in inhibiting the development of phytopathogens in the agriculture field. In this study, an efficient transformation system was developed using the intergeneric conjugation. This was achieved by optimization of experimental parameters. Under optimal conditions, a maximal conjugation frequency of 4.1 × 10(-4) per recipient was obtained. In order to heterologously express the gene vgb encoding Vitreoscilla hemoglobin in S. diastatochromogenes 1628, we placed vgb under the control of the constitutive promoter PermE(*) and constructed plasmid pIB139-vgb. This plasmid was integrated into the chromosome of S. diastatochromogenes 1628 using intergeneric conjugation established above. Finally, strain 1628-VHB-23 with the highest TM production was screened. Results indicated that expression of vgb gene had always significantly promoted the cell growth and TM production in S. diastatochromogenes 1628 under different dissolved oxygen conditions. In particular, under the limited aerobic condition, strain 1628-VHB-23 obtained 33.3 % more DCW and produced 210 % more TM in 7-l fermentor as compared with the wild-type strain.

Optimization of electroporation conditions for toyocamycin producer Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628.

Because of its structural similarity to nucleoside, toyocamycin exhibits potential of wide application and various biological activities. Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628, capable of producing toyocamycin, has exhibited a potential biocontrol effect in inhibiting the development of phytopathogens in the agriculture field. An efficient transformation system is a prerequisite for genetic and molecular study of S. diastatochromogenes 1628. In this study, we optimized experimental factors involved in the electroporation transformation process. Key features of this procedure, including collection of cells at the mid-log phase stage and the treatment of cells with lysozyme and penicillin G prior to the electroporation and recovery medium and time, produced the greatest increase in the efficiency and consistency of results. The transformation efficiency also depends on field strength, cell concentration, and plasmid DNA quantity. Under the optimal conditions, a maximal efficiency of (3 ± 0.4) × 10(4) µg(-1) DNA was obtained. The development of transformation method for S. diastatochromogenes 1628 will foster genetic manipulation of this important strain.

Longevity factor FOXO3a: A potential therapeutic target for age-related ocular diseases.

The forkhead box protein O3 (FOXO3a) belongs to the subgroup O of the forkhead transcription factor family and plays an important role in regulating the aging process by participating in the regulation of various life processes, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, and DNA repair. The eye is an organ that is affected by aging earlier. However, the functional role and potential clinical applications of FOXO3a in age-related eye diseases have not received widespread attention and lacked comprehensive and clear clarification. In this review, we demonstrated the relationship between FOXO3a and visual system health, summarized the functional roles of FOXO3a in various eye diseases, and potential ocular-related therapies and drugs targeting FOXO3a in visual system diseases through a review and summary of relevant literature. This review indicates that FOXO3a is an important factor in maintaining the normal function of various tissues in the eye, and is closely related to the occurrence and development of ophthalmic-related diseases. Based on its vital role in the normal function of the visual system, FOXO3a has potential clinical application value in related ophthalmic diseases. At present, multiple molecules and drugs targeting FOXO3a have been reported to have the potential for the treatment of related ophthalmic diseases, but further clinical trials are needed. In conclusion, this review can facilitate us to grasp the role of FOXO3a in the visual system and provide new views and bases for the treatment strategy research of age-related eye diseases.

Exogenous chelating agents influence growth, physiological characteristics and cell ultrastructure of Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings under lead-cadmium stress.

Heavy metal pollution of soil, especially by lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), is a serious problem worldwide. The application of safe chelating agents, combined with the growing of tolerant trees, constitutes an approach for phytoremediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil. This study aimed to determine whether the two safe chelators, tetrasodium glutamate diacetate (GLDA) and citric acid (CA), could improve the phytoremediation capacity of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in a Pb-Cd-contaminated soil and to find the key factors affecting the biomass accumulation of stressed black locust. In Pb- and Cd-stressed black locust plants, medium- and high-concentration GLDA treatment inhibited the growth, chlorophyll synthesis and maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), promoted the absorption of Pb and Cd ions and resulted in the shrinkage of chloroplasts and starch grains when compared with those in Pb- and Cd-stressed plants that were not treated with GLDA. The effects of CA on plant growth, ion absorption, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and organelle size were significantly weaker than those of GLDA. The effect of both agents on Cd absorption was greater than that on Pb absorption in all treatments. The levels of chlorophyll a and plant tissue Cd and rates of starch metabolism were identified as the key factors affecting plant biomass accumulation in GLDA and CA treatments. In the future, GLDA can be combined with functional bacteria and/or growth promoters to promote the growth of Pb- and Cd-stressed plants and to further improve the soil restoration efficiency following pollution by heavy metals. Application of CA combined with the growing of black locust plants has great potential for restoring the Cd-polluted soil. These findings also provide insights into the practical use of GLDA and CA in phytoremediation by R. pseudoacacia and the tolerant mechanisms of R. pseudoacacia to Pb-Cd-contaminated soil.

