Double blocking of carbon metabolism causes a large increase of Calvin-Benson cycle compounds in cyanobacteria.

Carbon-flow-regulator A (CfrA) adapts carbon flux to nitrogen conditions in nondiazotrophic cyanobacteria. Under nitrogen deficiency, CfrA leads to the storage of excess carbon, which cannot combine with nitrogen, mainly as glycogen. cfrA overexpression from the arsenite-inducible, nitrogen-independent ParsB promoter allows analysis of the metabolic effects of CfrA accumulation. Considering that the main consequence of cfrA overexpression is glycogen accumulation, we examined carbon distribution in response to cfrA expression in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 strains impaired in synthesizing this polymer. We carried out a comparative phenotypic analysis to evaluate cfrA overexpression in the wild-type strain and in a mutant of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ΔglgC), which is unable to synthesize glycogen. The accumulation of CfrA in the wild-type background caused a photosynthetic readjustment although growth was not affected. However, in a ΔglgC strain, growth decreased depending on CfrA accumulation and photosynthesis was severely affected. An elemental analysis of the H, C, and N content of cells revealed that cfrA expression in the wild-type caused an increase in the C/N ratio, due to decreased nitrogen assimilation. Metabolomic study indicated that these cells store sucrose and glycosylglycerol, in addition to the previously described glycogen accumulation. However, cells deficient in glycogen synthesis accumulated large amounts of Calvin-Benson cycle intermediates as cfrA was expressed. These cells also showed increased levels of some amino acids, mainly alanine, serine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine. The findings suggest that by controlling cfrA expression, in different conditions and strains, we could change the distribution of fixed carbon, with potential biotechnological benefits.

Prognostic Value of Histone Acetyl Transferase 1 (HAT-1) and Inflammatory Signatures in Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is a type of gastrointestinal tumor with a growing incidence and mortality worldwide. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) constitutes 90% of cases, and late-stage diagnosis is common, leading to a 5-year survival rate of less than 10% in high-income countries. The use of biomarkers has different proven translational applications, facilitating early diagnosis, accurate prognosis and identification of potential therapeutic targets. Several studies have shown a correlation between the tissue expression levels of various molecules, measured through immunohistochemistry (IHC), and survival rates in PDAC. Following the hallmarks of cancer, epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming, together with immune evasion and tumor-promoted inflammation, plays a critical role in cancer initiation and development. In this study, we aim to explore via IHC and Kaplan-Meier analyses the prognostic value of various epigenetic-related markers (histones 3 and 4 (H3/H4), histone acetyl transferase 1 (HAT-1), Anti-Silencing Function 1 protein (ASF1), Nuclear Autoantigenic Sperm Protein (NASP), Retinol Binding Protein 7 (RBBP7), importin 4 (IPO4) and IPO5), metabolic regulators (Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM)) and inflammatory mediators (allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1), interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-12A and IL-18) in patients with PDAC. Also, through a correlation analysis, we have explored the possible interconnections in the expression levels of these molecules. Our results show that higher expression levels of these molecules are directly associated with poorer survival rates in PDAC patients, except in the case of IL-10, which shows an inverse association with mortality. HAT1 was the molecule more clearly associated with mortality, with a hazard risk of 21.74. The correlogram demonstrates an important correlation between almost all molecules studied (except in the case of IL-18), highlighting potential interactions between these molecules. Overall, our study demonstrates the relevance of including different markers from IHC techniques in order to identify unexplored molecules to develop more accurate prognosis methods and possible targeted therapies. Additionally, our correlation analysis reveals potential interactions among these markers, offering insights into PDAC's pathogenesis and paving the way for targeted therapies tailored to individual patient profiles. Future studies should be conducted to confirm the prognostic value of these components in PDAC in a broader sample size, as well as to evaluate the possible biological networks connecting them.

Abdominal imaging in precocious puberty in girls: can imaging determine onset of puberty?

