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Fish show variation in feeding habits to adapt to complex environments. However, the genetic basis of feeding preference and the corresponding metabolic strategies that differentiate feeding habits remain elusive. Here, by comparing the whole genome of a typical carnivorous fish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther) with that of herbivorous fish, we identify 250 genes through both positive selection and rapid evolution, including taste receptor taste receptor type 1 member 3 (tas1r3) and trypsin We demonstrate that tas1r3 is required for carnivore preference in tas1r3-deficient zebrafish and in a diet-shifted grass carp model. We confirm that trypsin correlates with the metabolic strategies of fish with distinct feeding habits. Furthermore, marked alterations in trypsin activity and metabolic profiles are accompanied by a transition of feeding preference in tas1r3-deficient zebrafish and diet-shifted grass carp. Our results reveal a conserved adaptation between feeding preference and corresponding metabolic strategies in fish, and provide novel insights into the adaptation of feeding habits over the evolution course.
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Genoma , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G , Pez Cebra , Animales , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Pez Cebra/genética , Conducta Alimentaria , Carpas/genética , Carpas/metabolismo , Preferencias Alimentarias , Carnivoría , Evolución MolecularRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Identifying the DNA-binding specificities of transcription factors (TF) is central to understanding gene networks that regulate growth and development. Such knowledge is lacking in oomycetes, a microbial eukaryotic lineage within the stramenopile group. Oomycetes include many important plant and animal pathogens such as the potato and tomato blight agent Phytophthora infestans, which is a tractable model for studying life-stage differentiation within the group. RESULTS: Mining of the P. infestans genome identified 197 genes encoding proteins belonging to 22 TF families. Their chromosomal distribution was consistent with family expansions through unequal crossing-over, which were likely ancient since each family had similar sizes in most oomycetes. Most TFs exhibited dynamic changes in RNA levels through the P. infestans life cycle. The DNA-binding preferences of 123 proteins were assayed using protein-binding oligonucleotide microarrays, which succeeded with 73 proteins from 14 families. Binding sites predicted for representatives of the families were validated by electrophoretic mobility shift or chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Consistent with the substantial evolutionary distance of oomycetes from traditional model organisms, only a subset of the DNA-binding preferences resembled those of human or plant orthologs. Phylogenetic analyses of the TF families within P. infestans often discriminated clades with canonical and novel DNA targets. Paralogs with similar binding preferences frequently had distinct patterns of expression suggestive of functional divergence. TFs were predicted to either drive life stage-specific expression or serve as general activators based on the representation of their binding sites within total or developmentally-regulated promoters. This projection was confirmed for one TF using synthetic and mutated promoters fused to reporter genes in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: We established a large dataset of binding specificities for P. infestans TFs, representing the first in the stramenopile group. This resource provides a basis for understanding transcriptional regulation by linking TFs with their targets, which should help delineate the molecular components of processes such as sporulation and host infection. Our work also yielded insight into TF evolution during the eukaryotic radiation, revealing both functional conservation as well as diversification across kingdoms.
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Evolución Molecular , Filogenia , Phytophthora infestans , Factores de Transcripción , Phytophthora infestans/genética , Phytophthora infestans/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Sitios de Unión , Unión ProteicaRESUMEN
Uranium is a nuclear fuel but also a hazardous contaminant due to its radioactivity and chemical toxicity. To prevent and mitigate its potential threat, the accurate monitoring of ultratrace uranium (orders of magnitude of pg g-1) in practical environmental samples has become an important scientific problem. To meet this challenge, we developed an efficient electrochemiluminescence (ECL) UO22+ detection device by a novel dual-enhancement mechanism. In detail, poly[(9,9-dioctylfuor-enyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(1,4-benzo-{2,1,3}-thiadiazole)] polymer dots (Pdots) are modified by the UO22+ DNA aptamer, and rhodamine B (RhB) is combined with dsDNA to quench the ECL signal via a resonance energy transfer (RET) process. UO22+ can cut off the DNA aptamer to release RhB, which generates an ECL enhancement process, and then, UO22+ continuously combines with the DNA chain, inducing another ECL enhancement by the RET process from UO22+ to Pdots. This device achieves an ultralow detection limit (12 pg L-1) and a wide linear range (113 pg L-1-11.3 mg L-1), which can successfully give accurate determination results to the ultratrace uranium in biosamples (<1 pg g-1) to monitor the uranium simulation of fish. This work presents an efficient strategy for ultratrace uranium determination in the environment, highlighting its significance in public health and environmental fields.
