RESUMEN
Measuring simultaneous processing, a reliable predictor of reading development and reading difficulties (RDs), has traditionally involved cognitive tasks that test reaction or response time, which only capture the efficiency at the output processing stage and neglect the internal stages of information processing. However, with eye-tracking methodology, we can reveal the underlying temporal and spatial processes involved in simultaneous processing and investigate whether these processes are equivalent across chronological or reading age groups. This study used eye-tracking to investigate the simultaneous processing abilities of 15 Grade 6 and 15 Grade 3 children with RDs and their chronological-age controls (15 in each Grade). The Grade 3 typical readers were used as reading-level (RL) controls for the Grade 6 RD group. Participants were required to listen to a question and then point to a picture among four competing illustrations demonstrating the spatial relationship raised in the question. Two eye movements (fixations and saccades) were recorded using the EyeLink 1000 Plus eye-tracking system. The results showed that the Grade 3 RD group produced more and longer fixations than their CA controls, indicating that the pattern of eye movements of young children with RD is typically deficient compared to that of their typically developing counterparts when processing verbal and spatial stimuli simultaneously. However, no differences were observed between the Grade 6 groups in eye movement measures. Notably, the Grade 6 RD group outperformed the RL-matched Grade 3 group, yielding significantly fewer and shorter fixations. The discussion centers on the role of the eye-tracking method as a reliable means of deciphering the simultaneous cognitive processing involved in learning.
RESUMEN
Since the discovery of the anticancer properties of cis-platin the road for the development of less toxic and more specific metal ion based anticancer drugs has opened. Based on the low toxicity of VIV/V, MoVI and ZnII metal ions, their binuclear hydroquinonate complexes have been synthesized and their biological activity towards their anticancer properties on various cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines has been evaluated. The new complexes of ZnII with the ligands 2,5-bis((bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)methyl)benzene-1,4-diol (H2bpymah) and 2,2'-(((2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-phenylene)bis(methylene))bis((carboxymethyl)ammoniumdiyl))diacetate (H6bicah) have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography in solid state and 1H NMR in aqueous solution. The binuclear nature of the complexes increases their hydrolytic stability in aqueous solutions at pD 7.0, depending on the metal ion. The most hydrolytic stable VV and ZnII hydroquinonate complexes show to activate O2 towards oxidation of mercaptoethanol in aqueous solutions at physiological pHs. Only the strongest oxidant, the VV complex with bicah6-, significantly activates the intracellular radical oxygen species (ROS) generation. Apparently, the mercaptoethanol oxidation experiment vs time can be used as a preliminary experiment for the prediction of the in vitro ROS generation activity of the complexes in aqueous solutions.