Precocious puberty in girls is defined by the appearance of secondary sex characteristics before the age of 8 years. Precocious puberty is either peripheral or central. In most cases, the cause of central precocious puberty is unknown. Rapidly progressive forms of central precocious puberty may benefit from puberty suppression to prevent compromised final height and psychosocial problems related to the physical changes. Idiopathic central precocious puberty in girls can be a challenging diagnosis. Clinical examination, evaluation of growth charts, bone age, and hormonal tests are part of the workup. The role of pelvic ultrasound to evaluate pubertal features of the internal genitalia in this context is controversial. In this paper, we have reviewed the literature to find the scientific bases for several proposed ultrasound parameters and cutoff values for the determination of onset of puberty in girls with suspected central precocious puberty. There are no reliable cutoffs for the measurements of uterus and ovaries for the diagnosis of central precocious puberty and there is overlap in the appearance of the organs in both prepubertal and pubertal girls. The interpretation of the findings on pelvic ultrasound must be done with caution and always in close communication with the referring clinicians.

Claudin-3 Loss of Expression Is a Prognostic Marker in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) development is the foremost concern after treatment of patients with high risk with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. Androgen receptor (AR) is the main driver of CRPC development, through its interaction with epigenetic modifier genes, placing epigenetics modifications in the forefront of CRPC development. Comparing the DNA methylation and expression profile of androgen-sensitive and -refractory prostate cancer cells, we describe the epigenetic silencing of claudin-3 (CLDN3) in AR positive cells resistant to androgen deprivation (LNCaP-abl). CLDN3 silencing was associated with DNA methylation, loss of histone acetylation and H3K27 methylation, and was re-expressed by the combined treatment with the epigenetic modulators Aza and SAHA. From a functional point of view, CLDN3 loss was associated with increased cellular invasion. Immunohistochemical analysis showed decreased CLDN3 expression in samples from CRPC patients. Interestingly, CLDN3 expression was significantly decreased in samples from patients with high total Gleason score (≥8) and locally advanced tumors. Finally, CLDN3 loss of expression was associated with worse disease-free survival and time to clinical progression. In conclusion, our findings strongly indicate that epigenetic silencing of CLDN3 is a common event in CRPC that could be useful as a molecular marker for the prognosis of prostate cancer patients and to discriminate aggressive from indolent prostate tumors.

Is Three a Crowd? The Influence of Companions on a Patient's Decision to Transition to a Biosimilar.

BACKGROUND: Involving patients in treatment decisions is commonplace in healthcare, and patients are frequently accompanied by a companion (support person). Companions are often actively involved in medical consultations, yet their impact on decisions to change medications is unknown. PURPOSE: This study examines the influence of companions on a patient's decision to transition from their bio-originator therapy to a biosimilar. METHODS: A parallel, two-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted with 79 patients taking a bio-originator for rheumatic diseases who regularly attend clinic with a companion. Patients were randomized to receive an explanation about a hypothetical transition to a biosimilar alone or with their companion. Patients reported willingness to transition, risk perceptions, difficulty understanding, social support, and completed the Decisional Conflict Scale and Satisfaction with Decision Scale. RESULTS: Companions did not influence decisions to transition to biosimilars or cognitive and affective risk perceptions. Accompanied patients reported more difficulty understanding the explanation (p = .006, Cohen's d = .64) but thought it was more important to receive information with companions (p = .023, Cohen's d = -.52). Companions did not impact decision satisfaction or decisional conflict. Receiving emotional, but not practical support, was associated with less decisional conflict in accompanied patients (p = .038, r2 = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of companions does not seem to influence risk perceptions or decisions about transitioning to biosimilars. Companions, however, impact the patient's reporting of their ability to understand treatment explanations. Providers should check understanding in all patients but may need to provide additional time or educational resources to accompanied patients and companions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry: ACTRN12619001435178.