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Antimony selenosulfide (Sb2(S,Se)3) is an emerging quasi-1D photovoltaic semiconductor with exceptional photoelectric properties. The low-symmetry chain structure contains complex defects and makes it difficult to improve electrical properties via doping method. This article reports a doping strategy to enhance the efficiency of Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells by using alkali halide (CsI) as the hydrothermal reaction precursor. It is found that the Cs and I ions are effectively doped and atomically coordinate with Sb ions and S/Se ions. The CsI-doping Sb2(S,Se)3 absorbers exhibit enhanced grain morphologies and reduced trap densities. The consequential CsI-doping Sb2(S,Se)3 based solar cells demonstrate favorable band alignment, suppressed carrier recombination, and improved device performance. An efficiency as high as 10.05% under standard AM1.5 illumination irradiance is achieved. This precursor-based alkali halide doping strategy provides a useful guidance for high-efficiency antimony selenosulfide solar cells.
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MXenes, a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable potential for energy storage, electrocatalysis, and gas separation applications. The fabrication processes of MXene involve building up the MXene structure from constituent elements and the selective elimination of M-A bonds from the precursor MAX. However, considerable efforts are still required to design and develop efficient MXene-based technologies. This review article aims to briefly analyse the synthesis methods employed for MXene production, ranging from direct synthesis and conventional chemical wet etching approach to the more recent molten salt etching technique. The review highlights the advancements made in achieving precise control over the terminal groups, which is paramount for tailoring the properties of MXenes for specific applications. Furthermore, the potential of MXene-based materials for carbon capture applications, particularly in developing advanced adsorbents, is emphasized. The in-depth examination of MXene synthesis techniques and their implications for carbon capture applications provides a solid foundation for developing and optimizing these promising materials.
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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of circRNA regulators MBNL1 and QKI in the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BACKGROUND: MBNL1 and QKI are pivotal regulators of pre-mRNA alternative splicing, crucial for controlling circRNA production - an emerging biomarker and functional regulator of tumor progression. Despite their recognized roles, their involvement in ESCC progression remains unexplored. METHODS: The expression levels of MBNL1 and QKI were examined in 28 tissue pairs from ESCC and adjacent normal tissues using data from the GEO database. Additionally, a total of 151 ESCC tissue samples, from stage T1 to T4, consisting of 13, 43, 87, and 8 cases per stage, respectively, were utilized for immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. RNA sequencing was utilized to examine the expression profiles of circRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs across 3 normal tissues, 3 ESCC tissues, and 3 pairs of KYSE150 cells in both wildtype (WT) and those with MBNL1 or QKI knockouts. Transwell, colony formation, and subcutaneous tumorigenesis assays assessed the impact of MBNL1 or QKI knockout on ESCC cell migration, invasion, and proliferation. RESULTS: ESCC onset significantly altered MBNL1 and QKI expression levels, influencing diverse RNA species. Elevated MBNL1 or QKI expression correlated with patient age or tumor invasion depth, respectively. MBNL1 or QKI knockout markedly enhanced cancer cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and tumor growth. Moreover, the absence of either MBNL1 or QKI modulated the expression profiles of multiple circRNAs, causing extensive downstream alterations in the expression of numerous lncRNAs and mRNAs. While the functions of circRNA and lncRNA among the top 20 differentially expressed genes remain unclear, mRNAs like SLCO4C1, TMPRSS15, and MAGEB2 have reported associations with tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the tumor-suppressive roles of MBNL1 and QKI in ESCC, proposing them as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ESCC diagnosis and treatment.
