RESUMEN
Infective endocarditis is a common complication of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia, but literature reports of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) endocarditis are relatively uncommon and mostly comprise intravenous drug users (IVDUs) with the USA300 strain. We report 5 cases of CA-MRSA endocarditis in previously healthy young Australian adults, 4 in IVDUs. Morbidity was high with frequent septic emboli; 3 patients required cardiac surgery and 1 patient died. Typing revealed the 2 most common Australian strains, the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive ST93 (Queensland) strain and the PVL-negative ST1 (WA-MRSA-1) strain.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/epidemiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/microbiología , Endocarditis/epidemiología , Endocarditis/microbiología , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Adulto , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/mortalidad , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/patología , Endocarditis/mortalidad , Endocarditis/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/clasificación , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/genética , Tipificación Molecular , Queensland/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/mortalidad , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/patología , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/complicaciones , Análisis de Supervivencia , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
We report symptomatic confirmed modified measles infection in a person with one documented MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccination and travel to Indonesia. No secondary cases were identified, consistent with other case reports of modified measles infection. The infectivity of modified measles for contact tracing requirements requires further elucidation.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Sarampión/diagnóstico , Paperas/prevención & control , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/prevención & control , Vacunación , Adulto , Australia , Trazado de Contacto , Femenino , Humanos , Indonesia , Sarampión/prevención & control , ViajeAsunto(s)
Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/organización & administración , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Australia , Femenino , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Gramnegativas/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/prevención & control , Humanos , Masculino , Evaluación de Necesidades , Salud Pública , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
A 32-year-old woman was treated with long-term voriconazole therapy for recurrent aspergillosis associated with chronic granulomatous disease. A short time after commencement of voriconazole therapy, a severe photosensitivity reaction developed. Continued voriconazole exposure led to the development of multifocal facial squamous cell carcinomas. The photosensitivity reaction resolved after the patient changed therapy to posaconazole.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/efectos adversos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/etiología , Trastornos por Fotosensibilidad/inducido químicamente , Pirimidinas/efectos adversos , Neoplasias Cutáneas/etiología , Triazoles/efectos adversos , Adulto , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Enfermedad Granulomatosa Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Trastornos por Fotosensibilidad/diagnóstico , Trastornos por Fotosensibilidad/patología , Pirimidinas/uso terapéutico , Triazoles/uso terapéutico , VoriconazolAsunto(s)
Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/métodos , Enfermedades Transmisibles , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Australia , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/organización & administración , Enfermedades Transmisibles/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Transmisibles/microbiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/transmisión , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Utilización de Medicamentos , Humanos , Prescripción Inadecuada , Pautas de la Práctica en MedicinaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Urinary catheter associated bloodstream infection (UCABSI) causes significant morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. We aimed to define the risk factors for UCABSI. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted at two Australian tertiary hospitals. Patients with urinary source bloodstream infection associated with an indwelling urinary catheter (IDC) were compared to controls with an IDC who did not develop urinary source bloodstream infection. RESULTS: There were 491 controls and 67 cases included in the analysis. Independent statistically significant risk factors for the development of UCABSI included insertion of the catheter in operating theatre, chronic kidney disease, age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index, accurate urinary measurements as reason for IDC insertion and dementia. IDCs were inserted for valid reasons in nearly all patients, however an appropriate indication at 48 h post-insertion was found in only 44% of patients. Initial empiric antibiotics were deemed inappropriate in 23 patients (34%). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study to look specifically at the risk factors for bloodstream infection in urinary catheterised patients. Several risk factors were identified. IDC management and empiric management of UCABSI could be improved and is likely to result in a decreased incidence of infection and its complications.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Relacionadas con Catéteres/epidemiología , Cateterismo Urinario/efectos adversos , Catéteres Urinarios/efectos adversos , Infecciones Urinarias/epidemiología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Australia/epidemiología , Bacteriemia , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Infecciones Relacionadas con Catéteres/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Infecciones Urinarias/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the humoral immune responses, safety, and tolerability of intradermal recombinant hepatitis B vaccination in healthcare workers (HCWs) nonresponsive to previous repeated intramuscular vaccination. DESIGN: An open, prospective, before-after trial. SETTING: A tertiary referral hospital and surrounding district health service in Queensland, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Hospital and community HCWs nonresponsive to previous intramuscular hepatitis B vaccination. METHODS: Intradermal recombinant hepatitis B vaccine was administered every second week for a maximum of 4 doses. Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) responses were assessed 2 weeks after each dose. RESULTS: Protective anti-HBs levels developed in 17 (94%) of 18 study subjects. Three doses resulted in seroconversion of all responding subjects and the highest geometric mean antibody concentration. The vaccine was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: More than 90% of previously nonresponsive HCWs responded to intradermal recombinant hepatitis B vaccine with protective anti-HBs levels.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/inmunología , Vacunas contra Hepatitis B/administración & dosificación , Hepatitis B/inmunología , Adulto , Técnicos Medios en Salud , Formación de Anticuerpos , Índice de Masa Corporal , Femenino , Hepatitis B/prevención & control , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/aislamiento & purificación , Vacunas contra Hepatitis B/inmunología , Humanos , Inyecciones Intradérmicas , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , QueenslandRESUMEN
AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the discriminatory power and potential turn around time (TAT) of a PCR-based method for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from screening swabs. METHODS: Screening swabs were examined using the current laboratory protocol of direct culture on mannitol salt agar supplemented with oxacillin (MSAO-direct). The PCR method involved pre-incubation in broth for 4 hours followed by a multiplex PCR with primers directed to mecA and nuc genes of MRSA. The reference standard was determined by pre-incubation in broth for 4 hours followed by culture on MSAO (MSAO-broth). RESULTS: A total of 256 swabs was analysed. The rates of detection of MRSA using MSAO-direct, MSAO-broth and PCR were 10.2, 13.3 and 10.2%, respectively. For PCR, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values were 66.7% (95%CI 51.9-83.3%), 98.6% (95%CI 97.1-100%), 84.6% (95%CI 76.2-100%) and 95.2% (95%CI 92.4-98.0%), respectively, and these results were almost identical to those obtained from MSAO-direct. The agreement between MSAO-direct and PCR was 61.5% (95%CI 42.8-80.2%) for positive results, 95.6% (95%CI 93.0-98.2%) for negative results and overall was 92.2% (95%CI 88.9-95.5%). CONCLUSIONS: (1) The discriminatory power of PCR and MSAO-direct is similar but the level of agreement, especially for true positive results, is low. (2) The potential TAT for the PCR method provides a marked advantage over conventional methods. (3) Further modifications to the PCR method such as increased broth incubation time, use of selective broth and adaptation to real-time PCR may lead to improvement in sensitivity and TAT.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Resistencia a la Meticilina/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Staphylococcus aureus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Medios de Cultivo , Cartilla de ADN , Endonucleasas/genética , Humanos , Tamizaje Masivo , Nucleasa Microcócica/genética , Proteínas de Unión a las Penicilinas , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Infective endocarditis is a dynamic disease with changing epidemiology and diagnostic strategies. Culture negative endocarditis poses a particular problem for clinicians regarding appropriate antimicrobial therapy and adequate duration of therapy. Utilization of nucleic acid amplification techniques and subsequent sequencing has provided clinicians an alternative to traditional phenotypic microbial identification which has been extremely useful in identification of fastidious organisms. We report a case of a young male with culture negative native mitral valve endocarditis and subsequent 16S rDNA sequencing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from excised valvular tissue and embolic material. Identification of this organism with novel nucleic acid amplification and 16S rDNA sequence analysis techniques permitted targeted antibiotic therapy and successful treatment of this potentially fatal disease.
RESUMEN
Photorhabdus asymbiotica is an emerging bacterial pathogen that causes locally invasive soft tissue and disseminated bacteremic infections in the United States and Australia. Although the source of infection was previously unknown, we report that the bacterium is found in a symbiotic association with an insect-pathogenic soil nematode of the genus Heterorhabditis.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiología , Photorhabdus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nematodos/microbiología , Photorhabdus/genética , SimbiosisRESUMEN
Invasive zygomycosis rarely complicates trauma. We describe the first recorded case of invasive infection of the anterior abdominal wall and omentum with the zygomycete Syncephalastrum racemosum, which was successfully treated with partial surgical debridement and amphotericin B lipid complex.
Asunto(s)
Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Mucorales/aislamiento & purificación , Mucormicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Mucormicosis/cirugía , Fosfatidilcolinas/uso terapéutico , Fosfatidilgliceroles/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Desbridamiento , Combinación de Medicamentos , Humanos , Masculino , Mucormicosis/etiología , Heridas Penetrantes/complicacionesRESUMEN
The usual presentation of a returned traveller is with a particular syndrome - fever, respiratory infection, diarrhoea, eosinophilia, or skin or soft tissue infection - or for screening for asymptomatic infection. Fever in a returned traveller requires prompt investigation to prevent deaths from malaria; diagnosis of malaria may require up to three blood films over 36-48 hours. Diarrhoea is the most common health problem in travellers and is caused predominantly by bacteria; persistent diarrhoea is less likely to have an infectious cause, but its prognosis is usually good. While most travel-related infections present within six months of return, some important chronic infections may present months or years later (eg, strongyloidiasis, schistosomiasis). Travellers who have been bitten by an animal require evaluation for rabies prophylaxis.