Impact of in vitro findings on clinical protocols for the adhesion of CAD-CAM blocks: A systematic integrative review and meta-analysis.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) blocks have evolved rapidly, making it difficult to establish the best clinical protocol for bonding a given block and whether an established protocol is appropriate for a newly introduced product. PURPOSE: This integrative systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify whether the clinician can select the most efficient adhesion protocols for CAD-CAM blocks by reading published in vitro studies and implementing them in daily practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) strategy, 3 databases were searched for in vitro studies, randomized clinical trials, prospective or retrospective studies, and case reports from January 1, 2015, to July 31, 2021. A meta-analysis analyzed 28 studies to calculate the mean difference between best and worst protocols for each author and block with a random-effects model (α=.05). RESULTS: From 508 relevant studies, 37 in vitro studies, 2 clinical studies, and 1 clinical report were selected for data extraction and qualitative analysis. Vita Enamic, IPS e.max CAD, LAVA Ultimate, and Vita Mark II blocks were the most studied, and RelyX Ultimate was the most used luting cement. The meta-analysis confirmed the null hypothesis that the evidence-based efficacy of clinical protocols to bond CAD-CAM blocks is still controversial (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: There are objective standards for individual in vitro tests, but the studies lack standardization. Some tested protocols were more efficient than others. Randomized clinical trials and well-documented clinical situations were almost nonexistent, making direct application of in vitro findings in clinical practice impossible.

Planning feasible and efficient operational scenarios for a university hospital through multimethodology.

The COVID-19 pandemic required managerial and structural changes inside hospitals to address new admission demands, frequently reducing their care capacity for other diseases. In this regard, this study aims to support the recovery of hospital productivity in the post-pandemic context. The major challenge will be to make use of all the resources the institution has obtained (equipment, beds, temporarily hired human resources) and to increase production to meet the existing repressed demand. To support evidence-based decision-making at a major university hospital in Rio de Janeiro, hospital managers and operations research analysts designed an approach based on multiple methodologies. Besides multimethodology, one important novelty of this study is the application of a productivity frontier function to future scenario planning through the quantitative DEA methodology. Concept maps were used to structure the problem and emphasize stakeholders' perspectives. In sequence, data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied, as it combines benchmarking best practices and assigns weights to inputs and outputs. To guarantee that the efficiency measurement considers all inputs and outputs before any inclusion of expert judgment, the scope was redirected to full dimensional efficient facet, if any, or to maximum efficient faces. The results indicate that production scenarios proposed by stakeholders based on the Ministry of Health parameters overestimate the viable production framework and that the scenario that maintains temporary human resource contracts is more compatible with quality in health provision, teaching, and research. These findings will serve as a basis for decision-making by the governmental agency that provided temporary contracts. The present methodology can be applied in different settings and scales.

Patients' beliefs and behaviours are associated with perceptions of safety and concerns in a hypothetical biosimilar switch.

Although patient acceptance is important for biosimilar adoption and reducing healthcare costs, many patients perceive biosimilars to be unsafe and have concerns about switching. Studies show that patients' characteristics influence negative perceptions toward generic drugs, but little research has explored biosimilar acceptance. This study examines which demographic and psychological characteristics are associated with patients' safety perceptions and concerns about switching to biosimilars. Ninety-six patients taking bio-originators for rheumatic conditions (65% for rheumatoid arthritis) completed the Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire, Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire and Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines Scale. Demographic factors, information seeking, concerns about switching and safety perceptions were also assessed. Pearson's correlations and hierarchical linear regressions were conducted to explore whether patient characteristics are associated with perceptions of biosimilars. Negative safety perceptions were associated with being female, short-term bio-originator use, illness beliefs, seeking health information online, high perceived sensitivity to medicines and negative beliefs about medicines. Only being female (ß = 0.24, P = 0.02) was independently associated. More concerns about switching were associated with being female, illness beliefs, high perceived sensitivity to medicines, information-seeking behaviours and preferring innovator drugs. Seeking health information online (ß = 0.20, P = 0.04), preferring innovator drugs (ß = 0.29, P = 0.004) and stronger emotional responses (ß = 0.26, P = 0.01) were independently associated. Perceived bio-originator effectiveness was inversely associated with preferring biosimilars (rs= - 0.33, P < 0.001). Patients who have stronger emotional responses to their condition, are females, seek health information online and prefer innovator drugs that have more negative perceptions about biosimilars. Experiences with bio-originators influence attitudes towards switching.

Epigenetic Regulation of Gfi1 in Endocrine-Related Cancers: a Role Regulating Tumor Growth.