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Progresión de la Enfermedad , Neoplasias Esofágicas , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Esófago , ARN Circular , Proteínas de Unión al ARN , Humanos , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Esófago/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Esófago/patología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Esófago/metabolismo , Neoplasias Esofágicas/genética , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patología , Neoplasias Esofágicas/metabolismo , ARN Circular/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Masculino , Proliferación Celular/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Femenino , Ratones , Animales , Movimiento Celular/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , ARN Largo no Codificante/genética , ARN Largo no Codificante/metabolismoRESUMEN
Li metal batteries with polymer electrolyte are of great interest for next-generation batteries for high safety and high energy density. However, uneven deposition on the lithium metal surface can greatly affect battery life. Therefore, surface modification on the Li metal become necessary to achieve good performance. Herein, an artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) modified lithium metal anode is prepared using cation-polymerization process, as triggered by PF5generated from CsPF6. As a result, the polarization voltage of Li||Li symmetric battery assembled with artificial SEI-modified Li metal anode was stable with a small over-potential of 25 mV after 3000 h at current density of 1.5 mA cm-2. Electrochemical performance of Li||NCM 622 (LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2) full cell with soft-matter polymer electrolyte is significantly improved than bare Li-metal, the capacity retention is 75% after 120 cycles with N/P = 3:1 at a cut-off voltage of 4.3 V. Our work has shed lights on the commercialization of Li metal battery with polymer electrolyte.
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BACKGROUND: The prevalence and severity of pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) poses a significant threat to the health and lives of children. In this study, we aim to systematically evaluate the value of routine blood parameters in predicting MPP and develop a robust and generalizable ensemble artificial intelligence (AI) model to assist in identifying patients with MPP. METHODS: We collected 27 features, including routine blood parameters and hs-CRP levels, from patients admitted to The Affiliated Dazu's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University with or without MPP between January, 2023 and January, 2024. A classification model was built using seven machine learning (ML) algorithms to develop an integrated prediction tool for diagnosing MPP. It was evaluated on both an internal validation set (982 individuals) and an external validation set (195 individuals). The primary outcome measured the accuracy of the model in predicting MPP. RESULTS: The GBDT is state-of-the-art based on 27 features. Following inter-laboratory cohort testing, the GBDT demonstrated an AUC, accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, PPV, NPV, and F1-score of 0.980 (0.938-0.995), 0.928 (0.796-0.970), 0.929 (0.717-1.000), 0.926 (0.889-0.956), 0.922 (0.727-1.000), 0.937 (0.884-0.963), and 0.923 (0.800-0.966) in stratified 10-fold cross-validation. A GBDT-based AI Lab was developed to facilitate the healthcare providers in remote and impoverished areas. CONCLUSIONS: The GBDT-based AI Lab tool, with high sensitivity and specificity, could help discriminate between pediatric MPP infection and non-MPP infection based on routine blood parameters. Moreover, a user-friendly webpage tool for AI Lab could facilitate healthcare providers in remote and impoverished areas where advanced technologies are not accessible.