The role of RNA modifications in hepatocellular carcinoma: functional mechanism and potential applications.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms underlying its development remain unclear. Recent studies have highlighted the crucial role of RNA modifications in HCC progression, which indicates their potential as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for managing HCC. In this review, we discuss the functional role and molecular mechanisms of RNA modifications in HCC through a review and summary of relevant literature, to explore the potential therapeutic agents and biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic of HCC. This review indicates that specific RNA modification pathways, such as N6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, N7-methylguanosine, and N1-methyladenosine, are erroneously regulated and are involved in the proliferation, autophagy, innate immunity, invasion, metastasis, immune cell infiltration, and drug resistance of HCC. These findings provide a new perspective for understanding the molecular mechanisms of HCC, as well as potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC by targeting specific RNA-modifying enzymes or recognition proteins. More than ten RNA-modifying regulators showed the potential for use for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment decision utility biomarkers of HCC. Their application value for HCC biomarkers necessitates extensive multi-center sample validation in the future. A growing number of RNA modifier inhibitors are being developed, but the lack of preclinical experiments and clinical studies targeting RNA modification in HCC poses a significant obstacle, and further research is needed to evaluate their application value in HCC treatment. In conclusion, this review provides an in-depth understanding of the complex interplay between RNA modifications and HCC while emphasizing the promising potential of RNA modifications as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for managing HCC.

A De novo Mutation in the COL1A1 Gene Leading to Severe Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Introduction Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is the most common monogenic inherited skeletal dysplasia disorder. Mutations in the COL1A1/COL1A2 gene cause ∼85 to 90% of OI. Studies of cases have demonstrated that missense mutations are the primary cause of OI, with poor prognosis. Case Description We report the case of a fetus with skeletal abnormalities and subcutaneous edema. Ultrasound imaging revealed suspected skeletal malformations, including hypoplastic long bones of all four limbs, poorly ossified calvarium, unrevealing nasal bones, and generalized subcutaneous edema. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous mutation in COL1A1 (c.2174G > T/p.(G725V), NM_000088.3). According to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines, it was determined to be a pathogenic variant and identified as a de novo variant (PS2 + PP3_strong + PM2_supporting), which has not been reported in the HGMD, gnomAD, ClinVar, or other databases. This variation causes a glycine-to-valine substitution at position 725, located within the Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeat in the helical domain of the collagen molecule. Conclusion The COL1A1 mutation (c.2174G > T/p.(G725V), NM_000088.3) is a novel pathogenic variant of severe OI. Our study expanded the OI COL1A1 gene variation profiles in the Chinese population and provided a theoretical foundation for prenatal diagnosis, genetic counseling, and obstetric management.

Deep Learning-Based Automated Approach for Determination of Pig Carcass Traits.

Pig carcass traits are among the most economically significant characteristics and are crucial for genetic selection in breeding and enhancing the economic efficiency. Standardized and automated carcass phenotyping can greatly enhance the measurement efficiency and accuracy, thereby facilitating the selection and breeding of superior pig carcasses. In this study, we utilized phenotypic images and data from 3912 pigs to propose a deep learning-based approach for the automated determination of pig carcass phenotypic traits. Using the YOLOv8 algorithm, our carcass length determination model achieves an average accuracy of 99% on the test set. Additionally, our backfat segmentation model, YOLOV8n-seg, demonstrates robust segmentation performance, with a Mean IoU of 89.10. An analysis of the data distribution comparing manual and model-derived measurements revealed that differences in the carcass straight length are primarily concentrated between -2 cm and 4 cm, while differences in the carcass diagonal length are concentrated between -3 cm and 2 cm. To validate the method, we compared model measurements with manually obtained data, achieving coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.9164 for the carcass straight length, 0.9325 for the carcass diagonal length, and 0.7137 for the backfat thickness, indicating high reliability. Our findings provide valuable insights into automating carcass phenotype determination and grading in pig production.

Investigating the association between inflammation mediated by mushroom consumption and mild cognitive impairment in Chinese older adults.

Background: Chronic inflammatory stimulation is a major risk factor for mild cognitive impairment. Mushroom consumption and inflammatory factors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of mild cognitive impairment. Additionally, consuming mushrooms can reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines and preserve cognitive function. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between mushroom consumption and serum inflammatory cytokines and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Binary logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between mushroom consumption and MCI in 550 participants. Subsequently, mediation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between mushroom consumption, inflammatory factors, and the Montreal Cognitive assessment (MoCA) score in 248 participants. Results: Mushroom consumption was associated with MCI (odds ratio = 0.623, 95% confidence interval = 0.542-0.715, P < 0.001). The association between mushroom intake and MCI was mediated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and the MoCA score was 12.76% and 47.59%, respectively. Conclusion: A high intake of mushrooms was associated with a low risk of MCI. Serum inflammatory factors including IL-6 and hs-CRP play a partial mediating role between mushroom intake and the MoCA score, and the underlying mechanism needs to be further explored.