Prostate and breast cancer constitute the most common cancers among men and women worldwide. The aging population is one of the main risk factors for prostate and breast cancer development and accumulating studies link aging with epigenetic changes. Growth factor independence-1 (Gfi1) is a transcriptional repressor with an important role in human malignancies, including leukemia, colorectal carcinoma, and lung cancer, but its role in prostate and breast cancer is unknown. We have found that Gfi1 epigenetic silencing is a common event in prostate and breast cancer. Gfi1 re-expression in prostate and breast cancer cell lines displaying Gfi1 epigenetic silencing decreases cell proliferation, reduced colony formation density, and tumor growth in nude mice xenografts. In addition, we found that Gfi1 repress alpha 1-anti-trypsin (AAT) and alpha 1-anti-chymotrypsin (ACT) expression, two genes with important functions in cancer development, suggesting that Gfi1 silencing promotes tumor growth by increasing AAT and ACT expression in our system. Finally, Gfi1 epigenetic silencing could be a promising biomarker for prostate cancer progression because it is associated with shorter disease-free survival. In conclusion, our findings strongly indicate that Gfi1 epigenetic silencing in prostate and breast cancer could be a crucial step in the development of these two-well characterized endocrine related tumors.

Multimethodology applied to the evaluation of Healthcare in Brazilian municipalities.

The integration of quantitative indicators with qualitative descriptions of context is a noticeable demand from many different scientific disciplines, since it contributes to linking theoretical and practical approaches to problem solving. Amongst them are the problem structuring methods, systems thinking and multimethodology. This work presents a mixed quantitative and qualitative methodological approach to aid formulation and structuring of performance measurement of health care in 5565 Brazilian municipalities. Data mining and data envelopment analysis (DEA) are applied in the context of conceptual mapping, thus shedding light on both quantitative and qualitative factors that influence health performance. Our aim is to propose a methodology for performance indicators to support health care policy making in Brazil, using quantitative indicators. However, the approach does not lose track of the role of important qualitative factors in the attribution of meaning to performance assessments. The methodological and analytical results can strengthen mutual understanding by analysts and stakeholders of the problem at hand. Quantitative results allow inefficient municipalities to understand the causes of their overall efficiency in terms of particular low partial DEA efficiencies combined with high deathrates.

Sample Treatment for Saliva Proteomics.

The preanalytical phase of saliva proteomics/peptidomics, which includes sample collection, handling, and storage, represents a major challenge for any researcher that envisions sensitive and high-throughput analyses, coupled to well-controlled study design. The methodology used to collect saliva determines the contribution of each salivary gland to saliva composition with impact on data retrieved from proteomics/peptidomics. The awareness of the importance of this step in the analysis of saliva has prompted the proposal of several collection strategies. Moreover, numerous commercial devices are available in an attempt to routine the procedures. However, whatever the chosen method, procedures should be kept simple, standardized to get better reproducibility and repeatability on saliva proteomics analysis. Sample preservation is also a key step in saliva proteomics/peptidomics, and the implemented lab procedures should avoid posttranslational modifications such as proteolysis, as well as protein precipitation.In this chapter, we provide recommendations for saliva sampling and preservation, envisaging to standardize procedures that facilitate the use of saliva in clinical applications and the translation of proteomics data to diagnosis and/or definition of therapeutic targets.

Plea for a standardized imaging approach to disorders of sex development in neonates: consensus proposal from European Society of Paediatric Radiology task force.

This consensus article elaborated by the European Society for Paediatric Radiology task force on gastrointestinal and genitourinary imaging is intended to standardize the imaging approach in newborns with disorders of sex development. These newborns represent a difficult and stressful situation necessitating a multidisciplinary team approach. Imaging plays an important role in the work-up but needs to be optimized and customized to the patient. Ultrasound plays the central role in assessing the genital anatomy. The examination must be conducted in a detailed and systematic way. It must include transabdominal and transperineal approaches with adapted high-resolution transducers. The pelvic cavity, the genital folds, the inguinal areas and the adrenals must be evaluated as well as the rest of the abdominal cavity. A reporting template is proposed. The indications of magnetic resonance imaging and cysto- and genitography are discussed as well as they may provide additional information. Imaging findings must be reported cautiously using neutral wording as much as possible.