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Aprendizaje Automático , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Neumonía por Mycoplasma , Humanos , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/diagnóstico , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/sangre , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/microbiología , Niño , Femenino , Masculino , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/aislamiento & purificación , Preescolar , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , AlgoritmosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease characterized by synovitis and has been implicated in sphingolipid metabolism disorder. However, the role of sphingolipid metabolism pathway (SMP)-related genes in the occurrence of OA and synovial immune dysregulation remains unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, we obtained synovium-related databases from GEO (n=40 for both healthy controls and OA) and analyzed the expression levels of SMP-related genes. Using 2 algorithms, we identified hub genes and developed a diagnostic model incorporating these hub genes to predict the occurrence of OA. Subsequently, the hub genes were further validated in peripheral blood samples from OA patients. Additionally, CIBERSORT and MCP-counter analyses were employed to explore the correlation between hub genes and immune dysregulation in OA synovium. WGCNA was used to determine enriched modules in different clusters. RESULTS Overall, the expression levels of SMP genes were upregulated in OA synovium. We identified 6 hub genes of SMP and constructed an excellent diagnostic model (AUC=0.976). The expression of re-confirmed hub genes showed associations with immune-related cell infiltration and levels of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we observed heterogeneity in the expression patterns of hub genes across different clusters of OA. Notably, older patients displayed increased susceptibility to elevated levels of pain-related inflammatory cytokines and infiltration of immune cells. CONCLUSIONS The SMP-related hub genes have the potential to serve as diagnostic markers for OA patients. Moreover, the 4 hub genes of SMP demonstrate wide participation in immune dysregulation in OA synovium. The activation of different pathways is observed among different populations of patients with OA.
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Osteoartritis , Esfingolípidos , Membrana Sinovial , Humanos , Membrana Sinovial/metabolismo , Osteoartritis/genética , Osteoartritis/diagnóstico , Osteoartritis/metabolismo , Osteoartritis/inmunología , Esfingolípidos/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Masculino , Femenino , Transcriptoma/genética , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios de Casos y ControlesRESUMEN
In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of multitarget detection of soldering defects on surface-mounted components in Printed Circuit Board (PCB) fabrication, we propose a sample generation method using Stable Diffusion Model and ControlNet, as well as a defect detection method based on the Swin Transformer. The method consists of two stages: First, high-definition original images collected in industrial production and the corresponding prompts are input to Stable Diffusion Model and ControlNet for automatic generation of nonindependent samples. Subsequently, we integrate Swin Transformer as the backbone into the Cascade Mask R-CNN to improve the quality of defect features extracted from the samples for accurate detection box localization and segmentation. Instead of segmenting individual components on the PCB, the method inspects all components in the field of view simultaneously over a larger area. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in scaling up nonindependent sample datasets, thereby enabling the generation of high-quality datasets. The method accurately recognizes targets and detects defect types when performing multitarget inspection on printed circuit boards. The analysis against other models shows that our improved defect detection and segmentation method improves the Average Recall (AR) by 2.8% and the mean Average Precision (mAP) by 1.9%.
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To realize high-energy-density Li metal batteries at low temperatures, a new electrolyte is needed to solve the high-voltage compatibility and fast lithium-ion de-solvation process. A gel polymer electrolyte with a small-molecular-weight polymer is widely investigated by combining the merits of a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) and liquid electrolyte (LE). Herein, we present a new gel polymer electrolyte (P-DOL) by the lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB)-initiated polymerization process using 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) as a monomer solvent. The P-DOL presents excellent ionic conductivity (1.12 × 10-4 S cm-1) at -20 °C, with an oxidation potential of 4.8 V. The LiâLiCoO2 cell stably cycled at 4.3 V under room temperature, with a discharge capacity of 130 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C and a capacity retention rate of 86.4% after 50 cycles. Moreover, a high-Ni-content LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cell can steadily run for 120 cycles at -20 °C, with a capacity retention of 88.4%. The underlying mechanism of high-voltage compatibility originates from the dense and robust B- and F-rich cathode interface layer (CEI) formed at the cathode interface. Our report will shed light on the real application of Li metal batteries under all-climate conditions in the future.