Detection of Pig Movement and Aggression Using Deep Learning Approaches.

Motion and aggressive behaviors in pigs provide important information for the study of social hierarchies in pigs and can be used as a selection indicator for pig health and aggression parameters. However, relying only on visual observation or surveillance video to record the number of aggressive acts is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and lasts for only a short period of time. Manual observation is too short compared to the growth cycle of pigs, and complete recording is impractical in large farms. In addition, due to the complex process of assessing the intensity of pig aggression, manual recording is highly influenced by human subjective vision. In order to efficiently record pig motion and aggressive behaviors as parameters for breeding selection and behavioral studies, the videos and pictures were collected from typical commercial farms, with each unit including 8~20 pigs in 7~25 m2 space; they were bred in stable social groups and a video was set up to record the whole day's activities. We proposed a deep learning-based recognition method for detecting and recognizing the movement and aggressive behaviors of pigs by recording and annotating head-to-head tapping, head-to-body tapping, neck biting, body biting, and ear biting during fighting. The method uses an improved EMA-YOLOv8 model and a target tracking algorithm to assign a unique digital identity code to each pig, while efficiently recognizing and recording pig motion and aggressive behaviors and tracking them, thus providing statistics on the speed and duration of pig motion. On the test dataset, the average precision of the model was 96.4%, indicating that the model has high accuracy in detecting a pig's identity and its fighting behaviors. The model detection results were highly correlated with the manual recording results (R2 of 0.9804 and 0.9856, respectively), indicating that the method has high accuracy and effectiveness. In summary, the method realized the detection and identification of motion duration and aggressive behavior of pigs under natural conditions, and provided reliable data and technical support for the study of the social hierarchy of pigs and the selection of pig health and aggression phenotypes.

Melatonin reduced colon inflammation but had no effect on energy metabolism in ageing Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).

In photoperiod-sensitive wild animals, the secretion of melatonin (MT) is modulated by external photoperiod, and MT affects inflammation and the ageing process. The beneficial effects of MT in delaying the progress of ageing have been reported in laboratory mice and rats. However, little is known about MT in wild mammals. In the current study, we investigated energy metabolism, microbial community structure and colon homeostasis in ageing Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) through exogenous supplementation of MT to test the hypothesis that MT has beneficial effects on gut homeostasis in ageing gerbils. Exogenous MT supplementation had no effect on energy metabolism in Mongolian gerbils but reduced the levels of circulating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), immune globulin G (IgG) and corticosterone (CORT). The increase in the level of inflammation in ageing animals was related to changes in the structure and diversity of the gut microbiota. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Prevotella, Treponema, Corynebacterium, and Sphingomonas was increased in ageing animals and decreased significantly by the treatment of MT. Christensenella and Lactobacillus were attenuated in ageing animals, and tended to be enhanced by MT treatment. Functions related to glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-ganglio series and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis (metabolisms of cofactors, vitamins and glycan) were increased in ageing animals and decreased significantly by the treatment of MT. Our data suggest that a supplement of MT could improve colon homeostasis through changing the composition of gut microbiota and reducing inflammation in ageing gerbils.

Self-Adaptive Dirhodium Complexes in a Metal-Organic Framework for Synthesis of N-H Aziridines.

Conformational dynamics of active sites in enzymes enable great control over the catalytic process. Herein, we constructed a metal-organic framework with conformationally dynamic active sites (Rh2-ZIF-8). The active sites in Rh2-ZIF-8 were composed of the imidazolate-bridged bimetallic center with a catalytic dirhodium moiety and structural zinc site. Even though the coordination sphere of the dirhodium species was saturated with two circularly arranged esp groups and two axial 2-MeIm ligands, it could still effectively catalyze the direct synthesis of N-H aziridines from olefins with high activity. We found that such a self-adaptive catalytic process was based on the dynamic breakage and reformation of the rhodium-zinc imidazolate bridges. Interestingly, the in situ generated dirhodium site with a unique Rh2(esp)2(2-MeIm)1 configuration was able to exhibit obviously enhanced selectivity compared to homogeneous catalyst Rh2(esp)2. Furthermore, the surrounding zinc imidazolate groups could effectively protect the dirhodium moieties from harsh environments, and this ultimately endowed it with high stability.

Integrated Analyses of Transcriptome and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics Reveal the Mechanism Underlying Saline-Alkali Stress Tolerance in Kosteletzkya pentacarpos.