Correction to: Plea for a standardized imaging approach to disorders of sex development in neonates: Consensus proposal from European Society of Paediatric Radiology task force.

The above article was published online with an incorrect author name.

Prevalence and genotyping of Pneumocystis jirovecii in renal transplant recipients-preliminary report.

Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic fungus occurring in human lungs. The group at highest risk consists of HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected immunosuppressed individuals. In these patients, P. jirovecii infection may lead to Pneumocystis pneumonia; it may, however, persist also in an asymptomatic form. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of P. jirovecii and potential risk factors for infection in a group of renal transplant recipients and to characterize the genetic diversity of this fungus in the studied population. Sputum specimens from 72 patients were tested for presence of P. jirovecii using immunofluorescence microscopy, as well as nested PCR targeting the mtLSU rRNA gene. Genotyping involving analysis of four loci-mtLSU rRNA, CYB, DHPS, and SOD-was used to characterize the diversity of the detected organisms. Pneumocystis DNA was detected in eight (11.11%) patients. It has been shown that low eosinophil count and dual immunosuppressive treatment combining prednisone and calcineurin inhibitors are potential risk factors for colonization. Analysis of genotype distribution showed an association of the wild-type genotype of mtLSU rRNA with lower average age of patients and shorter time after kidney transplantation. Furthermore, CYB 2 genotype was detected only in patients with the ongoing prophylaxis regimen. In conclusion, renal transplant recipients are at risk of Pneumocystis colonization even a long time after transplantation. The present preliminary study identifies specific polymorphisms that appear to be correlated with certain patient characteristics and highlights the need for deeper investigation of these associations in renal transplant recipients.

Genotyping of Pneumocystis jirovecii in colonized patients with various pulmonary diseases.

Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic fungus causing Pneumocystis pneumonia primarily in immunosuppressed patients. However, immunocompetent individuals may become colonized and, as asymptomatic carriers, serve as reservoirs of the pathogen. Moreover, these asymptomatic carriers are at higher risk of developing pneumonia if favorable conditions occur. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of P. jirovecii in patients with various pulmonary diseases and to characterize the genetic diversity of organisms circulating in the studied population. Bronchial washing specimens from 105 patients were tested for presence of P. jirovecii using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the mtLSU rRNA gene, as well as immunofluorescence microscopy. Multilocus sequence typing involving analysis of three loci-mtLSU rRNA, CYB, and SOD-was used for genotyping analysis. P. jirovecii DNA was detected in 17 (16.2%) patients. Amplification of the SOD locus was successful only in five cases (29.4% of the positive patients), while mtLSU rRNA and CYB were genotyped in all positive samples. Therefore, combined genotypes were identified based only on mtLSU rRNA and CYB loci. Eight different genotypes were identified, with Pj 1 and Pj 2 being the most prevalent (29.4% of patients each). There was no statistical correlation between these genotypes and demographic or clinical data; however, we found that infection with mutant CYB strains occurred only in patients diagnosed with lung cancer. Of the potential predictors examined, only immunosuppressive treatment was significantly associated with colonization. In conclusion, patients with various respiratory diseases, especially when immunosuppressed, are at risk of Pneumocystis colonization.

Standardization of pediatric uroradiological terms: a multidisciplinary European glossary.

To promote the standardization of nephro-uroradiological terms used in children, the European Society of Paediatric Radiology uroradiology taskforce wrote a detailed glossary. This work has been subsequently submitted to European experts in pediatric urology and nephrology for discussion and acceptance to improve the quality of radiological reports and communication between different clinicians involved in pediatric urology and nephrology.

Fruit and Vegetable Waste: Bioactive Compounds, Their Extraction, and Possible Utilization.