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In this research, ascorbic acid (AA) was used to enhance Fe(II)/Fe(III)-activated permonosulfate (PMS) systems for the degradation of fluoranthene (FLT). AA enhanced the production of ROS in both PMS/Fe(II) and PMS/Fe(III) systems through chelation and reduction and thus improved the degradation performance of FLT. The optimal molar ratio in PMS/Fe(II)/AA/FLT and PMS/Fe(III)/AA/FLT processes were 2/2/4/1 and 5/10/5/1, respectively. In addition, the experimental results on the effect of FLT degradation under different groundwater matrixes indicated that PMS/Fe(III)/AA system was more adaptable to different water quality conditions than the PMS/Fe(II)/AA system. SO4·- was the major reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for FLT removal through the probe and scavenging tests in both systems. Furthermore, the degradation intermediates of FLT were analyzed using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the probable degradation pathways of FLT degradation were proposed. In addition, the removal of FLT was also tested in actual groundwater and the results showed that by increasing the dose and pre-adjusting the solution pH, 88.8 and 100% of the FLT was removed for PMS/Fe(II)/AA and PMS/Fe(III)/AA systems. The above experimental results demonstrated that PMS/Fe(II)/AA and PMS/Fe(III)/AA processes have a great perspective in practice for the rehabilitation of FLT-polluted groundwater.
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Compuestos Férricos , Fluorenos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Peróxidos/química , Compuestos FerrososRESUMEN
Image stitching aims to synthesize a wider and more informative whole image, which has been widely used in various fields. This study focuses on improving the accuracy of image mosaic and proposes an image mosaic method based on local edge contour matching constraints. Because the accuracy and quantity of feature matching have a direct influence on the stitching result, it often leads to wrong image warpage model estimation when feature points are difficult to detect and match errors are easy to occur. To address this issue, the geometric invariance is used to expand the number of feature matching points, thus enriching the matching information. Based on Canny edge detection, significant local edge contour features are constructed through operations such as structure separation and edge contour merging to improve the image registration effect. The method also introduces the spatial variation warping method to ensure the local alignment of the overlapping area, maintains the line structure in the image without bending by the constraints of short and long lines, and eliminates the distortion of the non-overlapping area by the global line-guided warping method. The method proposed in this paper is compared with other research through experimental comparisons on multiple datasets, and excellent stitching results are obtained.
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Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) contain light hydrogen atoms that exhibit significant nuclear quantum effects (NQEs). We demonstrate that NQEs have a strong effect on HOIP geometry and electron-vibrational dynamics at both low and ambient temperatures, even though charges in HOIPs reside on heavy elements. By combining ring-polymer molecular dynamics (MD) and ab initio MD with nonadiabatic MD and time-dependent density functional theory and focusing on the most studied tetragonal CH3NH3PbI3, we show that NQEs increase the disorder and thermal fluctuations through coupling of the light inorganic cations to the heavy inorganic lattice. The additional disorder induces charge localization and decreases electron-hole interactions. As a result, the nonradiative carrier lifetimes are extended by a factor of 3 at 160 K and 1/3 at 330 K. The radiative lifetimes are increased by 40% at both temperatures. The fundamental band gap decreases by 0.10 and 0.03 eV at 160 and 330 K, respectively. By enhancing atomic motions and introducing new vibrational modes, NQEs strengthen electron-vibrational interactions. Decoherence, determined by elastic scattering, accelerates almost by a factor of 2 due to NQEs. However, the nonadiabatic coupling, driving nonradiative electron-hole recombination, decreases because it is more sensitive to structural distortions than atomic motions in HOIPs. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that NQEs should be considered to achieve an accurate understanding of geometry evolution and charge carrier dynamics in HOIPs and provides important fundamental insights for the design of HOIPs and related materials for optoelectronic applications.
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Rapamycin has great potential in the antitumor application, but its therapeutic effect is seriously affected by poor water solubility, targeting ability, and low bioavailability. Here, we constructed a novel composite nanomaterial with PCN-224 as a drug carrier and loaded rapamycin, named R@BP@HA. The nanoplate not only improves targeting, but also synergizes rapamycin with PCN-224 to effectively promote tumor cell apoptosis, which subsequently causes immunogenic cell death (ICD), and shows strong therapeutic effect in 4T1 breast cancer model. The treatment effect depends on three main points:(i)Proapoptotic effect of rapamycin on tumor cells;(ii)ROS production by PCN-224-mediated photodynamic therapy;(iii)ICD induced DC maturation, increased immune response and promoted T cell proliferation and differentiation. This nanoplate offers potential antitumor efficacy in combination with chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy.