In recent years, soil salinization has become increasingly severe, and the ecological functions of saline-alkali soils have deteriorated because of the lack of plants. Therefore, understanding the tolerance mechanisms of saline-alkali-tolerant plants has become crucial to restore the ecological functions of saline-alkali soils. In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanism underlying the tolerance of Kosteletzkya pentacarpos L. (seashore mallow) seedlings treated with 0.05 or 0.5% saline-alkali solution (NaCl: NaHCO3 = 4:1 mass ratio) for 1 and 7 days. We identified the key genes involved in tolerance to saline-alkali stress using orthogonal partial least squares regression analysis (OPLS-RA) based on both chlorophyll fluorescence indexes and stress-responsive genes using transcriptome analysis, and, finally, validated their expression using qRT-PCR. We observed minor changes in the maximum photochemical efficiency of the stressed seedlings, whose photosynthetic performance remained stable. Moreover, compared to the control, other indicators varied more evidently on day 7 of 0.5% saline-alkali treatment, but no variations were observed in other treatments. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 54,601 full-length sequences, with predominantly downregulated differentially expressed gene (DEG) expression. In the high concentration treatment, the expression of 89.11 and 88.38% of DEGs was downregulated on days 1 and 7, respectively. Furthermore, nine key genes, including KpAGO4, KpLARP1C, and KpPUB33, were involved in negative regulatory pathways, such as siRNA-mediated DNA methylation, inhibition of 5'-terminal oligopyrimidine mRNA translation, ubiquitin/proteasome degradation, and other pathways, including programmed cell death. Finally, quantitative analysis suggested that the expression of key genes was essentially downregulated. Thus, these genes can be used in plant molecular breeding in the future to generate efficient saline-alkali-tolerant plant germplasm resources to improve the ecological functions of saline-alkali landscapes.

A comparison of the composition and functions of the oral and gut microbiotas in Alzheimer's patients.

Objective: Alterations in the oral or gut microbiotas have been reported in patients with subjective and mild cognitive impairment or AD dementia. However, whether these microbiotas change with the severity of the AD spectrum (mild, moderate, and severe AD) remains unknown. Thus, we compared alterations in the composition and gene functions of the oral and gut microbiota between different phases of AD. Methods: We recruited 172 individuals and classified these into three groups: healthy controls (n = 40), a mild AD group (n = 43) and a moderate AD group (n = 89). Subgingival plaques and fecal samples were collected from all individuals. Then, we conducted 16S ribosomal RNA. sequencing to analyze the microbiotas. Results: In order of the severity of cognition impairment (from normal to mild and to moderate AD), the oral abundances of the phyla Firmicutes and Fusobacteria showed a gradual upwards trend, while the abundance of the Proteobacteria phylum gradually decreased. In contrast, the abundance of the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla in the gut decreased progressively, while that of the Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria phyla increased gradually. Key differences were identified in the microbiomes when compared between the mild AD and moderate AD groups when applying the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) algorithm. LEfSe analysis revealed alterations that were similar to those described above; furthermore, different bacterial taxa were associated with MMSE scores and age. KEGG analysis showed that the functional pathways associated with the oral microbiota were mainly involved in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism, while the gene functions of the fecal microbiota related to metabolism of amino acids, energy, cofactors and vitamins; identified significant differences among the three groups. Venn diagram analysis revealed that the number of genera that were present in both the oral and gut microbiota increased progressively from NC to mild AD and then to moderate AD. Conclusions: This study is the first to report a comparative analysis of the oral and fecal microbiota of patients with mild and moderate AD. The compositions and functions of the oral and gut microbiotas differed when compared between different stages of AD.

Different oral and gut microbial profiles in those with Alzheimer's disease consuming anti-inflammatory diets.

The number of people living with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing alongside with aging of the population. Systemic chronic inflammation and microbial imbalance may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Inflammatory diets regulate both the host microbiomes and inflammatory status. This study aimed to explore the impact of inflammatory diets on oral-gut microbes in patients with AD and the relationship between microbes and markers of systemic inflammation. The dietary inflammatory properties and the oral and gut microorganisms were analyzed using the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and 16S RNA in 60 patients with AD. The α-diversity was not related to the DII (p > 0.05), whereas the ß-diversity was different in the oral microbiomes (R2 = 0.061, p = 0.013). In the most anti-inflammatory diet group, Prevotella and Olsenella were more abundant in oral microbiomes and Alistipes, Ruminococcus, Odoribacter, and unclassified Firmicutes were in the gut microbiomes (p < 0.05). Specific oral and gut genera were associated with interleukin-6 (IL)-6, complement 3 (C3), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, anti-inflammatory diets seem to be associated with increased abundance of beneficial microbes, and specific oral and gut microbial composition was associated with inflammatory markers.