Fruits and vegetables are the most utilized commodities among all horticultural crops. They are consumed raw, minimally processed, as well as processed, due to their nutrients and health-promoting compounds. With the growing population and changing diet habits, the production and processing of horticultural crops, especially fruits and vegetables, have increased very significantly to fulfill the increasing demands. Significant losses and waste in the fresh and processing industries are becoming a serious nutritional, economical, and environmental problem. For example, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that losses and waste in fruits and vegetables are the highest among all types of foods, and may reach up to 60%. The processing operations of fruits and vegetables produce significant wastes of by-products, which constitute about 25% to 30% of a whole commodity group. The waste is composed mainly of seed, skin, rind, and pomace, containing good sources of potentially valuable bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, polyphenols, dietary fibers, vitamins, enzymes, and oils, among others. These phytochemicals can be utilized in different industries including the food industry, for the development of functional or enriched foods, the health industry for medicines and pharmaceuticals, and the textile industry, among others. The use of waste for the production of various crucial bioactive components is an important step toward sustainable development. This review describes the types and nature of the waste that originates from fruits and vegetables, the bioactive components in the waste, their extraction techniques, and the potential utilization of the obtained bioactive compounds.

Infliximab therapy reverses the increase of allograft inflammatory factor-1 in serum and colonic mucosa of rats with inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to study the molecular basis of infliximab (IFX) effect on colon mucosa in a colitis model and to identify new biomarkers of mucosal healing. METHODS: Healthy rats and rats which were subjected to experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium, with or without IFX treatment (in the short- and long-term), were studied along with forty-seven IBD patients. Colon mucosal integrity by periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining, intestinal damage by immunohistochemistry (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, ß-catenin, E-cadherin, phosphotyrosine, p-p38, allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) and colonic mucosal apoptosis by TUNEL staining were evaluated in rats while serum and colon AIF-1 levels were determined in IBD patients. RESULTS: In rats with colitis, IFX reestablished the epithelial barrier integrity, recovered mucus production and decreased colon inflammation, as verified by reduced serum and colon AIF-1 levels; colon and serum AIF-1 levels were also lower in inactive IBD patients compare to active ones. P38 activation after IFX treatment tended to induce differentiation/proliferation of epithelial cells along the colonic crypt-villous axis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support AIF-1 as a new biomarker of mucosal healing in experimental colitis and suggest that p38 activation is involved in the mucosal healing intracellular mechanism induced by IFX treatment.

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by (meth)acrylates in nail cosmetic products in users and nail technicians - a 5-year study.

BACKGROUND: The increasing use of long-lasting nail aesthetic products has led to a growing number of cases of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by (meth)acrylates in recent years. OBJECTIVES: To provide information on ACD caused by (meth)acrylates related to nail cosmetic products. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed files of patients with ACD caused by (meth)acrylates related to nail cosmetic products, who were patch tested between January 2011 and December 2015 in 13 departments of dermatology in Portugal. RESULTS: Two-hundred and thirty cases of ACD caused by (meth)acrylates (55 technicians, 56 consumers, and 119 with mixed exposure) had been documented, mostly as chronic hand eczema (93%). The most common sensitizers were: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), which was positive in 90% of the tested patients, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), which was positive in 64.1%, and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, which was positive in 54.5%. CONCLUSION: HEMA and HPMA were the most frequent positive allergens. HEMA, which identified 90% of cases, can be considered to be a good screening allergen. The high number of cases of ACD caused by (meth)acrylates in nail cosmetic products certainly warrants better preventive measures at the occupational level, and specific regulation in the field of consumer safety.

European Society of Paediatric Radiology abdominal imaging task force recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, part IX: Imaging in anorectal and cloacal malformation, imaging in childhood ovarian torsion, and efforts in standardising paediatric uroradiology terminology.

At the occasion of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology (ESPR) annual meeting 2015 in Graz, Austria, the newly termed ESPR abdominal (gastrointestinal and genitourinary) imaging task force set out to complete the suggestions for paediatric urogenital imaging and procedural recommendations. Some of the last missing topics were addressed and proposals on imaging of children with anorectal and cloacal malformations and suspected ovarian torsion were issued after intense discussions and a consensus finding process that considered all evidence. Additionally, the terminology was adapted to fit new developments introducing the term pelvicalyceal dilatation/distension (PCD) instead of the sometimes misunderstood hydronephrosis. The present state of paediatric urogenital radiology was discussed in a dedicated minisymposium, including an attempt to adapt terminology to create a standardised glossary.