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Estructuras Metalorgánicas , Neoplasias , Humanos , Sirolimus/farmacología , Muerte Celular Inmunogénica , Inmunoterapia , Línea Celular TumoralRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Schatzker IV-C is a high-energy tibial plateau fracture often accompanied by lateral meniscus injuries. While imaging examinations are routine preoperative measurements, the correlation between CT imaging shift parameters of the lateral plateau and lateral meniscal injury in Schatzker IV-C fractures remains uncovered. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled a total of 60 patients with Schatzker IV-C tibial plateau fractures at the First People's Hospital of Hefei. Prior to surgery, CT imaging was used to measure the numerical values of lateral plateau depression (LPD) and lateral plateau widening (LPW). The degree of lateral meniscus injury was confirmed based on intraoperative direct vision, with patients being classified into meniscus injury and non-meniscus injury groups. Dichotomous logistic regression was employed to evaluate the correlation between LPD, LPW, and lateral meniscus injury, while the optimal cut-off points for predicting lateral meniscal injury with LPD and LPW were determined using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: The meniscus injury group exhibited a mean LPD of 15.3 ± 3.5 mm, which was significantly higher than the non-meniscus injury group's mean LPD of 8.4 ± 3.4 mm (P < 0.05). Similarly, the meniscus injury group had a larger mean LPW of 9.4 ± 1.8 mm compared to the non-meniscus injury group's mean LPW of 6.9 ± 0.9 mm (P < 0.05). The optimal cut-off points for predicting lateral meniscal injury were determined to be 8.40 mm for LPD (with a sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 85%, and AUC of 0.898) and 7.90 mm for LPW (with a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 90%, and AUC of 0.897). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Schatzker IV-C tibial plateau fractures are at a significantly higher risk of lateral meniscal injury when the LPD exceeds 8.40 mm and/or the LPW exceeds 7.90 mm. Our results may provide novel reference metrics for the early diagnosis of lateral meniscal injury in Schatzker IV-C tibial plateau fracture patients when the MRI examination is not available.
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Fracturas de la Tibia , Fracturas de la Meseta Tibial , Humanos , Meniscos Tibiales/diagnóstico por imagen , Meniscos Tibiales/cirugía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Fracturas de la Tibia/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas de la Tibia/cirugía , Fracturas de la Tibia/complicaciones , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodosRESUMEN
Surface acoustic wave resonators are widely applied in electronics, communication, and other engineering fields. However, the spurious modes generally present in resonators can cause deterioration in device performance. Therefore, this paper proposes a hexagonal weighted structure to suppress them. With the construction of a finite element resonator model, the parameters of the interdigital transducer (IDT) and the area of the dummy finger weighting are determined. The spurious waves are confined within the dummy finger area, whereas the main mode is less affected by this structure. To verify the suppression effect of the simulation, resonators with conventional and hexagonal weighted structures are fabricated using the micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) process. After the S-parameter test of the prepared resonators, the hexagonal weighted resonators achieve a high level of spurious mode suppression. Their properties are superior to those of the conventional structure, with a higher Q value (10,406), a higher minimum return loss (25.7 dB), and a lower ratio of peak sidelobe (19%). This work provides a feasible solution for the design of SAW resonators to suppress spurious modes.
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Excessive carbohydrate intake leads to metabolic disorders in fish. However, few literatures have reported the appropriate carbohydrate level for zebrafish, and the metabolic response to dietary carbohydrate remains largely unknown in zebrafish. This study assessed the responses of zebrafish and zebrafish liver cell line (ZFL) to different carbohydrate levels. In vivo results showed that ≥30% dietary dextrin levels significantly increased the plasma glucose content, activated the expression of hepatic glycolysis-related genes, and inhibited the expression of hepatic gluconeogenesis-related genes in zebrafish. Oil red O staining, triglyceride content, and Hematoxylin-Eosin staining results showed that dietary dextrin levels of ≥30% significantly increased lipid accumulation and liver damage, as well as processes related to glycolipid metabolism and inflammation in zebrafish. In ZFL, the transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c signal intensity, 4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY 493/503) signal intensity, and triglyceride content were also significantly increased when incubated in high glucose, along with abnormal glycolipid metabolism and increased inflammation-related genes. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the maximum dietary carbohydrate level in adult zebrafish should be less than 30%. Excess dietary carbohydrates (30%-50%) caused hepatic steatosis and damage to zebrafish, similar to that seen in aquaculture species. Thus, this study assessed responses to different carbohydrate levels in zebrafish and illustrated that zebrafish is an optimal model for investigating glucose metabolism in some aquatic animals.
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The present study investigated the sequential regulation signals of high-carbohydrate diet (HCD)-induced hepatic lipid deposition in gibel carp (Carassius gibelio). Two isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, containing 25% (normal carbohydrate diet, NCD) and 45% (HCD) corn starch, were formulated to feed gibel carp (14.82 ± 0.04 g) for 8 weeks. The experimental fish were sampled at 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th week. In HCD group, the hyperlipidemia and significant hepatic lipid deposition (oil red O area and triglyceride content) was found at 4th, 6th, and 8th week, while the significant hyperglycemia was found at 2nd, 4th, and 8th week, compared to NCD group (P < 0.05). HCD induced hepatic lipid deposition via increased hepatic lipogenesis (acc, fasn, and acly) but not decreased hepatic lipolysis (hsl and cpt1a). When compared with NCD group, HCD significantly elevated the hepatic sterol regulatory element binding proteins 1 (SREBP1) signals (positive hepatocytes and fluorescence intensity) at 4th, 6th, and 8th week (P < 0.05). The hepatic SREBP1 signals increased from 2nd to 6th week, but decreased at 8th week due to substantiated insulin resistance (plasma insulin levels, plasma glucose levels, and P-AKTSer473 levels) in HCD group. Importantly, the hepatic carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) signals (positive hepatocytes, fluorescence intensity, and expression levels) were all significantly elevated by HCD-induced glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) accumulation at 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th week (P < 0.05). Compared to 2nd and 4th week, the hepatic ChREBP signals and G6P contents was significantly increased by HCD at 6th and 8th week (P < 0.05). The HCD-induced G6P accumulation was caused by the significantly increased expression of hepatic gck, pklr, and glut2 (P < 0.05) but not 6pfk at 4th, 6th, and 8th week, compared to NCD group. These results suggested that the HCD-induced hepatic lipid deposition was mainly promoted by SREBP1 in earlier stage and by ChREBP in later stage for gibel carp. This study revealed the sequential regulation pathways of the conversion from feed carbohydrate to body lipid in fish.
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Changes in ocean heat content (OHC), salinity, and stratification provide critical indicators for changes in Earth's energy and water cycles. These cycles have been profoundly altered due to the emission of greenhouse gasses and other anthropogenic substances by human activities, driving pervasive changes in Earth's climate system. In 2022, the world's oceans, as given by OHC, were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2021 record maximum. According to IAP/CAS data, the 0-2000 m OHC in 2022 exceeded that of 2021 by 10.9 ± 8.3 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules); and according to NCEI/NOAA data, by 9.1 ± 8.7 ZJ. Among seven regions, four basins (the North Pacific, North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and southern oceans) recorded their highest OHC since the 1950s. The salinity-contrast index, a quantification of the "salty gets saltier-fresh gets fresher" pattern, also reached its highest level on record in 2022, implying continued amplification of the global hydrological cycle. Regional OHC and salinity changes in 2022 were dominated by a strong La Niña event. Global upper-ocean stratification continued its increasing trend and was among the top seven in 2022.